小趾囊炎1例报告

1　临床资料患者 ,女 ,47岁。因“右小趾跟部外缘肿痛 10个月余”收住。入院检查 :患者一般情况良好 ,右足第 5跖骨头外缘突出 ,皮肤角质增生形成胼胝 ,压痛明显 ;小趾内收 ,活动受限。X线片示 :右第 5跖趾关节半脱位 ,跖骨干远 1/3向外成角 ,第 5跖骨干纵轴与小趾近节趾骨纵轴的夹角约 40° ,第 4、5跖骨干纵轴的夹角约 30° ;前足张开 ,趾外翻畸形 (见图 1)。入院诊断 :小趾囊炎。常规术前准备后 ,在硬膜外麻下行右足第 5跖骨头外侧髁部分切除、跖骨内移截骨术 ,石膏托保护 6周。术后 7个月随访 ,局部疼痛消失 ,前足外形改观 ,X线复查…     

足拇趾离断再植及踝前穿支皮瓣修复成功一例

1临床资料患者男,41岁.因车轮压榨伤致右足拇趾离断出血2h,于2010年2月27日急诊人无锡市第三人民医院.检查:生命体征平稳,右足拇趾于第1跖跗关节平面完全断离,并伴有跖骨底及内侧楔骨骨折,第1、2跖骨间肌肉挫灭失活,拇展肌、拇屈肌于断面撕裂,足背皮肤逆行撕脱,并散在淤斑.X线片见第1跖骨及足拇趾缺损,内侧楔骨及第2趾骨基底部骨折移位.诊断:①右足拇跖跗关节平面离断伤;②右足背撕脱伤并右足第2趾骨基底骨折(图1).     

家族性双足骨溶解症并右足感染1例

1病例资料 患者,女,31岁。双足无明显诱因逐渐缩小,皮肤反复破溃、流脓18年就诊,于2010年12月17日入院。患者自13岁时起出现双足皮肤破溃,先自足趾处溃烂,溢脓,逐渐出现足趾骨和跖骨骨质破坏,患足缩小畸形,在多家医院以慢性骨髓炎施治,效果不明显,足骨破坏逐渐加重。查体：右足皮肤破溃,溢脓,双小腿下段及双足肿胀,局部皮肤色素沉着,弹性差,呈橡皮样质地,双足缩短呈马蹄状畸形（见图1）,     

单侧小趾重复畸形合并并趾及跖间骨一例报告

患者女,35岁,因右足小趾反复发生甲沟炎而就诊。查体:右足小趾重复畸形且第四、五趾并趾,重复小趾仅甲部游离,余与邻趾并合。手及对侧足未见畸形。患足正位X线片示:小趾末节趾骨分叉,第四、五跖骨间可见一细小的条状骨(图1)。治疗:将重复小趾切除,凿平趾骨骨突,行小趾甲沟重建。术后随访1年,未再发生甲沟炎,外形及功能满意(图2)。图1术前足正位X线示小趾重复图2术后1年足正位X线片Fig.1PreoperativeA-PX-rayshowssuperfluousboneFig.2A-PX-rayofthefoot1yearafteroperation讨论多趾常对称出现,且以小趾重复多见;主要变化在跖骨,可为第…     

游离第二足趾或关节移植术后供足X线改变

游离第２足趾或关节移植术是最主要的拇、手指再造方法之一。但至今尚未见有关供足Ｘ线方面研究的报告。笔者采用双足标准正位及负重侧位Ｘ线摄片,对２７例术后病人平均随访５．６６年。按手术截趾平面及随访时间不同行自身对照分层分析。结果：（１）第１跖骨和其近节趾骨长轴夹角比非手术侧平均增大３．7５°，原有用外翻畸形的病人，术后供足畸形加重;（２）跖骨截骨组的远期随访病人供足外侧纵弓平均增大３°;（３）术后供足１～３趾间距平均比非手术侧小９．1３ｍｍｉ（４）术后供足最大宽度变小：（５）跖骨截骨组４１．６７％的病人出现残留跖骨密度降低。本组只有少数病人稍感供足不适，但均不需治疗。     

多发性巨大性骨软骨瘤一例

患者女性,29岁,务农,因右下肢多处酸痛5年余入院.患者5年前无明显诱因感右内踝下方疼痛,当时以"扭伤"给草医包药医治,未见好转.症状不甚严重,未引起重视,随后逐渐加重,影响行走.摄X线片示:右足骨质增生.未经特殊治疗,二年后右踝疼痛加重,同时感右侧窝疼痛,自服止痛药可缓解.今年7月发现右窝下有一包块,摄片示:右足、窝、耻骨骨软骨瘤.行窝部位包块切除术后,病检提示:骨软骨瘤.本次入院,摄右下肢X线片示:右耻骨、坐骨(见图1)、窝、足跖骨软骨瘤,右侧舟状骨、舟楔关节、距跟关节、右腓骨小头及胫骨、右股骨上端及内侧髋关节、股骨头均见软组织影,呈腊油样或流注性骨质密度增生,右第二跖趾骨骨干腊油样改变.     

组合组织移植一期修复前足胫侧部毁损伤二例

例 1　女 ,2 8岁 ,因右足砸伤后 10 d余于 1998年 11月 3日入院。检查 :一般情况可 ,右足胫侧大部分坏死 ,近端至内踝前缘 ,2 / 3足背、1/ 3足底、第一～第四趾骨坏死、第一、二跖骨粉碎性骨折 ,于 1998年 11月 5日行右足扩创术 ,术中将失活的组织切去 ,第一跖骨全部缺损 ,第一楔骨、第二趾骨部分缺失 ,创面约 19cm× 15 cm骨融合 ,用克氏针固定。血管吻合为旋股外侧动脉降支与胫后动吻合 ,浅静脉与大隐静脉吻合 ,其降支远端与腓动、静脉吻合。股外侧皮神经与小腿皮神经吻合 ,移植组织血运良好。术后给予石膏外固定 ,常规“三抗”治疗 ,2周…     

拇趾近节趾骨截骨术联合改良小切口第1跖骨截骨术治疗重度拇外翻

目的介绍拇趾近节趾骨截骨术联合改良小切口第1跖骨截骨术在重度拇外翻治疗中的作用。方法回顾分析我科2007年1月～2017年6月所行拇外翻病例2123例(3865足);其中女性2082例,男性41例;年龄22～84岁,平均56.39岁。重度拇外翻病人207例(253足),其中124例(163足)采用拇趾近节趾骨截骨术联合改良小切口第1跖骨截骨术治疗;83例(90足)采用改良小切口第1跖骨截骨术治疗;轻、中度拇外翻病人1916例(3612足),采用改良小切口第1跖骨截骨术治疗。结果全部病例均获随访,随访时间3～30个月。联合手术组术后第1跖趾关节外翻角(HVA)(2.80±1.11)°,第1、2跖骨间角(5.68±1.62)°,通过统计学分析发现联合手术组与仅采用改良小切口第1跖骨截骨术的重度拇外翻组术后HVA差异,存在统计学意义(P=0.044)。术后疗效评定:联合手术组优84.67%,良14.52%,差0.81%。仅采用改良小切口第1跖骨截骨术的重度拇外翻组中,优79.52%,良19.82%,差1.20%。仅采用改良小切口第1跖骨截骨术的轻、中度拇外翻组中,优82.83%;良17.07%,差0.10%。结论对于重度拇外翻病例,采用拇趾近节趾骨截骨术联合改良小切口第1跖骨截骨术对HVA的改善要优于仅采用单一手术,且术后并发症更少,病人满意度更高。     

多跖趾关节脱位伴骨折1例

患者男性,57年.坐于手扶拖拉机上,赤足置车厢外,拖拉机行驶时,足趾向前撞于水泥柱上.当时剧痛,不能活动.查体见右足背高度肿胀,足趾背屈缩短畸形,跖趾关节活动障碍.X线片示右2～4跖趾关节脱位.右(足母)近节基底内侧骨折,右第五跖骨颈部骨折.选用1%奴夫卡因局麻,手法牵引复位失败.后改用趾骨克氏针牵引,靴形石膏托固定,3周拔除克氏针,拍片复查复作良好.跖趾关节脱位少见.本例是赤足足趾撞于水泥柱上,趾向外侧及背侧受到打击,掌侧跖趾关节囊     

第一跖骨头二分籽骨伴创伤性籽骨炎(1例报告)

第 1跖骨头二分籽骨伴创伤性籽骨炎是一种少见的病损 ,国内文献未见报道。本科收治 1例。现结合文献复习报告如下 :病　例患者 ,男性 ,2 5岁 ,职业足球运动员。因双前足底内侧疼痛反复发作 1年余入院。自述 1年余前出现左足底前内侧疼痛 ,剧烈活动加重 ,休息后缓解 ,反复发作 ,右足也出现类似症状 ,曾封闭治疗后症状缓解 ,但恢复训练症状又出现 ,目前封闭治疗止痛效果仅维持 4h左右。查体 :正常步态 ,双侧第 1跖趾关节未见明显肿胀 ,主被动活动未见明显异常。左第 1跖骨内侧籽骨明显压痛 ,趾背伸加重。右足腓侧籽骨压痛 ,较左侧轻。三维C…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.