Postmastectomy locally recurrent breast cancer

With the popularity of breast-conserving treatment plans, the natural history of "breast recurrence" in the ipsilateral breast must be distinguished from local recurrence following modified radical mastectomy. Hence, this study considers those patients who develop skin or chest wall recurrence after modified radical mastectomy, whether as a primary procedure or for patients with "breast recurrence" after partial mastectomy. The incidence of postmastectomy locally recurrent breast cancer following modified radical mastectomy (MRM) and adjuvant immunotherapy (IT) is compared to historical controls. The risk factors and treatment of local recurrence in this program as well as in a larger group of patients who recurred after modified radical mastectomy are reported.     

复发性乳腺癌预后分析

根据４０２例乳腺癌术后复发患者的临床回顾性分析的资料，探讨影响乳腺癌术后复发转移的预后因素及其改善疗效的途径。分析结果表明，６０％的乳腺癌复发患者在复发后２年内死亡。乳腺癌复发患者复发后的２年生存率与患者的年龄、月经状况、雌激素受体与孕酮受体状况、手术方式、预防或治疗性去势无关，与首发部位、原发肿瘤分期、肿瘤大小、手术时淋巴结转移数、复发后治疗情况及无复发间期长短有关。文章指出重视手术操作，合理安排术后治疗及加强术后患者的随诊，力求改善疗效。     

Stage I uterine adenosarcoma: a report of six cases

Six cases of Stage I adenosarcoma of the uterus are reported. Although these neoplasms have generally been regarded as being of low malignant potential with little propensity for distant metastasis, our experience reveals some of them to be aggressive tumors with rapid clinical demise. Five (83%) patients demonstrated recurrence after initial surgery, three despite postoperative vaginal radium or external pelvic radiation. Four of the recurrences occurred in the pelvis and abdomen; the fifth was limited to the vagina. Three patients were dead of disease within three years of diagnosis, two of whom achieved clinical remission for at least one year to combination chemotherapy. One of the remaining three patients died from intercurrent disease without recurrence, and two are alive without disease after treatment for recurrence. Based on this limited experience, we believe these neoplasms should be regarded as potentially as malignant as their mixed Müllerian counterpart.     

食管癌术后吻合口癌再手术治疗

目的 总结食管癌术后吻合口复发癌再手术治疗的临床经验。方法 13例吻合口癌患者作再手术治疗，其中结肠食管颈部吻合6例、食管胃颈部吻合3例。结肠食管胸顶吻合2例，食管胃胸顶吻合1例，开胸探查1例。结果 再手术死亡1例，术后1、3、5年生存率分别为72．7％(8／11例)、45．5％(5／11例)、18．2％(2／11例)。结论 对部分有适应证的患者，再手术是治疗食管癌术后吻合口癌行之有效的办法，早期发现、诊断、及时治疗能提高其疗效，延长生存期，改善饮食生活质量。     

Therapeutic strategy for postoperative recurrence in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Postoperative recurrence occurs in approximately half of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), even after complete resection. Disease recurrence after surgical resection reduces the patient’s life expectancy sharply. The prognosis after postoperative recurrence is considered to largely depend on both the mode of first recurrence (distant, locoregional or combined) and the treatment modality: (1) The majority of cases of postoperative recurrence involve distant metastasis with or without locoregional recurrence. Platinum-based systemic chemotherapy is practically accepted as the treatment for these diseases on the basis of evidence for original stage IV disease. The advent of both pemetrexed and molecular-targeted drugs has improved the survival of nonsquamous NSCLC and changed the chemotherapeutic algorithm for NSCLC; (2) Among patients with distant metastatic recurrence without locoregional recurrence at the primary tumor site, the metastasis is often limited in both organ and number. Such metastases are referred to as oligometastases. Local therapy, such as surgical resection and radiotherapy, has been suggested to be the first-line treatment of choice for oligometastatic recurrence; and (3) While locoregional recurrence is likely to cause troublesome symptoms, it is a potentially limited disease. Therefore, providing local control is important, and radiation is usually beneficial for treating local recurrence. In order to obtain better control of the disease and provide treatment with curative intent in patients with limited disease, the administration of concurrent platinum-based chemoradiotherapy is recommended according to the results of originally nonresectable stage IIIA and IIIB disease.     

Beyond tamoxifen: extended and late extended endocrine therapy in postmenopausal early breast cancer

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. The majority of cases are oestrogen receptor- or progesterone receptor-positive and, therefore, potentially sensitive to endocrine therapy. A significant risk of recurrence and death persists following initial diagnosis, with over one half of all recurrences and two thirds of breast cancer-related deaths reported to occur following completion of standard adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. There is a need for effective protection against recurrence beyond the initial 5 years of adjuvant treatment for women with hormone-responsive cancer. Extended adjuvant endocrine therapy with letrozole following completion of adjuvant tamoxifen treatment is well tolerated and reduces recurrence risk by 42% and the risk of developing distant metastases by 40% when compared with placebo. Extended adjuvant letrozole therapy confers protection against late relapses and should be considered for women completing adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. The MA.17 trial was unblinded early because of a statistically significant benefit in disease-free survival with letrozole, and patients receiving placebo were allowed to receive letrozole. MA.17 post-unblinding results show that women originally randomised to placebo who then chose to receive letrozole at the time of trial unblinding experienced a significant improvement in all outcomes (disease-free survival and distant disease-free survival), including a significant survival advantage when compared with women in the placebo arm who chose to continue with no further treatment. Physicians should consider late extended adjuvant therapy for women who have been off tamoxifen for some time, as it may offer benefit in outcomes, and this option should be discussed.     

Stomal recurrence: A separate entity?

Uncertainty exists concerning the exact aetiology of stomal recurrence following laryngectomy, although it is generally agreed that, when present, the prognosis is very poor. Fourteen cases of stomal recurrence were compared with 15 cases of other types of aggressive recurrence in the neck, for factors implicated in stomal recurrence. Similarities exist between the two groups and, although stomal recurrence has a greater association with subglottic tumour, this difference is not statistically significant. The possible mechanisms of recurrence are discussed, particularly in relation to aggressiveness, and it is concluded that factors involved in aggressive recurrences are similar. Stomal recurrence can be considered part of a group of aggressive neck recurrences associated with more advanced disease prior to laryngectomy.     

Choosing early adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive breast cancer: Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen

Aims

The aromatase inhibitors (AIs) anastrozole, exemestane, and letrozole have demonstrated superior disease-free survival (DFS) over tamoxifen in several trials. As the choice of adjuvant endocrine treatment for early breast cancer (EBC) is evolving from tamoxifen to the AIs, this review compares the AIs with tamoxifen to help surgeons choose a treatment plan that provides the greatest reduction of recurrence risk for their patients.

Methods

MEDLINE was searched to identify relevant literature on the adjuvant use of tamoxifen and AIs in EBC.

Results

Despite the use of adjuvant tamoxifen, recurrence is a persistent threat to women with hormone-sensitive EBC. Trials of the AIs versus tamoxifen have established that patients benefit from longer DFS, and in some cases distant DFS, after the use of an AI as initial adjuvant therapy, as switch therapy following 2–3 years of tamoxifen, or as extended adjuvant therapy following 5 years of tamoxifen. The AIs are well tolerated, with a different safety profile than that of tamoxifen in all these settings. Trials addressing the optimal regimen and treatment duration for AIs are also underway.

Conclusions

The advantage in DFS associated with AIs over tamoxifen use should prompt physicians and patients to consider the use of an AI as the initial adjuvant endocrine therapy or, alternatively, switching patients who currently take tamoxifen to an AI for the remainder of adjuvant endocrine therapy. Prolonging the period of adjuvant therapy with letrozole after 5 years of tamoxifen reduces recurrence and is associated with a survival advantage in node-positive patients.     

侵袭性纤维瘤20例临床分析

[目的]探讨侵袭性纤维瘤的临床特点及外科治疗原则.[方法]回顾分析1987年1月～2003年12月间收治的20例侵袭性纤维瘤患者的临床病理资料.行局部广泛切除术者13例,姑息性手术6例,1例放弃治疗,术后行辅助放疗2例,1例放弃治疗.[结果]全组病例5年复发率30.0%,手术切缘阳性者5年复发率83.3%,手术切缘阴性者5年复发率7.7%.全组无术后死亡病例.[结论]侵袭性纤维瘤具有侵袭性生长及复发率高等特点;局部广泛切除肿瘤,保证切缘阴性为该肿瘤外科手术原则.     

术前介入治疗预防胃癌术后复发的疗效评价

[目的]探讨术前介入治疗预防胃癌术后复发的临床意义。[方法]74例可根治性手术切除的胃癌患者分为两组,一组在根治性切除术前行经胃动脉灌注化疗(GAI)或经胃动脉灌注化疗栓塞(GAI GAE)．另一组直接行根治性切除术，观察介入治疗后患者的临床反应，比较两组患者术后相同时间复发率的差异。[结果]22例术前行GAI治疗的患者出现一过性恶心、呕吐，14例行GAI GAE治疗的患者恶心、呕吐较重，有4例出现黑便．经保守治疗后症状消失；36例术前介入治疗的患者术后6、12、18、24个月的复发率分别为0、2．8％、11．1％、25．0％，38例直接行根治性切除术的患者分别为5．3％、10．5％、23．7％、39．5％，两组患者术后远期复发率存在显著差异。[结论]胃癌切除前行介入治疗(胃动脉灌注化疗或胃动脉灌注化疗栓塞)安全有效．对减少术后复发有显著的临床效果．值得推广．     

Soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities: their natural history, treatment, and radiation sensitivity.

The authors have attempted to explore the factors that influence the clinical course of a patient with a soft tissue tumor of the extremity (local recurrence, distant metastasis, and survival) by reviewing the literature as well as the cases at their institution. Do histology, site (proximal extremity versus distal extremity), age, or treatment significantly influence the natural history of the disease? As regards to treatment, the following questions must be answered. (1) Should the affected extremity be preserved? (2) Does the extent of local treatment really effect the likelihood of these tumors to disseminate? (3) Should ancillary local treatment such as radiation therapy be used and in what fashion? (4) If extremity-saving techniques were found to be of equal value to amputation, what is the quality of survival in a patient with a compromised extremity (wide excision and irradiation), and would amputation with rehabilitation provide equal or better survival quality?     

Perioperative therapies – Enhancing the impact of cancer surgery with repurposed drugs

Surgical resection remains the major modality for modern curative treatment for solid tumours. However, post-surgical recurrence, even following clear-margin resection and adjuvant treatment, remains common in many types of cancer. Reducing recurrence rates, therefore, offers the potential to increase cure rates and increase overall survival. Perioperative therapies, simple interventions during the perioperative period, are designed to address some of the factors which influence post-surgical recurrence. A range of perioperative therapies are introduced and the rationale for further clinical investigation outlined.     

直肠癌术后局部复发的相关因素分析

目的：对直肠癌术后局部复发的相关因素进行分析。方法：统计分析直肠癌术后局部复发的41例患者的临床资料。结果：局部复发患者中男26例,女15例;高分化3例,中分化26例,低分化12例;位于黏膜下层4例,侵及肌层23例,浆膜外14例;肿瘤周径小于1/4圈7例,1/4-1/2圈19例,大于1/2圈15例;上段9例,中段17例,下段15例。局部复发与性别、分化程度及肿瘤位置相关（P〈0.05）,与侵犯程度及肿瘤周径无关P〉0.05。结论：直肠癌术后局部复发与患者的性别、分化程度以及肿瘤位置关系密切。     

直肠癌术后局部复发的相关因素分析

目的:对直肠癌术后局部复发的相关因素进行分析。方法:统计分析直肠癌术后局部复发的41例患者的临床资料。结果:局部复发患者中男26例,女15例;高分化3例,中分化26例,低分化12例;位于黏膜下层4例,侵及肌层23例,浆膜外14例;肿瘤周径小于1/4圈7例,1/4-1/2圈19例,大于1/2圈15例;上段9例,中段17例,下段15例。局部复发与性别、分化程度及肿瘤位置相关(P<0.05),与侵犯程度及肿瘤周径无关P>0.05。结论:直肠癌术后局部复发与患者的性别、分化程度以及肿瘤位置关系密切。     

结肠癌临床病理因素与复发转移的相关性研究

目的：探讨结肠癌根治术后复发转移的相关因素。方法：应用单因素和多因素分析方法,回顾性分析1990年1月～1999年12月282例结肠癌根治术病例的临床病理因素。结果：复发转移率16．3％（46／282）,复发转移在术后2年内出现者占71．7％（33／46）,3年内出现者占89．1％（41／46）。最常见的远处转移位置是肝（56．8％,21／37）。单因素分析显示,结肠癌患者的Dukes,分期、淋巴结转移、肠壁浸润深度、大体类型与复发转移有关。多因素分析显示,结肠癌的淋巴结转移、肠壁浸润深度是复发转移独立预后因素。结论：结肠癌根治术后最常见的远处转移位置是肝,淋巴结转移、浸润深度是影响结肠癌术后复发转移独立预后因素。     

鼻咽癌调强放射治疗后局部与区域复发模式

目的 探讨鼻咽癌患者接受调强放疗（intensity-modulated radiotherapy,IMRT）后的复发模式。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2012年12月645例接受IMRT治疗、无远处转移的初治鼻咽癌患者的临床资料,Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,并分析其复发模式,同时比较复发与未复发患者的剂量学差异。结果 645例患者中位随访62个月（11～95个月）,其中复发（包括局部或区域复发）60例,单纯局部复发33例,区域复发23例,局部+区域复发4例。60例复发患者1年、3年、5 年复发率分别为0.9%、6.5%、9.0%,总局部控制率分别为99.1% 、93.4% 、90.1%; 野内复发56例,野边缘复发3例,野外复发1例;治疗结束后3年内49例患者复发。复发病例与未复发病例无剂量学差异。结论  IMRT治疗鼻咽癌局部控制率良好,复发最常见于治疗结束后3年内,男性多见,野内复发为局部与区域的主要复发模式。     

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging abnormalities in pediatric patients with surgically-treated intracranial mass lesions

SummaryIntroduction Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that measures the degree of water diffusion in vivo. DWI abnormalities are frequently observed on immediate postoperative imaging following surgical resection of gliomas in adults. These abnormalities subsequently demonstrate contrast enhancement, which may be confused with lesion recurrence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of these postoperative abnormalities in pediatric patients with intracranial mass lesions.Methods Thirty-three consecutive patients ≤18 years old with a newly diagnosed intracranial mass lesion underwent MRI, including DWI, before and immediately after surgical treatment.Results The median patient age was 9.9 years (range 0.2–18 years). Supratentorial and infratentorial lesions were identified in 22 and 11 patients, respectively. Infiltrative and noninfiltrative, as well as benign and malignant lesions, were included. Postoperative imaging demonstrated areas of reduced diffusion adjacent to the resection cavity in 20 (61%) cases. The median volume of these areas was 1.7 cm³ (range 0.3 cm³–12.0 cm³). Subsequent imaging studies in 9 of the 18 cases showed contrast enhancement in the area corresponding to the DWI abnormality. There were no clinical deficits attributable to any of the diffusion abnormalities. There was no association between the occurrence of these abnormalities and whether the lesion was infiltrative, non-infiltrative, benign, or malignant.Conclusions DWI abnormality on immediate postoperative MRI is common following surgery for newly diagnosed intracranial mass lesions in pediatric patients. Focal contrast enhancement in the postoperative period may be confused with recurrence for some lesions. Our study suggests that immediate postoperative DWI is useful in interpreting new areas of focal contrast enhancement on subsequent imaging in children who have had surgery for brain tumors.     

Risk factors for local recurrences after limb-salvage surgery for high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremities

Background: Improvements in preoperative staging as well as in chemotherapeutic regimens have made limb-salvage surgery a reliable modality of treatment for high-grade osteosarcomas of the extremities, with local recurrences in most series of less than 10% after this type of surgery. The quality of surgical margins and local response to preoperative chemotherapy are known to be the most significant factors in recurrence [1, 8–10, 12], and complications related to the biopsy procedure may also be a significant factor. The study reported here comprised a histopathological analysis of our recurrent cases as part of an effort to identify the impact of each of the factors cited above.Materials and methods: Five hundred fourteen cases of high-grade, non-multicentric osteosarcoma of the extremities were treated at the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli between March 1983 and August 1991. In this study we analyzed 23 cases of local recurrence in patients with classic osteosarcoma who underwent limb-salvage procedures.Results: In 15 cases we found correlation between the site of local recurrence and the site where the margins were less than wide. In five cases the recurrence was secondary to complications of the biopsy procedure (hematoma, delayed healing). In one case we suspect a previously undetected skip lesion. In the remaining two cases no clear explanation was found for the recurrence. There was also a statistically significant difference in the time of appearance of recurrences related to the tumor response to chemotherapy.Conclusions: For only two cases of recurrence was there no clear explanation. In one we suspect an undetected skip metastasis, and in the other there were certain factors which may have increased its risk of recurrrence (non diagnostic trochar biopsy followed by an incisional biopsy, fair tumor necrosis, recurrence in a 'problem' anatomical site, i.e., the popliteal space). In the remaining cases the following factors were found to be directly related to the development of a local recurrence: a) the quality of the surgical margins, b) site of the biopsy as well as complications related to the biopsy procedure, c) local response to preoperative chemotherapy.     

Postoperative recurrence of solitary small hepatocellular carcinoma

The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection remains poor. The major cause is postoperative recurrence, most frequently intrahepatic. During the past 7 years, we conducted a detailed study of recurrence after hepatectomy in 34 patients with solitary small hepatocellular carcinoma measuring no larger than 4 cm in diameter, in which 13 cases had postoperative recurrent tumors. and two cases were considered multicentric. Eighty-five percent of recurrences were diagnosed at 6–18 months after the operation. The cumulative recurrence rates were 61% at 5 years after operation. When analyzing the factors affecting recurrence, a significant difference was observed regarding tumor diameter. After recurrence, most patients underwent percutaneous ethanol injection treatment and/or transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and lipiodolization. Four patients died of progressive disease within 1 year after recurrence; the treatment thus seemed to have no effect. The other patients with recurrence remain alive with the disease. The overall cumulative survival rates in this series were 76% at 3 years and 60% at 5 years after operation. To obtain better results after hepatectomy, even for small hepatocellular carcinoma, careful, long-term follow-up evaluation is therefore necessary for the multidisciplinary treatment of the postoperative recurrence, as well as the early diagnosis of tumors in high-risk patients. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

乳腺癌根治术局部复发后影响预后的相关因素分析

目的研究乳腺癌根治术局部复发后影响预后的相关因素,探讨乳腺癌根治术后局部复发的最佳治疗方案。方法回顾性分析天津肿瘤医院1975年1月至2003年1月期间收治的1067例乳腺癌根治术后复发患者,采用χ2检验或秩和检验对患者年龄、绝经情况、原发瘤临床分期、腋窝淋巴结转移情况、无病间期、复发部位、胸壁复发灶数目及其最大直径、雌激素受体(ER)或孕激素受体(PR)表达、人类表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)表达等临床病理特征以及不同治疗方案与局部复发治疗的近期疗效和远处转移率之间的关系进行单因素分析;使用Kaplan-Meier法及COX回归模型对乳腺癌根治术复发后影响5年生存率的相关因素进行单因素与多因素分析。结果对全部1067例病例进行随访,778例(72.9%)出现远处转移,复发后5年总生存率为42.4%。复发部位、胸壁复发灶数目及其最大直径、有无放射治疗、放射治疗范围、有无化疗、有无手术切除或切除活检等因素的不同亚组间局部控制率的差异有统计学意义(P0.050);腋窝淋巴结转移情况、无病间期、ER或PR表达、HER-2表达以及再治疗中有无化疗等因素的不同亚组间远处转移率的差异有统计学意义(P0.050);无病间期、复发部位、胸壁复发灶数目、ER或PR表达、HER-2表达、治疗方法等因素的不同亚组间5年总生存率的差异有统计学意义(P0.050);无病间期≤2年、复发部位多、治疗方案单一、局部控制率低及ER、PR均阴性是导致复发性乳腺癌预后差的独立因素(P0.050)。结论多部位复发、胸壁多发结节及胸壁复发灶最大直径3cm者局部控制不佳,局部扩大野放射治疗结合化疗和(或)手术是改善局部控制率的较好模式;有腋窝淋巴结转移、2年内复发、ER、PR均阴性以及HER-2阳性表达的乳腺癌复发后容易发生远处转移,复发再治疗中化疗能减少远处转移的发生;对于复发性乳腺癌采取综合治疗方案可以提高复发患者的生存率;无病间期长,多部位复发,ER或PR阴性者提示预后不良。