腮腺恶性肿瘤CT误诊8例分析

目的：分析腮腺恶性肿瘤CT误诊原因。方法：分析8例CT误诊腮腺恶性肿瘤的病理分型及CT表现。结果：8例中腺泡细胞癌4例,黏液表皮样癌2例,腺样囊性癌1例,腺癌1例。CT均表现为圆形或类圆形肿块,平扫密度均匀6例,不均匀强化3例,有浅分叶6例,4例部分边缘模糊,1例合并淋巴结肿大。结论：分化较好或病灶较小的腮腺恶性肿,CT定性诊断困难。肿块有浅分叶或部分区域轮廓模糊时,提示有恶性肿瘤可能。     

CT在腮腺良恶性肿物的诊断价值

目的:探讨CT在腮腺良恶性肿物中的诊断价值。方法:选取2019年10月至2021年10月我院收治的80例腮腺肿瘤患者作为研究对象,均行CT平扫及增强扫描。以术后病理为金标准,统计手术病理情况、CT诊断准确率、良恶性腮腺肿瘤CT表现比较、及具体CT影像学表现。结果:80例腮腺肿瘤患者,经手术病理证实63例为良性肿瘤(78.75%),17例为恶性肿瘤(21.25%);其中良性肿瘤包括多形性腺瘤29例(36.25%)、腺淋巴瘤18例(22.50%)、肌上皮瘤11例(13.75%)、血管瘤5例(6.25%);恶性肿瘤包括黏液表皮癌8例(10.00%)、腺样囊性癌4例(5.00%)、恶性混合瘤3例(3.75%)、腺泡细胞癌2例(2.50%);CT诊断腮腺肿瘤正确率为91.25%;良性腮腺肿瘤部位、形态、密度及边缘方面与恶性腮腺肿瘤相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);良性肿瘤多呈高密度,且大部分密度均匀,部位大多处于浅叶,且瘤体形态较为规则,边缘清晰;恶性肿瘤密度多不均匀,深叶居多,瘤体形态大多不规则,且边缘不清楚。结论:CT在腮腺良恶性肿物中具有较高诊断价值,临床可全面分析CT征象,并...     

腮腺粘液表皮样癌CT表现与鉴别诊断

目的:探讨腮腺粘液表皮样癌(MEC)CT影像特征,从而提高对MEC诊断水平。方法:搜集本院病理证实为MEC患者14例,全部病例均行腮腺CT平扫及增强扫描,并对靶病灶进行薄层重建,回顾性分析其CT表现,总结其影像学特点。结果:14例MEC均为单发,其中10例病灶位于腮腺浅叶,4例位于深叶,位于右侧8例,左侧6例,CT表现为腮腺孤立肿块,边缘清楚8例,边缘模糊6例,密度不均匀12例,密度均匀2例,5例为实性,9例为囊实性。增强扫描:8例病灶呈明显强化,2例病灶呈中度强化,4例病灶呈环形强化。结论:腮腺粘液表皮样癌临床表现无特异性,术前易误诊。腮腺浅叶多发,多浸润性生长,CT增强多明显强化,如伴淋巴结肿大,可提示MEC诊断,CT可清楚显示肿瘤范围及其对周围组织侵犯情况,为临床制定合理诊疗方案提供帮助。     

CT诊断腮腺良恶性肿瘤对头颈外科的应用价值

目的:探讨CT诊断腮腺良恶性肿瘤的应用价值,对头颈外科手术的确立提供帮助。方法:收集整理我院2002年2月—2011年8月经手术病理证实的19例腮腺良性肿瘤和8例恶性肿瘤病例,分析其CT影像表现特征,判断肿瘤的良恶性并与手术病理结果对照。结果:CT诊断符合率78.6%(21/27),其中,良性肿瘤诊断符合率78.1%(15/19),恶性肿瘤符合率75%(6/8),腮腺良性肿瘤CT常表现为形态规则,边缘清晰,多位于腮腺浅叶,无侵袭性及淋巴结转移。恶性肿瘤表现为形态不规则,边缘不清晰肿块影,常累及深叶或跨深浅两叶,具有侵袭性及淋巴结转移。结论:腮腺良恶性肿瘤,在部位、形态、边缘、侵袭性、淋巴结转移等方面有显著影像学差异。CT扫描对腮腺良恶性肿瘤的定位、定性诊断具有较高的价值,CT可明确腮腺肿瘤的部位及良恶性的影像学特征,为头颈外科手术提供影像依据。     

腮腺肿块89例的CT评价

目的探讨CT扫描在腮腺肿块诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的腮腺肿块89例CT表现。结果89例肿块包括:良性肿瘤44例,潴留囊肿7例,炎性病灶8例,恶性肿瘤30例。CT定位准确89例。良性肿瘤和囊肿多表现为轮廓光整,边缘规则,界限清楚(49/51);而恶性肿瘤多表现为轮廓不规则,边界模糊(22/30),和向周围组织侵犯(11/30)(P<0.01);4例结核和2例脓肿病灶周围腮腺组织出现“磨玻璃”样改变,而其他病灶未见该征象。4例腺淋巴瘤表现为多发灶(4/7)。术前CT对肿块良恶性的鉴别诊断正确率82%(73/89)。结论CT对腮腺肿块定位准确,CT对肿块的良恶性鉴别诊断基本可靠,但组织学的分类价值有限。“磨玻璃”样改变是腮腺炎性团块的特征性表现。     

肺炎性假瘤的CT表现及误诊分析

目的 通过对肺炎性假瘤的CT征象进行分析,积累此疾病的CT诊断及减少其误诊的经验.方法 对8例经病理证实为肺炎性假瘤患者的CT征象进行回顾性分析.结果 肺炎性假瘤的较典型CT表现为:病灶多位于肺野外周,形态多样,边缘见毛刺或棘状突起(桃尖征);病灶内见不规则钙化影或小空洞;病灶边缘可见尖角状粘连(尖角征)及刀切样改变;肺门及纵隔内无明显肿大淋巴结;增强扫描,病灶强化明显;动态观察,病灶长时期无变化,少数病灶经治疗后可缩小.结论 掌握肺炎性假瘤的较典型CT表现并充分结合临床资料可提高肺炎性假瘤影像诊断的正确率,减少误诊.     

腮腺少见病变的CT诊断

目的 分析腮腺少见病变的CT征象.方法 回顾性分析17例经临床、实验室及手术病理证实的腮腺少见病变包括腮腺淋巴结结核9例、肌上皮瘤3例、肌上皮癌2例、干燥综合征2例、转移癌1例的CT表现.结果 腮腺淋巴结结核9例CT平扫肿块呈均匀密度5例,不均匀密度4例,增强病变呈均匀性、不均匀性、环状及花边状强化表现.肌上皮瘤3例CT平扫肿块均呈稍高密度,其中1例边缘模糊,增强病变呈显著强化2例,中等度强化1例.肌上皮癌2例CT平扫肿块密度不均匀,边缘较模糊,增强肿块实性部分呈中等度强化.干燥综合征2例CT平扫双侧腮腺呈散在多发结节样稍高密度影,部分结节有融合,增强腮腺内结节影不强化或轻度强化.转移癌1例CT平扫肿块密度不均匀,增强病变实性部分显著强化.结论 腮腺少见病变均有各自的CT表现特点.CT平扫加动态增强扫描对诊断有重要价值,确诊仍依靠临床、实验室检查及病理.     

多层螺旋CT在腮腺混合瘤中的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT在腮腺混合瘤定位和定性中的诊断价值,探讨各类腮腺肿瘤的诊断指征,从而指导临床医师制订正确手术方案。材料与方法:对我院2009年1月至2013年3月确诊的32例不同性质的腮腺肿瘤CT表现进行回顾性分析。结果:32例患者中,CT呈边缘清楚、密度均匀、强化均匀者20例,手术证实为良性混合瘤;CT呈分叶、密度不均匀且内有囊性密度影、边缘较清晰者8例;CT呈分叶状或圆形密度不均匀,边缘模糊,轮廓不清者4例,均为恶性肿瘤。结论:腮腺混合瘤CT特点表现为边缘清楚、肿块密度均匀或不匀,其中表现密度均匀、强化均匀、边缘清晰者为良性,而病灶呈分叶状、或圆形密度不均匀、环形或均匀强化、边缘模糊、轮廓不清者为恶性。CT检查对腮腺混合瘤具有重要的诊断价值,是目前检查腮腺混合瘤的最重要方法之一。     

螺旋CT双期增强扫描在腮腺占位性病变诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT双期增强扫描在腮腺占位性病变诊断和鉴别诊断中的应用价值。材料与方法:搜集我院2013年10月—2015年3月收治的经病理证实66例腮腺占位性病变(共69个病灶)进行回顾性研究,所有病例于术前均行64层螺旋CT平扫和双期增强扫描,分析腮腺肿瘤在不同增强时相的强化特征和强化程度,测量病灶在平扫和双期增强扫描时图像的CT值,并进行统计学分析。结果:64例腮腺占位性病变67个病灶中多形性腺瘤30例共30个病灶,腺淋巴瘤18例共21个病灶,基底细胞瘤8例共8个病灶,肌上皮瘤4例共4个病灶,恶性肿瘤4例,其中粘液表皮样癌1例,腮腺细胞癌1例,涎腺导管癌2例。平扫时所见病灶均为等密度或稍低密度,CT值差异无统计学意义(P0.05);双期增强扫描腮腺肿瘤强化特点为:多形性腺瘤的表现是缓慢渐进强化,增强后动脉期无强化或轻度强化,静脉期轻、中度强化,较动脉期明显。腺淋巴瘤早期显著强化和快速流出呈"快进快出"的强化特征;基底细胞瘤增强后动、静脉期均有显著强化,两者无明显差别;腮腺肌上皮瘤增强后动、静脉期有轻度强化,两者无明显差别;恶性肿瘤呈延迟显著渐进强化特点。腺淋巴瘤在动脉期的CT值明显高于其他的肿瘤,腮腺各类型肿瘤在动脉期和静脉期扫描测量的CT值差异均具有统计意义(P0.05)。结论:腮腺不同类型的占位性病变在CT增强扫描中具有一定特征性表现,因此64层螺旋CT双期增强扫描能为腮腺占位性病变定性诊断和鉴别提供较多依据,其应用价值不容否定,值得推广。     

腮腺恶性肿瘤临床与影像学分析

目的：探讨腮腺恶性肿瘤的临床及影像表现。方法回顾性分析经临床病理证实的50例腮腺恶性肿瘤的临床资料,并对其中有影像资料的18例患者（3例超声,3例CT,3例MRI,6例行CT及超声,2例行MRI及超声,1例行CT和MRI）肿瘤位置、形态、大小、边界、内部结构、强化或血流情况等特征进行分析。结果18例腮腺恶性肿瘤表现为腮腺区结节或肿块,无痛性肿块16例,疼痛2例。肿块类圆形或椭圆形13例,肿块为实性16例,囊实性2例。部分不规则,边界清楚10例、不清晰8例。肿块可跨深浅叶（8例）,可位于浅叶（10例）。单发17例,1例淋巴瘤多发。肿块多强化明显或血流丰富（15例）。肿块大小范围较大。肿块多有分叶征（15例）。转移瘤多发、常囊变坏死、边界不清。恶性淋巴瘤常多发、均质、边界清。结论腮腺恶性肿瘤有一定影像特征,但同良性肿瘤特征有重叠;合并淋巴结转移、肿瘤分叶且边界不清或侵犯周围结构、明显强化且不均匀或伴明显坏死等对腮腺恶性肿瘤的诊断有重要价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.