亚低温脑保护治疗重型颅脑损伤临床病例分析

自80年代以来,通过动物实验研究,其结果证明30～35℃的亚低温能够显降低颅脑损伤后死亡率,能够明显减轻伤后神经功能障碍。近几年来,国外通过临床应用研究结果表明,亚低温脑保护作用能显降低重型颅脑损伤病人的死亡率和病残率。应用亚低温脑保护能降低颅内压,减轻脑水肿,我科自1998年6月～2000年10月共收治110例重型颅脑损伤病人,其中56例应用亚低温治疗,取得了显疗效。     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤病人纤维蛋白原和D-二聚体的变化及其临床意义

目的观察重型颅脑损伤病人在亚低温和常温治疗状态下纤维蛋白原(Fbg)与D-二聚体(D-dimer)差异及其临床意义。方法43例单纯性、重型颅脑损伤病人随机分为亚低温治疗组和常温组,两组性别、年龄、GCS评分无显著差异。伤后5次(6h、12h、24h、48h、72h)检测Fbg和D-dimer,并记录GOS评分。结果①两组Fbg值在伤后6h、12h、24h、48h差异显著,但伤后72h两组差异不显著。两组Fbg值在伤后6h均较高,常温组升高幅度更明显。两组Fbg值在伤后12h下降,亚低温组降低程度较常温组小。②两组D-dimer在伤后6h明显升高,常温组升高更明显;其在伤后6h、12h、24h差异显著,而在伤后48h、72h差异不显著。③亚低温组GOS评分优于常温组,差异显著。结论在颅脑损伤后4h即开始实施亚低温治疗能改善伤后的高凝状态,并减轻继发纤溶亢进。亚低温治疗缓解了凝血功能紊乱,是其能起到脑保护作用和改善治疗效果的机制之一。     

亚低温治疗急性重型颅脑损伤的体会

在重型颅脑损伤的治疗中,亚低温(肛温32～35℃)能显著减轻颅脑损伤后神经功能障碍和脑病理形态损害,保护血脑屏障功能,从而明显降低重型颅脑损伤患者的死亡率,改善预后。我院1996年8月至1999年8月收治80例重型颅脑伤病人,其中40例采用亚低温治疗,取得显著疗效。     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤44例临床分析

目的研究亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤病人治疗作用及临床效果。方法共88例病人（GCS昏迷≤8分）随机分为亚低温治疗组44例,尽快采用亚低温治疗。直肠温度控制在33℃～35．5℃,持续1～7d。对照组44例,常规治疗,直肠温度控制在36．5℃～37．5℃。两组病人均于伤后3个月时根据GOS评估法判定疗效。结果与对照组相比．亚低温治疗组恢复良好率提高,病死率降低,预后显著改善,无严重并发症。结论亚低温具有肯定的脑保护作用,用于治疗急性重型颅脑损伤病人,可降低病死率,提高生存质量,无严重并发症。     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的经验体会

目的比较亚低温与常温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效。方法病人被随机分为亚低温治疗组与常温治疗组进行治疗。评价治疗后两组患者神经功能恢复程度和日常生活能力。结果亚低温治疗除对弥漫性轴索损伤者无明显疗效外,对GCS≤5分者,原发性脑干损伤者均有显著的效果。结论亚低温治疗能显著降低重型颅脑损伤患者的颅内压,控制伤后早期的高糖血症。根据颅脑损伤的具体情况来设定亚低温治疗时间。对于GCS≤5分者,伤后6h内行亚低温治疗可明显提高疗效。     

亚低温治疗急性重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效

目的　研究亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤病人的治疗作用及临床效果。方法　共 87例病人 ,随机分为亚低温治疗组和对照组。亚低温治疗组 43例 ,均于伤后 2 4小时内行亚低温治疗 ,直肠温度 (RT)控制在 31 5～ 34 9℃ ,脑温为 32 0～ 35 0℃ ,持续 1～ 7天 ,平均 5 7 7± 2 8 4小时。同时监测病人的生命体征、颅内压 (ICP)、血糖、血乳酸、血气、血电解质以及脑组织氧分压 (PbrO2 )和脑组织温度 (BT)。对照组　 44例 ,直肠温度控制在 36 5～ 37 5℃ ,其他治疗同亚低温组。两组病人均于伤后 3个月时根据GOS评估法判定疗效。结果　　与对照组相比 ,亚低温治疗组病人伤后早期的高ICP、高血糖、高乳酸血症分别显著下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ;严重的低PbrO2 迅速上升并维持在正常水平 ;生命体征、血气及血电解质无显著差异 ;无严重并发症 ,死亡率降低 ,恢复良好率提高 ,预后显著改善。结论　亚低温具有肯定的脑保护作用 ,临床上用于治疗急性重型颅脑损伤病人 ,安全有效 ,可降低死亡率 ,提高生存质量 ,无严重并发症。直接监测PbrO2 和BT ,对亚低温治疗更有指导意义     

亚低温在急性颅脑损伤中的治疗意义

1 历史回顾 五十年代始,国内外神经外科曾经采用轻(33～35℃)至中度低温(28～32℃)治疗重型颅脑伤。据文献检索发现,全世界几十家医院对大约100多例重型颅脑伤采用低温治疗,多数学者都认为低温对重型颅脑伤有一定疗效,且无任何心脏和凝血系统严重并发症。由于上述均为临床个案或少量病例报道,未作前瞻性对照研究,所以无法对低温治疗重型颅     

亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤病人治疗机理及临床疗效研究

目的研究亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤病人的治疗机理及临床效果.方法164例病人,随机分为亚低温治疗组和对照组.亚低温治疗组82例,均于伤后24小时内行亚低温治疗,直肠温度(RT)控制在32.0℃～35.0℃;脑温为32.5℃～35.0℃,持续1～7天,平均60.2±28.0小时.同时监测病人的生命体征、颅内压(ICP)、血糖、血乳酸、血气、血电解质以及脑组织氧分压(PbrO2)和脑组织温度(BT)、脑微循环血流(LDF血流值)和颈静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2).对照组82例,直肠温度控制在36.5℃～37.0℃,其他治疗同亚低温组.两组病人均于伤后3个月时根据GOS评估法判定疗效.结果与对照组相比,亚低温治疗组病人伤后早期的高ICP、高血糖、高乳酸血症分别显著下降(P＜0.05);严重的低PbrO2迅速上升并维持在正常水平;脑血供得到改善;生命体征、血气及血电解质无显著差异;无严重并发症;死亡率降低,恢复良好率提高,预后显著改善.结论亚低温具有肯定的脑保护作用,临床上用于治疗急性重型颅脑损伤病人,安全有效,可降低死亡率,提高生存质量,无严重并发症.直接监测PbrO2、BT、LDF血流值和SjvO2,对亚低温治疗更有指导意义.     

亚低温与重型脑损伤病人外周血NSE关系的临床研究

目的研究亚低温对重型颅脑损伤病人外周血神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的影响以及亚低温对重型颅脑损伤病人的神经保护作用。方法将24例重型颅脑损伤病人分为亚低温组(12例)和对照组(12例)。前者进行亚低温治疗,对照组不进行亚低温治疗,其它治疗措施与亚低温组相同,于术前、术后次日、术后3d、术后7d均抽取外周血测NSE含量。结果亚低温组第3d和第7d的NSE分别为(33·33±9·44)和(20·11±5·09)ng/ml,明显低于对照组(40·47±6·00)和(33·63±6·23)ng/ml(P<0·05和P<0·01)。结论通过亚低温治疗能抑制NSE的释放,对重型颅脑损伤病人的神经元细胞和神经内分泌细胞继发性损害有保护性作用,在临床上值得推广应用。     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效观察

目的探讨亚低温疗法在颅脑损伤治疗中的作用。方法73例颅脑损伤患者分为①亚低温组：31例，均于伤后24h内接受亚低温治疗，直肠温度控制在32～34℃，维持3～7d；②常规治疗组：42例，其他治疗同亚低温组，根据GOS预后评估系统评估两组患者疗效。结果与常规治疗组相比，亚低温组患者伤后早期颅内压显著下降（P〈0．05）；生命体征、血气及电解质无显著性差异（P〈0．05）；无严重并发症，死亡率降低，恢复良好，预后显著改善。结论亚低温疗法能减轻颅脑损伤后脑水肿，降低颅内压，伤后24h内接受亚低温治疗，疗效确切，可降低颅脑损伤患者的死亡率，提高其生存质量。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.