Incidence and patterns of recurrence following curative resection for colorectal carcinoma

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine incidence and patterns of recurrence after curative resection of colorectal carcinoma and to determine which variables are significant in predicting outcome. METHOD: A retrospective review of 524 patients operated on by one surgeon from 1975 to 1992 was conducted. Variables recorded included age, gender, location, gross morphology, histology, stage of each primary and evidence of perforation and direct extension at time of original operation. Overall survival and pattern of recurrence were documented. RESULTS: Overall recurrence rate was 27.9 percent. Anastomotic recurrence rate was 11.7 percent. Anastomotic recurrences were higher for rectal than colon lesions (20.3 vs. 6.2 percent;P = 0.001). Distant metastases developed in 14.4 percent of patients, 13.9 percent for colon carcinoma and 15.5 percent for rectal carcinoma. Average time for anastomotic recurrence was 16.2 months vs. 22.9 months for distant disease. T1,2,N0,M0 lesions had a 17.6 percent recurrence rate, T3,N0,M0 was 23.4 percent, and T1,2,3,N1,M0 was 43.7 percent (P =.001). Patients who did not undergo any intervention after diagnosis of recurrence survived an average of 28 months. Those who received palliative treatment survived an average of 39 months. Twenty-four percent of patients had reresection for cure, and 47 percent of these patients were alive at a mean of 80 months; those who died of their disease did so at an average of 53 months. Positive predictive factors for recurrence include site of lesion (rectum vs. colon), stage, invasion of contiguous organs, and presence of perforation. Age, gender, degree of differentiation, mucin secretion, and gross morphology were not found to be predictive factors in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence after resection for rectal carcinoma is higher than after colon carcinoma. In those patients in whom reresection is possible, up to 50 percent may have long-term survival. Understanding patterns of recurrence and features that predispose to them may guide the physician in aggressive but more selective adjuvant therapy and recommendations for targeted surveillance in follow-up.Supported by the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital Foundation, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.Presented at the meeting of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 15 to 18, 1995.     

Lung recurrence after curative surgery for colorectal cancer

A total of 1578 patients were treated with potentially curative surgical resection for colon and rectal cancer by one surgeon from 1950 to 1982. Follow-up revealed that 117 (11,5 percent) of 1013 patients with rectal carcinoma eventually presented with clinical evidence of pulmonary recurrence, with or without evidence of spread elsewhere; the corresponding figures for the colon were 20 (3.5 percent) of 565 (P<0.001). An analysis of the times to recurrence revealed that half of the lung recurrence, were clinically obvious within 32 months for rectal tumors and 34 months for colonic, compared to 22 and 21 months, respectively, for liver recurrences, excluding those with other distant metastases. The slower recurrence rate and the longer survival in patients with recurrences in the lung compared to the liver were statistically significant only for rectal primaties (P<0.02 andP=0.001, respectively). Sixteen patients underwent surgeery with curative intention for lung recurrences; four of these remain alive at two, six, 11, and 15 years, and one patient was free of recurrence when he died from other causes 15 months after surgery. The conditional probability survival rate for the 16 patients was 38±13 percent at five years after recurrence operation.     

Local tumor recurrence after curative resection for rectal cancer

Local tumor recurrence rates after curative rectal cancer surgery with the end-to-end anastomosis stapler (EEA^®) are reportedly high. Therefore, a retrospective review in ten Yale-affiliated hospitals was undertaken to establish the outcome of surgical resection for rectal cancer in this patient population. Of those 373 patients who had had curative resections, 192 (52 percent) were abdominoperineal resections (APR); 105 patients (28 percent) had restorative resections with sutured anastomoses, and the EEA stapler was used in 76 patients (20 percent). There was an equal distribution of tumors in the various Dukes' stages in all three procedures. Local tumor recurrence was: APR 19 percent, SUT 17 percent, and EEA 24 percent, but local tumor recurrence was more frequent after EEA than APR for tumors 7 to 10 cm from the anal verge (32 vs. 13 percent, respectively,P<0.05), and the time to recurrence was least in EEA patients. It is concluded that local tumor recurrence is higher than expected for all three procedures and that the EEA stapler was associated with a greater risk of local tumor recurrence. These findings are attributed to surgeon-related technical operative factors rather than to the nature of the tumors themselves.     

Abdominal wall recurrence after colorectal resection for cancer

PURPOSE: Disease recurrence in the abdominal wall from a primary colorectal cancer is a poorly studied and little understood phenomenon that has received renewed attention after the recognition of port site metastases in patients after laparoscopic colorectal resections. The purpose of the present study was to define the clinical, pathologic, and management issues in patients with abdominal wall metastases from colorectal cancer. METHODS: Patients presenting to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer were entered into a prospective database beginning in 1986. Review of this database showed that 31 patients presenting with recurrent disease in the abdominal wall were managed surgically at the institution between 1986 and 1998. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients (19 males) with a median age of 67 (range, 45–86) years presented with recurrent disease between 7 and 183 (median, 24) months after primary surgery. Primary tumors were located in the right colon in 17 patients, left colon in 2 patients, sigmoid colon in 7 patients, and rectum in 3 patients. Nineteen percent of primary tumors were perforated, 45 percent were poorly differentiated, 92 percent were transmural (T3 or T4), and 51 percent had lymph node metastases at presentation. Twenty-two patients presented with a symptomatic abdominal wall mass, whereas recurrence in the abdominal wall was found incidentally in 9 patients undergoing laparotomy. Four patients had isolated abdominal wall disease, whereas the remaining 27 were found to have associated intra-abdominal disease. Six patients who were left with residual intra-abdominal cancer after abdominal wall resection had a median survival time of four months. Twenty-five patients underwent a histologically complete resection of recurrence restricted to the abdominal wall alone (n=4; median survival time, 18 months), abdominal wall and in continuity resection of adherent viscera (n=15; median survival time, 12.5 months), or resection of abdominal wall and intra-abdominal recurrence at a distant site (n=6; median survival time, 22 months, although only 1 patient remained alive with disease). The actual two-year and five-year disease-free survival rates were 16 and 3 percent, respectively. CONCLUSION: Abdominal wall metastases are often indicators of recurrent intra-abdominal cancer; however, aggressive resection in patients with disease restricted to the abdominal wall and associated adherent viscera can result in local disease control with little morbidity and no mortality.Supported by the Eru Pomare Fellowship from the Health Research Council of New Zealand.Presented at the Annual Scientific Session of SAGES, Atlanta, Georgia, March 29 to April 1, 2000.     

Characteristics of recurrence after curative resection for T1 colorectal cancer: Japanese multicenter study

Background

Because the rate of recurrence after curative resection for T1 colorectal cancer is low, the characteristics of recurrence remain obscure. This multicenter study attempted to clarify the characteristics of recurrence after curative resection for T1 colorectal cancer.

Methods

We analyzed the associations between recurrence and various clinicopathological features in 798 patients who had undergone curative resection alone for T1 colorectal cancer at 14 hospitals between 1991 and 1996.

Results

The rate of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with T1 colorectal cancer was 10.5% (84/798), and 18 (2.3%) of the 798 patients developed recurrence during the median follow-up of 7.8?years. The recurrence rates in patients with colon cancer with and without LNM were 3.6 and 1.3%, respectively (p?=?0.19). These rates in patients with cancer of the rectum were 25.0 and 1.1% (p?p?p?=?0.025), LNM (p?p?=?0.0013) were risk factors for recurrence. Among them, LNM (p?=?0.0008) and histological grade (p?=?0.041) were independent risk factors for recurrence after curative resection for T1 colorectal cancer. Time to recurrence was more likely to be shorter for patients with, than without nodal involvement. In patients with an unfavorable histological grade, all recurrences developed within 1?year.

Conclusions

The recurrence rate after curative resection for node-negative T1 colorectal cancer was very low. The effectiveness of surveillance to detect recurrence after curative resection for T1 colorectal cancer should be validated in further studies.     

Predicting recurrence patterns after resection of hepatocellular cancer

Background

The reliable prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence patterns potentially allows for the prioritization of patients for liver resection (LR) or transplantation.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to analyse clinicopathological factors and preoperative Milan criteria (MC) status in predicting patterns of HCC recurrence.

Methods

During 1992–2012, 320 patients undergoing LR for HCC were categorized preoperatively as being within or beyond the MC, as were recurrences.

Results

After a median follow-up of 47 months, 183 patients developed recurrence, giving a 5-year cumulative incidence of recurrence of 62.5%. Patients with preoperative disease within the MC had better survival outcomes than those with preoperative disease beyond the MC (median survival: 102 months versus 45 months; P < 0.001). Overall, 31% of patients had preoperative disease within the MC and 69% had preoperative disease beyond the MC. Estimated rates of recurrence-free survival at 5 years were 61.8% for all patients and 53.8% for patients with initial beyond-MC status. Independent factors for recurrence beyond-MC status included preoperative disease beyond the MC, the presence of microsatellite or multiple tumours and lymphovascular invasion (all: P < 0.001). A clinical risk score was used to predict survival and the likelihood of recurrence beyond the MC; patients with scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3 had 5- year incidence of recurring beyond-MC of 9.0%, 29.5%, 48.8% and 75.4%, respectively (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Regardless of initial MC status, at 5 years the majority of patients remained disease-free or experienced recurrence within the MC after LR, and thus were potentially eligible for salvage transplantation (ST). Incorporating clinicopathological parameters into the MC allows for better risk stratification, which improves the selection of patients for ST and identifies patients in need of closer surveillance.     

Changing patterns of recurrence after treatment for colorectal cancer

Background The management of patients with colorectal cancer has changed appreciably over the last 16 years. The aims of this study were to compare the rates and patterns of disease recurrence over the last 10 years with a historical control group. Materials and methods Data was obtained from a prospective database that had recorded all patients presenting with colorectal cancer from 1996 to 2006. This data was compared with a retrospective data set that included all patients treated with colorectal cancer at the same institution from 1989 to 1995. The Kaplan–Meier technique was used to calculate the 5 year recurrence and local recurrence rates for the two groups. Results There were 710 patients in the study group and 475 patients in the control group. There were more patients with rectal cancer and stage I cancer in the study group. When comparing the study group vs the control group, there was an increase in the time to recurrence (2.1 vs 1.6 years, n.s.) and a decrease in the 5 year recurrence rate for patients undergoing curative resections (17% [95% CI 12%–20%] vs 42% [95% CI 36%–49%], p < 0.001). These changes were noted for both colon (16% vs 34%, p < 0.001) and rectal cancers (18% vs 50%, p < 0.001). There was also a decrease in local recurrence in patients with rectal cancer (8.8% [95% CI 4.5%–13.1%] vs 33.6% [95% CI 23.6%–43.6%], p < 0.001). Conclusions Within this institution, there has been a significant trend during the last 16 years towards reduced disease recurrence, both local and metastatic, and a prolongation in the time to develop recurrence.     

Treatment of locoregional recurrence after intentional curative resection of pancreatic cancer.

In order to analyze the results of treatment of patients with locoregional recurrence after intentional curative resection of pancreatic cancer, a retrospective study was performed. During the period 1978-1988, 108 patients underwent an intentional curative resection fo the pancreas. In 34 patients locoregional recurrence occurred, all within a period of three years (cumulative recurrence rate 56%). Sixty-eight percent of the patients presented with upper abdominal pain, and 62% with weight loss. Survival was significantly better (p = 0.02) in the group of 18 patients without distant metastases (1-year survival 22%) than in the 16 patients with distant metastases (1-year survival 0%). Five patients without proven distant metastases were treated by resection or chemotherapy. The mean survival was 33 months (range 6-74) in the treated group, and 4 months (0.4-7 months) in the untreated group, p = 0.002. In this retrospective study the longest survival was seen after radical resection of locoregional tumor recurrence. We therefore recommend that patients with locoregional recurrence without distant metastases after intentional curative resection of pancreatic cancer be treated.     

Recurrence patterns after curative resection of colorectal cancer in patients followed for a minimum of ten years

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To investigate the recurrence patterns and interval from initial surgery in patients with curatively resected colorectal cancer followed for a minimum of 10 years. METHODOLOGY: We retrospectively reviewed 418 patients who had undergone curative resection for colon cancer (n = 246) or rectal cancer (n = 169). Follow-up periods ranged from 10 to 23 years. Main outcome measures were interval until recurrence, site of first recurrence, and influence of adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: 26 (6%) had been lost to follow-up by 10 years and 143 (34%) had died. The most common site of recurrence was liver in colon cancer and locoregional in rectal cancer. The cumulative recurrence rate in colon cancer was 100% at 4 years. In rectal cancer, it was 89% at 5 years, 98% at 7 years and 100% at 10 years. The interval until recurrence was longer in rectal cancer (26.0 +/- 24.2 months) than in colon cancer (17.1 +/- 11.0 months) (p = 0.03). It was also longer in patients receiving than in those not receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (p < 0.01). The interval until lung metastasis was longer than that until liver metastasis in colon cancer (p = 0.04), and longer than that until locoregional recurrence in rectal cancer (p = 0.03). The interval until recurrence in the colon cancer was shorter for stage III than for stage II (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Surveillance for recurrences, particularly for relapses in the liver and lung, should be performed for at least 4 years in colon cancer patients. Patients with rectal cancer should be followed for a longer period than those with colon cancer, focusing on locoregional, liver and lung recurrence. It is particularly noteworthy that adjuvant chemotherapy may prolong the interval until recurrence and the interval until lung metastasis is relatively longer.     

Peritoneal recurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma after curative resection

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Death from gastric carcinoma after curative resection is mostly due to recurrence. The most common recurrence is peritoneal dissemination, which represents 33 to 50% of total recurrence after curative gastrectomy. Since survival after peritoneal dissemination is very poor, selection of high-risk patients for further management after resection may contribute to better survival. METHODOLOGY: Based on a prospective database, a total of 1,092 patients with gastric carcinoma who underwent curative resection were included in this study. The incidence of peritoneal recurrence, disease-free interval and survival after peritoneal recurrence were determined. The clinicopathological factors including sex, age, tumor location, size, gross appearance, histological findings, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node status, tumor cell infiltration pattern were analyzed to see if there is any relationship with peritoneal dissemination. RESULTS: The incidence of peritoneal recurrence after curative resection was 13.46%. The mean disease-free interval was 14.2 months and the survival after peritoneal recurrence was 4.9 months in average. Almost all the clinicopathological factors were related with peritoneal recurrence, but only depth of tumor invasion, gross appearance and tumor infiltration pattern are closely associated with peritoneal tumor dissemination after multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Since the prognosis after peritoneal recurrence is so poor, selection of high-risk patients for further management after gastrectomy may be based on these three factors.     

Local recurrence after curative resection of cancer of the rectum without total mesorectal excision

PURPOSE: The aim of this article was to examine local recurrence after curative resection for carcinoma of the rectum in which the surgical technique of total mesorectal excision was not performed. METHODS: A single surgeon managed the patients and the data collected prospectively. Total excision of the distal mesorectum was not performed in the upper third or mid rectum. RESULTS: From 1969 to 1993 curative resections were performed in 549 patients, of which 17 died postoperatively, leaving 532 for analysis. Sphincter-saving resection was performed in 468 patients (88 percent) and abdominoperineal excision in 58 (10.9 percent). The pathology stages (Dukes) were A, 158 (29.7 percent); B, 184 (34.7 percent); and C, 190 (35.7 percent). Five hundred seventeen patients (97.2 percent) were followed up for a minimum of five years. The median period of follow-up was 82 months. Local recurrence confined to the pelvis occurred in 17 patients, and local recurrence associated with distant metastases occurred in 24 patients. The total five-year local recurrence rate was 7.6 percent. Local recurrence was increased in Stage C tumors (P=<0.0001). Diathermy dissection in the pelvis was associated with a decreased local recurrence rate (P=0.023). The five-year survival rate in curative resections was 72.5 percent. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential that articles presenting local recurrence rates should include both local recurrence in isolation and that which occurs with distant metastases. Although total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer was not performed in this study, the local recurrence rate is not materially different from that in several articles where total mesorectal excision has been used. Whether the distal mesorectum needs to be pursued in mid-rectal cancer is not yet proven.     

Intensive or not surveillance of patients with colorectal cancer after curative resection

It is common practice to follow patients with colorectal cancer for some years after resection and/or adjuvant treatment.Data are lacking about how often patients should be seen,what tests should be performed,and what surveillance strategy has a signifi cant impact on patient outcome.Seven randomized trials have addressed this issue,but none had sufficient statistical power.Four published meta-analyses have established that overall survival is significantly improved for patients in the more intensive progra...     

结直肠腺瘤切除术后复发息肉的特点分析

目的 研究结直肠腺瘤(colorectal adenoma,CRA)切除术后复发息肉的特点.方法 收集2005年5月-2012年5月于首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院消化内科完成结肠镜下息肉切除术、病理组织学确诊为CRA,术后行肠镜复查,并发现复发息肉的患者103例.统计分析初发息肉的大小、数目、病理分型、发生部位、肠镜间隔时间与复发息肉的大小、数目、病理分型、发生部位之间的关系.结果 93％的患者复发息肉大小都在1 cm以内;复发息肉在左半结肠占65％,在右半结肠占12％,在全结肠占22％;初检CRA大小、数目、病理分级与复发息肉的大小、数目、病理分级,经统计分析均无关联,初检发生部位与复发息肉的发生部位有相关性(P＜0.05).结论 复发息肉通常是多发、较小、低危的,虽然大部分在第1年已经出现,但在5年之内其镜下特点及病理分型均无统计学意义.初检位于左半结肠的CRA患者,复发息肉更易在左半结肠,而初检位于全结肠的患者复发息肉更易在全结肠.     

Colonoscopic surveillance after curative resection for colorectal cancer with synchronous adenoma]

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Guidelines for current postoperative colonoscopic surveillance are not specified in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with synchronous adenoma (SA). We performed this retrospective study to determine the postoperative colonoscopic surveillance interval for the CRC patients with SA. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-four CRC patients with SA (SA-group) and the same number of patients without SA (NSA-group) were selected from our database. Two groups were matched by the stage of CRC. Median colonoscopic surveillance period was 55 (12-99) months. The colonoscopic surveillance frequency and interval were similar between the two groups. RESULTS: Mean age was higher and male was more frequent in SA-group than NSA-group (p= 0.0001). The incidence of missed adenoma, advanced missed adenoma and metachronous adenoma (MA) were higher in SA-group (30.8% vs. 5.8% at 1st yr., p=0.0001; 4.4% vs. 0%, p=0.0001; 31.1% vs. 9.1% at 2nd yr., p=0.016) during the first consecutive two years of surveillance. The MA- and advanced-MA-free survival rate were lower in SA-group (24.6% vs. 6.6%, p=0.0001; 4.1% vs. 0%, p=0.02) during three years after surgery. Dysplasia of the SA (p=0.04; OR, 110.3; 95% CI, 1.13-10742.6) and presence of missed adenoma (p=0.036; OR, 43.6; 95% CI, 1.28-1490.1) were risk factors for the advanced MA on a multivariate analysis in SA-group. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative colonoscopic surveillance at first year after surgery is warranted in CRC patients with SA.     

Local recurrence after endoscopic resection of colorectal tumors

Background and aims  Local recurrence frequently occurs after endoscopic resection of large colorectal tumors. However, appropriate intervals for surveillance colonoscopy to assess local recurrence after endoscopic resection have not been clarified. The aim of the present study was to determine local recurrence rates following en-bloc and piecemeal endoscopic resection and establish appropriate surveillance colonoscopy intervals based on retrospective analysis of local recurrences. Materials and methods  A total of 461 patients with 572 ≥ 10-mm lesions underwent endoscopic resection and follow-up. We retrospectively compared local recurrence rates on lesion size, macroscopic type, and histological type after en-bloc resection (440 lesions) and piecemeal resection (132 lesions). Cumulative local recurrence rates were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results  Local recurrence occurred for 34 lesions (5.9%). Local recurrence rates for the en-bloc and piecemeal groups was 0.7% (3/440) and 23.5% (31/132), respectively (P < 0.001). The difference between the two groups was distinct in terms of lesion size, macroscopic type, and histological type. Of the 34 local recurrences, 32 were treated endoscopically and two cases required additional surgery. The 6-, 12-, and 24-month cumulative local recurrence rate of the en-bloc group was 0.24%, 0.49%, and 0.81%. Then the 6-, 12-, and 24-month cumulative local recurrence rate for the piecemeal group was 18.4%, 23.1%, and 30.7%. Conclusion  Local recurrence occurred more frequently after piecemeal resection than en-bloc resection. However, almost all cases of local recurrences could be cured by additional endoscopic resection, so piecemeal resection can be acceptable treatment. This paper was presented in part at Digestive Disease Week 2003, May 17–22, Orlando, Florida, USA.