床旁肺部超声在新生儿气胸诊断中的价值

目的探讨对比床旁肺部超声和胸部X线对新生儿气胸的诊断敏感性、特异性及诊断时效性来评价床旁肺部超声在新生儿气胸中的诊断价值。方法选取我科自2017年9月～2018年12月收入的60例疑似气胸患儿为研究对象,先后进行肺部超声和胸部X线检查,以胸部CT为诊断"金标准",比较床旁肺部超声、胸部X线在新生儿气胸中的诊断灵敏性、特异性及诊断时效性。结果 60例疑似患儿中确诊为气胸的有49例;床旁肺部超声诊断敏感度为97.96%,特异性为100.00%;胸部X线诊断敏感度为83.67%,特异性为81.81%;超声检查完成时间(9.2±3.5)min,X线需(34.1±10.3)min,(t=3.11,P0.001),差异具有统计学意义。结论床旁肺部超声对新生儿气胸的诊断敏感性高,特异性强,诊断时效性高于胸部X线,可作为新生儿气胸诊断的首选检查方法。     

肺脏超声检查在新生儿气胸及治疗效果的临床价值

目的探讨肺脏超声检查(LUS)与X线摄影检查(CXR)在新生儿气胸诊断及治疗效果临床价值。方法通过LUS与CXR结合临床症状确诊的气胸患儿24例设为诊断组,随机选取同时间段有呼吸困难但无气胸的新生儿24例为对照组。以CXR为金标准,计算LUS的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和Youden指数。然后把确诊并用超声引导穿刺治疗的重症气胸8例为治疗组,并随机选取2018年3月之前床旁CXR监测穿刺治疗的重症气胸8例为对照组,比较气胸治疗所需要的时间。结果 LUS在新生儿气胸诊断中的敏感性100%、特异性95.83%、准确性97.92%,与CXR有很好的一致性,超声引导穿刺治疗的时间为(12.6±3.6) h,CXR监测穿刺治疗的时间为(36.9±10.1) h,(t=6.39,P 0.05),差异具有统计学意义。结论肺脏超声不仅对新生儿气胸的诊断具有较高的敏感性与准确性,且在指导穿刺治疗及效果监测中也有其优越性。     

胸部创伤影像学诊断（附84例报告）

目的：探讨胸部平片及CT表现在胸部创伤中的诊断价值。方法：84例胸部创伤均行胸部平片及CT检查，8例胸部重度损伤行床旁片检查。结果：84例均有不同程度的胸廓损伤，16例气胸，23例血胸，19例血气胸，56例肺挫裂伤，14例肺撕裂伤，3例气管及支气管损伤。结论：常规胸部平片特别是近来CR及DR摄片系统应用是胸部创伤的首选方法，同时胸部平片复查病情变化以及危重病人床旁片创片是一种有效的方法，CT扫描尤其是螺旋CT扫描，对肺栓裂伤的早期诊断，气管及支气管损伤以及胸部重度损伤病人是一种更好的方法。为外科手术的成功提供更可靠的诊断依据。     

超声对机械通气多发伤患者肺不张/实变诊断价值的初步研究

目的 探讨超声对机械通气多发伤患者肺不张/实变的诊断价值和意义.方法 对本院急诊ICU内接受机械通气治疗的81例多发伤患者进行胸部CT和超声检查,以CT结果为"金标准"评价超声诊断肺不张/实变的价值.并应用超声动态监测各种治疗措施对肺不张/实变的复张效果.结果 81例患者的324个肺区中,胸部CT确诊有154区肺不张/实变,其中大块型91区,部分型63区.超声诊断126区肺不张/实变,依其超声图像呼吸周期中的变化又分为完全性(87区)和不全性(39区),超声诊断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值以及准确性分别为81.8%、100%、100%、85.9%和91.4%.超声与CT诊断肺不张/实变的一致性非常高(Kappa系数为0.825,P=0.031).进行各种肺复张措施后的3 d内,应用超声进行动态监测可发现有39区不全性肺不张/实变基本获得复张,87区完全性肺不张/实变中62区获得明显复张,总有效率达80.2%.结论 床旁超声诊断机械通气多发伤患者的肺不张/实变方便、安全、直观、准确,能够动态监测并指导肺复张操作,可作为一种新的有效手段而值得推广应用.     

三维CT扫描评价股骨滑车发育不良的应用研究

目的:评估膝关节三维CT扫描结合MIMICS图像分析系统与X线平片在评价股骨滑车发育不良中的差异及其临床应用价值。方法:2013年5月至2014年1月,连续30例诊断为复发性髌骨脱位患者接受手术治疗。患者术前均接受膝关节三维CT扫描,采用MIMICS图像分析系统进行处理并计算股骨滑车突起指数。患者术前接受膝关节X线透视检查,获得纯侧位X线片,测量股骨滑车突起指数。对比两种评估方法结果的差异。以X线片测量方法为标准,计算三维CT分析方法的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值以及阴性预测值。结果:30例患者采用膝关节侧位X线片方法评价股骨滑车突起指数均值为5.3±1.8 mm(3.2至8.4 mm)。膝关节三维CT扫描评价股骨滑车突起指数平均为5.2±1.5 mm(3.5至8.1mm)。两种测量方法结果的差异无统计学意义(P=0.846>0.05)。以X线片方法为标准,三维CT评估方法的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值以及阴性预测值分别为89.5%、81.8%、89.4%、82.0%。结论:膝关节三维CT扫描评估股骨滑车发育不良能够获得良好的敏感性、特异性。与膝关节侧位X线片评估方法所得结果无显著差异。CT影像技术能够提供更简便、安全的评估途径。     

CTCA结合CT首过心肌灌注成像诊断无症状性心肌缺血的价值探讨

目的探讨CTCA结合CT首过心肌灌注成像对无症状性心肌缺血(SMI)的诊断价值。方法 72例临床疑诊SMI患者行核素心肌灌注成像(MPI)及CTCA检查。以MPI为参考标准,比较CT首过心肌灌注成像、CTCA结合CT首过心肌灌注成像诊断SMI的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性及其与MPI诊断的一致性。结果 72例患者完成检查,以患者为观察对象,CT首过心肌灌注成像诊断SMI的敏感性90.91%(40/44),特异性71.43%(20/28),阳性预测值83.33%(40/48),阴性预测值83.33%(20/24),准确性83.33%(60/72),两种检查结果的一致性Kappa=0.640(P0.05);CTCA结合CT首过心肌灌注成像诊断SMI的敏感性95.45%(42/44),特异性75.00%(21/28),阳性预测值85.71%(42/49),阴性预测值91.30%(21/23),准确性87.50%(63/72),两种检查结果的一致性Kappa=0.728(P0.05);以病变血管为观察对象,CT首过心肌灌注成像诊断SMI的敏感性88.89%(48/54),特异性89.51%(145/162),阳性预测值73.85%(48/65),阴性预测值96.03%(145/151),准确性89.35%(193/216),两种检查结果的一致性Kappa=0.734(P0.05);CTCA结合CT首过心肌灌注成像诊断SMI的敏感性92.59%(50/54),特异性90.74%(147/162),阳性预测值76.92%(50/65),阴性预测值97.35%(147/151),准确性91.20%(197/216),两种检查结果的一致性Kappa=0.780(P0.05)。结论 CTCA结合CT首过心肌灌注成像诊断SMI有较高的准确性,作为"一站式"诊断冠心病在临床中有很好的应用前景。     

胸部创伤的X线和CT影像对比研究

目的 :探讨X线和CT对胸部创伤的诊断价值和特征。材料和方法 :回顾性分析 69例胸部创伤X线平片及CT表现。结果 :肺挫伤 43例 ,肺不张及肺萎陷 2 1例 ,骨折合并气胸 2 4例 ,胸腔积血 3 5例 ,皮下气肿和纵隔气肿 2 1例 ,其它合并损伤 :颅脑挫伤 13例 ,肝破裂 2例 ,脾破裂 2例 ,胸椎骨折 4例 ,锁骨骨折 3例 ,肩胛骨骨折 2例。结论 :CT能明确创伤病变的部位、性质、程度 ,敏感性和特异性高 ,能清晰显示X线平片难以发现的少量胸腔积液和积气 ,对危重及复合伤患者可减少搬动 ,并能较快完成检查 ,是胸部创伤最重要的检查方法之一。     

MRI和X线摄影鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的比较分析

目的 比较MRI和X线摄影鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的诊断价值.方法 综合分析52例(包括恶性24例及良性28例)经手术病理证实的乳腺疾病的MRI及X线摄影资料.根据乳腺癌MRI和X线的主要诊断指标和次要诊断指标,对病例进行诊断.将2种影像诊断结果与病理诊断结果对照,比较MRI、 X线的诊断价值.结果 高频X线摄影诊断的敏感性为81.5%,特异性86.1%,阳性预测值81.5%,阴性预测值86.1%.MRI的敏感性为92.6%,特异性91.7%,阳性预测值89.3%,阴性预测值94.3%.MRI诊断结果与病理的一致性程度很高(Kappa值=0.813,P＜0.0005),高于高频X线(Kappa值=0.649,P＜0.0005).结论 MRI对诊断乳腺癌有重要价值,其效果优于X线检查.     

胸部电子计算机断层扫描诊断肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移与手术病理对照研究

目的探讨胸部电子计算机扫描（CT）检查对诊断肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移的准确性。方法选择390例经手术治疗的肺癌患者,除术前采用胸部X线片检查外增加胸部CT检查,所得结果与手术及病理结果作对照分析。结果胸部CT对纵隔淋巴结转移的诊断准确性为83.8%,特异性为59.1%,敏感性为96.5%,阳性预测率82.2%,阴性预测率为89.7%。结论胸部CT检查对肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移的诊断准确性优于胸部X线片。     

DWI评估肺癌术前纵隔淋巴结状态的研究

目的 比较CT与扩散加权成像(DWI)评估肺癌术前纵隔淋巴结状态的诊断价值.方法 搜集36例肺癌患者术前的CT和DWI资料,以病理结果为参照,对CT图像进行观察和分析,对MR图像运用感兴趣区技术分别测量淋巴结的表观扩散系数值.计算CT和DWI相应的敏感性、特异性、阴性预测值、阳性预测值及准确性.对符合正态分布者采用两独立样本t检验.结果 受试者工作特征曲线分析显示转移性胸部淋巴结的表观扩散系数值明显低于非转移性淋巴结(P =0.000).CT诊断肺癌胸部淋巴结转移的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确性分别为62.1％、72.2％、59.3％、74.7％和67.9％,DWI分别为59.8％、87.4％、77.6％、74.8％和75.7％,DWI的诊断效果与CT未见明显差异(P =0.202),但特异性明显高于CT(P =0.004),准确性稍高于CT(P =0.080).结论 DWI及表观扩散系数值对诊断肺癌淋巴结转移有一定价值.     

Traumatic pneumothorax detection with thoracic US: correlation with chest radiography and CT--initial experience

PURPOSE: To prospectively compare the accuracy of ultrasonography (US) with that of supine chest radiography in the detection of traumatic pneumothoraces, with computed tomography (CT) as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thoracic US, supine chest radiography, and CT were performed to assess for pneumothorax in 27 patients who sustained blunt thoracic trauma. US and radiographic findings were compared with CT findings, the reference standard, for pneumothorax detection. For the purpose of this study, the sonographers were blinded to the radiographic and CT findings. RESULTS: Eleven of 27 patients had pneumothorax at CT. All 11 of these pneumothoraces were detected at US, and four were seen at supine chest radiography. In the one false-positive US case, the patient was shown to have substantial bullous emphysema at CT. Sensitivity and negative predictive value of US were 100% (11 of 11 and 15 of 15 patients, respectively), specificity was 94% (15 of 16 patients), and positive predictive value was 92% (11 of 12 patients). Chest radiography had 36% (four of 11 patients) sensitivity, 100% (16 of 16 patients) specificity, a 100% (four of four patients) positive predictive value, and a 70% (16 of 23 patients) negative predictive value. CONCLUSION: In this study, US was more sensitive than supine chest radiography and as sensitive as CT in the detection of traumatic pneumothoraces.     

In diagnosis of pleural effusion and pneumothorax in the intensive care unit patients: Can chest us replace bedside plain radiography?

Aim

To compare the role of chest US and bedside plain chest radiography in the evaluation of intensive care patients having pleural effusion and pneumothorax. Chest computed tomography has been used as an ideal standard.

Thoracic CT in detecting occult disease in critically ill patients

Bedside chest radiography is important in the detection of thoracic disease in critically ill patients. Unfortunately these studies are often of poor technical quality and are frequently difficult to interpret. Eighty-seven bedside chest radiographs and concurrent thoracic CT scans obtained in 56 critically ill patients over a 20-month period were interpreted retrospectively and independently. In most cases, the studies were obtained to search for a source of sepsis, fever, or unexplained clinical deterioration. In this series, thoracic CT added significantly more diagnostic information in 61 (70%) of these studies than was available from the corresponding bedside radiographs. Despite the difficulties of transporting critically ill patients for CT and the significant cost, our results suggest that the improved rate of detection of unsuspected thoracic disease justifies the use of CT when bedside radiographic examinations fail to adequately explain the clinical findings.     

A feasibility study on bedside upper airway ultrasonography compared to waveform capnography for verifying endotracheal tube location after intubation

Background

In emergency settings, verification of endotracheal tube (ETT) location is important for critically ill patients. Ignorance of oesophageal intubation can be disastrous. Many methods are used for verification of the endotracheal tube location; none are ideal. Quantitative waveform capnography is considered the standard of care for this purpose but is not always available and is expensive. Therefore, this feasibility study is conducted to compare a cheaper alternative, bedside upper airway ultrasonography to waveform capnography, for verification of endotracheal tube location after intubation.

Methods

This was a prospective, single-centre, observational study, conducted at the HRPB, Ipoh. It included patients who were intubated in the emergency department from 28 March 2012 to 17 August 2012. A waiver of consent had been obtained from the Medical Research Ethics Committee. Bedside upper airway ultrasonography was performed after intubation and compared to waveform capnography. Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value and likelihood ratio are calculated.

Results

A sample of 107 patients were analysed, and 6 (5.6%) had oesophageal intubations. The overall accuracy of bedside upper airway ultrasonography was 98.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 93.0% to 100.0%). The kappa value (Κ) was 0.85, indicating a very good agreement between the bedside upper airway ultrasonography and waveform capnography. Thus, bedside upper airway ultrasonography is in concordance with waveform capnography. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of bedside upper airway ultrasonography were 98.0% (95% CI 93.0% to 99.8%), 100% (95% CI 54.1% to 100.0%), 100% (95% CI 96.3% to 100.0%) and 75.0% (95% CI 34.9% to 96.8%). The likelihood ratio of a positive test is infinite and the likelihood ratio of a negative test is 0.0198 (95% CI 0.005 to 0.0781). The mean confirmation time by ultrasound is 16.4 s. No adverse effects were recorded.

Conclusions

Our study shows that ultrasonography can replace waveform capnography in confirming ETT placement in centres without capnography. This can reduce incidence of unrecognised oesophageal intubation and prevent morbidity and mortality.

Trial registration

National Medical Research Register NMRR11100810230.     

Ultrasound detection of pneumothorax

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of ultrasound in the detection of pneumothorax. METHODS: Prospective blinded study comparing ultrasound, CT and radiographic findings in 29 patients following 41 CT-guided lung biopsies. Ultrasound examination of the chest was limited to the biopsy needle entry site. RESULTS: Thirteen patients developed a post-biopsy pneumothorax demonstrated by CT. Seven of these were detected by ultrasound and six were visible on erect chest radiographs. Six of the 13 pneumothoraces were not detected by ultrasound, but five of these were loculated away from the biopsy needle entry site and were therefore in areas not examined during the limited ultrasound examination. There were no false-positive diagnoses of pneumothorax using ultrasound. The positive predictive value for ultrasound was 100% and the negative predictive value was 82%. CONCLUSION: In this patient group, ultrasound was more sensitive than erect chest radiography in the detection of pneumothorax. Both have a specificity of 100%. This study suggests that ultrasound may prove valuable in pneumothorax detection when rapid conventional radiography is not possible or practical, and in circumstances where ultrasound is readily available, such as during ultrasound-guided interventional procedures.     

CsI-detector-based dual-exposure dual energy in chest radiography for lung nodule detection: results of an international multicenter trial

To assess both sensitivity and specificity of digital chest radiography alone and in conjunction with dual-exposure dual-energy chest radiography for the detection and classification of pulmonary nodules. One hundred patients with a total of 149 lung nodules (3-45 mm; median, 11 mm) confirmed by CT were included in this study. Dual-exposure dual-energy chest radiographies of each patient were obtained using a CsI detector system. Experienced board-certified chest radiologists from four different medical centers in Europe reviewed standard chest radiographs alone and in conjunction with dual-energy images blinded and in random order. The reviewers rated the probability of presence, calcification and malignancy of all lung nodules on a five-point rating scale. Lesions detected were identified by applying a specific coordinate system to enable precise verification by the study leader. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed. In addition to the 149 true-positive CT proven lesions, 236 false-positive lung nodules were described in digital chest radiographies in conjunction with dual-energy chest radiographies. The cumulative sensitivity of chest radiography in conjunction with dual energy was 43%, specificity was 55%. For digital radiography alone, sensitivity was 35% and specifity was 83%. For the dual energy system, positive predictive value was 58%, and negative predictive value was 66% compared to the digital radiography with a positive predictive value of 59% and a negative predictive value of 65%. Areas under the curve in a ROC analysis resulted in 0.631 (95% confidence interval =0.61 to 0.65) for radiography with dual energy and 0.602 (95% confidence interval =0.58 to 0.63) for digital radiography alone. This difference was not statistically significant. For the detection of lesion calcification or the determination of malignancy, ROC analysis also failed to show significant differences. CsI-based flat-panel dual-exposure dual-energy imaging added to standard chest radiography did not show statistically significant improvement for the detection of pulmonary nodules, nor the identification of calcifications, nor the determination of malignancy.     

Computed tomography-navigated transthoracic core biopsy of pulmonary lesions: which factors affect diagnostic yield and complication rates?

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Only a few studies have systematically evaluated risk factors for pneumothorax and pulmonary hemorrhage in computed tomographically (CT)-guided transthoracic lung biopsy (TLB). We evaluated the diagnostic yield of CT-guided TLB and determined risk factors for pneumothorax and hemorrhage. METHODS: One hundred seventy-two CT-guided TLBs were performed on 159 patients (mean age 66 +/- 11 years; 72% male) using a 16-gauge core biopsy needle. Lesion and patient characteristics, lung function analysis, CT signs of emphysema, histopathologic diagnoses, and complications were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: Histopathologic diagnosis was established in 153 cases (89%). Although lesion size was higher (47 +/- 29 vs. 43 +/- 35 mm, P = .191) and depth was lower (22 +/- 23 vs. 6 +/- 23 mm, P = .350) in procedures with histopathologic diagnosis, no parameter showed significant impact on diagnostic yield. Sensitivity and specificity for detection of malignancy were 93% and 100%, respectively, whereas positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 88%. Overall accuracy was 95%. Pneumothorax occurred in 45 procedures (26%). Hemorrhage was recorded in 17 procedures (10%). There was higher frequency of pneumothorax in smaller lesions (35 +/- 23 vs. 50 +/- 31 mm, P = .003; odds ratio = .96) and greater depth (29 +/- 29 vs. 20 +/- 19 mm, P = .05; odds ratio = 1.03). CT signs of emphysema revealed higher incidence of hemorrhage (35% vs. 23%; P = .04; odds ratio=41.03). Other parameters were nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS: The high diagnostic yield of CT-guided TLB was not affected by lesion characteristics or emphysema. Pneumothorax rate was influenced by lesion size and depth. Hemorrhage was associated with CT signs of emphysema.     

The diagnostic performance of chest ultrasonography in the up-to-date work-up of the critical care setting

Background

Management of patients in the critical care setting is crucial. The availability, the absence of ionizing radiation and the non invasive nature of chest ultrasonography (US) have currently increased its use in the up-to-date work-up of various pleuropulmonary abnormalities in the critical care setting.

Objective

To evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of chest US for various pleuropulmonary abnormalities in intensive care unit (ICU) patients.

Materials and methods

Ninety consecutive patients admitted in chest ICU with respiratory distress were assessed clinically and by chest radiography (CXR). They were suspected to have a provisional diagnosis of any of the following pathological entities: pneumonic consolidation, bronchogenic carcinoma, metastatic pulmonary nodules, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hydropneumothorax and mesothelioma. These patients were scheduled for chest computed tomography (CT) and prospectively reviewed using chest US. The results of chest US were compared with these of chest CT for each encountered pathological entity using chest CT as the diagnostic standard of reference to subsequently calculate the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of chest US.

Results

The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of chest US were 100%, 96% and 97% for pneumonic consolidation, 71%, 100% and 98% for bronchogenic carcinoma and 92%, 100% and 99% for pneumothorax respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of 100% for the rest of the included pathological entities were obtained.

Conclusion

Chest ultrasonography has a considerable diagnostic performance for various pleuropulmonary pathological conditions that may be encountered in the ICU patients making it as an adjunct tool in the up-to-date work-up of the ICU setting.     

The effect of an increased index of suspicion on the diagnosis of pneumothorax in the critically ill.

The impact of specialized training in critical care producing a heightened index of suspicion for the diagnosis of pneumothorax in intensive care unit (ICU) patients was prospectively examined. During a 12-month period, 28 ICU patients were found to have a pneumothorax. Nine of the 28 patients with pneumothorax (32%) were initially misdiagnosed by physicians who neither received specialized training in critical care nor routinely cared for critically ill patients. Six of these nine initially misdiagnosed pneumothoraces (67%) were correctly diagnosed by a physician with specialized training and experience in critical care medicine prior to any clinical deterioration in the condition of the patients. This study suggests that specialized training and experience in the management of critically ill patients can significantly improve upon the diagnosis of pneumothorax in these patients and limit the occurrence of tension pneumothorax in the same patient population.     

Computerized tomography in thoracic trauma

Chest CT scans were obtained in 86 patients suffering from serious blunt or penetrating chest trauma. The finding of mediastinal widening was by far the most common CT indication. CT proved to be a more sensitive method for detection of parenchymal lung lesions and occult pneumothorax than bedside radiographs. CT contributed substantially in differentiation of lung abscess and empyema, exclusion of mediastinal pathology and spinal injuries. Aortography is still indicated, even when CT findings are normal if aortic laceration is clinically suspected. Despite all of the technical problems combined with CT examinations in the critically ill patient, we consider CT a valuable diagnostic tool for certain problems in the traumatized patient.