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目的 下肢静脉曲张及下肢深静脉功能不全病人的左髂总静脉（LCIV）病变的发病情况及其之间的关系。以指导临床治疗。方法 连续为73例（100条患肢）下肢静脉曲张病人行术前患肢深静脉逆行造影及LCIV造影。结果 （1）LCIV总异常率为47.9%,在有左侧下肢静脉曲张的病人中有31例(59.6%),在只有右侧下肢静脉曲张的病人中,仅4例（19.4%),两组间的LCIV异常的比率差异有显著意义（P=0.0017)。LCIV异常包括髂腔静脉交界处压迹,不同程度的狭窄,增宽,充盈缺损和侧支形成。（2）下肢深静脉功能不全67条肢体,占67.0%,在左LCIV造影异常的病斧正中,左侧下肢深列脉Ⅲ或Ⅳ级逆流者14例,在左LCIV造影正常的病例中,左侧下肢深静脉有Ⅲ或Ⅳ级逆流者仅6例,二者间差异也有显著意义（P=0.0205)。结论 Cockett综合征可能是左下肢静脉曲张的原因之一。同时也是左下肢深静脉功能不全的原因之一。     

下肢静脉曲张与Cockett综合征(附346例髂静脉造影)

目的探讨下肢静脉曲张与Cockett综合征的关系。方法回顾分析2083例下肢静脉曲张患者及其中346例髂静脉造影、电凝法治疗和术后随访患者的临床资料。结果单纯左下肢静脉曲张发病数是单纯右侧的1.25倍;左髂总静脉病变占静脉曲张病例的29.8%。平均随访6年3个月,随访率为83.2%,酸胀、水肿、色素沉着、皮炎缓解率分别为95.8%、30%、58.9%和63.6%;溃疡术后2周至2个月愈合。下肢静脉曲张复发率为6.4%。左髂总静脉病变的存在与否与下肢静脉曲张的程度、静脉溃疡的发生及曲张病变的复发无显著性统计学差异(P0.20)。结论髂静脉造影是诊断Cockett综合征的金标准;左下肢静脉曲张发病数高于右侧可能与左髂总静脉病变有关;伴有Cockett综合征的左下肢静脉曲张可以单独处理下肢曲张静脉。     

下肢静脉曲张患者左髂总静脉的血流动力学改变及其意义

目的 检测下肢静脉曲张患者左髂总静脉（left common iliac vein，LCIV）受压情况，以及对深静脉逆流和浅静脉曲张的影响。方法 2004年10月至2005年3月对24例下肢静脉曲张患者行双下肢深静脉逆行造影，同时行LCIV顺行造影，并测量活动前后双髂总静脉压力。结果 下肢静脉曲张患者双下肢深静脉逆行造影显示LCIV造影受压发生率为54．17％。运动前，LCIV造影受压患者的左右髂总静脉压差值高于造影正常患者（t=2．833，P=0．010）；运动后，LCIV造影受压患者的左右髂总静脉压差值明显高于造影正常患者（t=4．364，P=0．000）。LCIV造影受压患者的左下肢深静脉逆流程度重于造影正常患者（Fisher’s Exacttest，P=0．017），左下肢浅静脉曲张程度两者间无明显差异（χ^2=3．333，P=0．343）。结论 下肢静脉曲张患者伴有LCIV造影受压时，LCIV压力明显升高，左下肢深静脉逆流程度加重，但左下肢浅静脉曲张程度没有明显加重。     

下肢静脉曲张中的左髂总静脉异常

我们自1997年7月至1998年2月为73例下肢静脉曲张患者在术前行双下肢深静脉逆行造影和左髂总静脉(LCIV)造影,以了解LCIV异常(cockett 综合征)的发病情况。 资料与方法 1.一般资料：本组73例,均为下肢静脉曲张患者,男46例,女27例,平均年龄50(20～79)岁,左侧25例,右侧21例,双侧27例。平均病史14(2～40)年。均无左下肢深静脉血栓形成的病史。 2.方法：全部病例于术前用胃肠造影机行双下肢逆行深静脉造影。(1)表现为左或双下肢静脉曲张者平卧位行右股静脉穿刺插管至左髂总静脉,注射造影剂行LCIV造影,而后将导管经左髂外静脉插入股总静脉,于头高脚低斜坡位60度以上行左下肢深静脉逆行造影。(2)表现为右下肢静脉曲张者行左股静脉穿刺插管至左髂外静脉行LCIV造影,而后将导管经LCIV导入右股总静脉近侧,同样于头高脚低位行右下肢深静脉逆行造影。     

下肢列脉曲张中的左髂总静脉异常

我们自 1997年 7月至 1998年 2月为 73例下肢静脉曲张患者在术前行双下肢深静脉逆行造影和左髂总静脉 (ＬＣＩＶ)造影 ,以了解ＬＣＩＶ异常 (ｃｏｃｋｅｔｔ综合征 )的发病情况。资料与方法1.一般资料 :本组 73例 ,均为下肢静脉曲张患者 ,男 46例 ,女 2 7例 ,平均年龄 5 0 (2 0～ 79)岁 ,左侧 2 5例 ,右侧 2 1例 ,双侧 2 7例。平均病史 14(2～ 40 )年。均无左下肢深静脉血栓形成的病史。2 方法 :全部病例于术前用胃肠造影机行双下肢逆行深静脉造影。 (1)表现为左或双下肢静脉曲张者平卧位行右股静脉穿刺插管至左髂总静脉 ,注射造影剂行ＬＣ…     

静脉顺行造影在下肢慢性静脉疾病诊断中的再认识

目的分析下肢静脉曲张患者静脉顺行造影表现,总结其对诊断下肢慢性静脉疾病尤其是髂静脉压迫综合征的临床意义。方法 282例下肢静脉曲张患者(329条下肢),左下肢185例,右下肢50例,双下肢47例,术前常规行下肢静脉顺行造影,分析其下肢及髂静脉影像学表现。结果 329条下肢静脉造影成功率100%,下肢深静脉血栓后遗症21例(6.38%),单纯性大隐静脉瓣膜功能不全57例(17.33%),下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全182例(55.32%),交通支瓣膜功能不全66例(20.06%),先天静脉畸形3例(0.91%);同时发现有髂静脉狭窄大于50%者19例(5.78%),髂静脉狭窄小于50%者57例(17.33%)。结论下肢慢性静脉疾病患者术前静脉造影检查,能够明确原发病因尤其是髂静脉压迫综合征,对于选择个体化的治疗方案具有重要的临床意义和实用价值。     

下肢深静脉顺行造影在下肢静脉曲张病因诊断中的应用价值

背景与目的:下肢静脉曲张是外周静脉病变的常见临床表现,可由下肢静脉反流性疾病、下肢静脉回流障碍性疾病、静脉畸形等多种疾病所致;不同病因导致的下肢静脉曲张其治疗原则也不尽相同。临床中常出现关于下肢静脉曲张的误诊误治,故明确其病因至关重要。目前下肢静脉造影仍是诊断下肢静脉病变的金标准,可提供完整的下肢静脉系统影像,为明确诊断及选择合适的治疗方案提供可靠依据。本研究总结江苏常州地区以下肢静脉曲张为主要临床症状的患者的下肢深静脉顺行造影结果,探讨造影在下肢静脉疾病中的意义,并分析该地区引起下肢静脉曲张的主要病因。方法:使用数字减影血管造影(DSA)技术,对苏州大学附属第三医院血管外科2013年6月—2019年3月收治的3 012例(3 420条肢体)下肢静脉曲张患者行下肢深静脉顺行造影,观察患肢踝部至盆腔段深静脉形态、通畅度,以及患者做Valsalva动作时造影剂的反流情况,对患者静脉曲张的病因进行分析和分类。结果:3 420条肢体中,原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全1 395条(40.79%),单纯浅静脉曲张1 052条(30.76%),髂静脉受压综合征569条(16.64%),下肢深静脉血栓后综合征328条(9.59%),其他(双股静脉畸形、腘静脉瘤、深静脉瘤样扩张、先天性静脉曲张骨肥大综合征、布加综合征、盆腔肿瘤等)76条(2.22%)。结论:常州地区下肢静脉曲张患者的病因以下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全、单纯浅静脉曲张及髂静脉受压为主。对于下肢静脉曲张病变,需明确病因才能制定合理的治疗方案;下肢深静脉顺行造影是明确下肢静脉曲张病因的可靠方法,并能检出腘静脉瘤、布加综合征等少见疾病,可有效避免误诊误治;其在下肢静脉病变中有重要的应用价值,可作为下肢静脉曲张疾病的常规检查方法。     

“一站式”治疗Cockett综合征合并下肢静脉曲张临床疗效

目的评估"一站式"方法(同期行髂静脉支架植入术和下肢静脉曲张术)治疗Cockett综合征合并下肢静脉曲张的安全性、有效性。方法对58例Cockett综合征合并下肢静脉曲张患者行"一站式"治疗,观察并记录术后并发症情况、有无静脉曲张复发,比较术前和术后门诊随访1、3、6、12个月时静脉临床严重程度评分(VCSS)、阿伯丁静脉曲张问卷(AVVQ)评分及髂静脉支架通畅率。结果对58例患者均成功施行"一站式"治疗,技术成功率100%。3例活动性溃疡患者术后1个月内溃疡完全愈合。术后无下肢深静脉血栓、肺栓塞等严重并发症发生。术后1、3、6、12个月VCSS和AVVQ评分较术前均明显降低(P均0.001);随访至12个月,髂静脉支架通畅率为100%,无下肢静脉曲张复发。结论 "一站式"方法治疗Cockett综合征合并下肢静脉曲张的安全性和有效性良好,短期髂静脉支架内通畅率满意,具有一定推广价值。     

Cockett综合征的介入治疗

目的探讨Cockett综合征(CS)的有效治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2004年8月至2011年10月收治的25例CS的病例资料。结果左髂总静脉压迫24例,其中23例合并急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT),1例为左下肢深静脉血流减慢;右髂外静脉压迫1例,为下肢深静脉血流减慢。合并DVT患者,首先行下腔静脉滤器置入术、左股静脉切开取栓术,后行髂总静脉经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA),根据PTA术后造影结果决定是否行支架置入术;未合并DVT患者,经股静脉穿刺行髂静脉PTA术和支架置入术。手术成功率100%。22例术后恢复良好,3例患者出院时肢体轻度肿胀。18例获得随访,随访时间1个月至5年(平均26个月),3例出现活动后下肢肿胀,余15例下肢无肿胀,无静脉曲张;随访患者均行彩超检查,2例髂静脉闭塞,16例髂静脉通畅,通畅率为88.9%。结论介入治疗CS可获得满意疗效。     

Cockett综合征继发下肢静脉曲张或下肢肿胀25例

目的探讨Cockett综合征继发下肢静脉曲张或下肢肿胀的治疗方法及疗效。方法 2014年3月~2015年3月我科对25例经血管造影明确诊断的Cockett综合征(继发下肢静脉曲张22例,下肢肿胀3例)行髂静脉经皮腔内血管成形术(percutaneous transluminal angiography,PTA),19例支架置入,22例静脉曲张二期行大隐静脉高位结扎联合点式剥脱术。结果 25例均行髂静脉PTA,下肢静脉曲张17例行髂静脉支架置入,下肢肿胀2例行髂静脉支架置入。22例下肢静脉曲张介入术后1个月行下肢大隐静脉高位结扎联合点式剥脱术。术后无明显下肢肿胀、下肢感染、深静脉血栓形成等并发症。术后1个月随访下肢肿胀治愈20例,好转5例。25例随访3~15个月,平均12.4月,无一例出现下肢明显肿胀、下肢静脉曲张复发及下肢深静脉血栓形成。结论 Cockett综合征行髂静脉PTA,根据髂静脉狭窄情况决定是否行支架置入,术后下肢肿胀能够明显缓解,对于继发下肢静脉曲张的患者1个月后再行大隐静脉高位结扎联合点式剥脱术,手术效果显著。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.