3,4-裂环羽扇豆烷型三萜化合物及其生物活性研究进展

3,4-裂环羽扇豆烷型三萜是五环三萜类化合物,在五加属植物中含量较为丰富.药理学研究表明该类成分具有广泛的生物活性,主要包括抗炎、抗菌、抗肿瘤等作用,具有潜在开发应用价值.通过查阅国内外相关文献报道,从化学结构特征、植物来源和生物活性等方面对天然来源的3,4-裂环羽扇豆烷型三萜类化合物的研究进展进行综述,以期为此类化合...     

三叶鼠尾草的化学研究

从三叶鼠尾草根中分离得3个结晶。经理化常数和光谱分析分别鉴定为euseaphicacid,2a-羟基乌苏酸和罕见的缩A环五环三萜酸鞘蕊花酸均为首次在该植物中分得。     

丹参种质资源研究进展

从种类资源、产地分布和种下变异、生物学特性和品系分化以及细胞组织培养方面综述了丹参种质资源的研究进展。认为在进行丹参质量评价时 ,水溶性酚酸类成分还应引起更多的重视。在建立优质丹参的规范化种植基地和新品种选育方面 ,仍有大量基础研究亟待开展。     

South African Salvia species: a review of biological activities and phytochemistry

The genus Salvia (sage) belongs to the Lamiaceae and encompasses 900 species worldwide of which ca. 26 indigenous species are found in southern Africa. Salvia is the largest genus in this family and constitutes almost one quarter of the Lamiaceae. In South Africa, the majority of Salvia species are distributed predominantly in the Cape region. Salvia species are used in many parts of the world to treat various conditions. Many sages, if not all, form an integral part of traditional healing in South Africa particularly in regions where they occur in abundance. Several species are used to treat microbial infections, cancer, malaria, inflammation, loss of memory and to disinfect homes after sickness. Despite the extensive traditional use and the general interest in phytoconstituents of Salvia it remains ironic that research on the South African counterparts has until recently been neglected. The review aims to collate recent research results on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of indigenous species. Bio-active compounds with antiplasmodial and antibacterial activities have been isolated and structurally elucidated from Salvia chamelaegnea, Salvia radula and Salvia verbenaca. The essential oil composition of Salvia showed the dominance of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing monoterpenes and oxygen- containing sesquiterpenes. Salvia runcinata is identified as an alternative source of natural alpha-bisabolol. Many pharmacological activities are summarised (anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, analgesic, antipyretic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive) as a first attempt to provide scientific support for past and present local traditional uses.     

鹅掌柴属化学成分与药理活性研究进展

鹅掌柴属Schefflera植物是五加科Araliaceae无刺乔木或灌木,广泛分布于两半球的热带与亚热带区域,在中国主要分布于西南与东南地区。该属中多种植物可以药用,常被用于治疗风湿痹痛、跌打肿痛、骨折、头痛、牙痛、腰痛、脘腹疼痛等多种疼痛。该属植物的化学成分主要是三萜及其皂苷类,除此还有长链化合物、甾体及其苷类、倍半萜、有机酸、苄苷类、单糖及寡糖、木脂素、醌类、二萜等。药理活性主要表现在镇痛抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗菌抗病毒、受体结合活性、抗过敏、抗疟疾等方面。为了更好的开发利用本属药用植物,该文综述了该属植物的化学成分与药理活性的研究进展。     

中国鼠尾草属酚酸类活性成分的分布规律研究

唇形科鼠尾草属（Salvia）植物，在全球约有1000种，中国约有84种，资源丰富且分布广泛，尤以中国西南地区为多。本属是药用植物的一个重要类群。为了深入探讨本属植物在亲缘学、化学成分及传统疗效方面的联系，我们应用HPLC—DAD法检测了分布于本属的酚酸类成分。研究表明，本属植物所含酚酸类成分相当丰富，尤其是在宽球苏组和丹参组的植物中。这两个类群中的药用植物在传统疗效方面具有活血通经、通络的功效，在民间作为“丹参”使用的植物皆来自这两组。然而我们的实验数据表明，适合作“丹参”入药的植物仅仅限制在丹参组中。同时，鼠尾草亚属的植物在传统疗效方面具有清热、凉血的倾向，这类植物是寻找抗菌、抗病毒、抗癌等药物的重要研究对象。     

珠子参化学成分研究进展

珠子参为五加科人参属植物,在我国有悠久的药用历史,以其根茎入药。其化学成分多样,主要包括三萜及其皂苷类、挥发油类、甾体及其皂苷类、黄酮类及微量元素等。综述了近30年国内外有关珠子参化学成分的研究现状,重点对其中三萜及其皂苷类进行了较为详细的分类,以期为该种植物的深入研究与开发利用提供参考。     

玉蕊醇型三萜的结构特征、波谱规律及药理活性研究进展

玉蕊醇型三萜是在多科植物中广泛存在的具有多羟基取代的齐墩果烷型三萜类成分。由于多羟基基团的存在,在植物次生代谢过程中,导致这类成分广泛存在不同种类酰基和糖的取代,使得玉蕊醇型三萜类化合物具有多种生物活性。玉蕊醇型三萜具有显著的抗肿瘤及改善学习记忆等作用,其在治疗肿瘤及老年退行性疾病如阿尔茨海默病方面具有极大的开发应用前景。结合文献对玉蕊醇型三萜的结构特征、波谱规律和药理活性等方面进行详细的总结,为这类化学成分的开发及应用提供重要的基础。     

不同丹参种质田间比较试验

目的　筛选具有优良性状的丹参种质。方法　用统计学方法比较各丹参种质的生物学性状和生物学产量的差异。结果　矮茎丹参在生产性状上均优于其它种质 ;圆叶丹参单果产籽率最高 ;高茎丹参易感染病害。结论　筛选出了在生产上具有优良性状的矮茎丹参     

中国鼠尾草属酚酸类活性成分的分布规律研究

唇形科鼠尾草属(Salvia)植物,在全球约有1000种,中国约有84种,资源丰富且分布广泛,尤以中国西南地区为多。本属是药用植物的一个重要类群。为了深入探讨本属植物在亲缘学、化学成分及传统疗效方面的联系,我们应用HPLC-DAD法检测了分布于本属的酚酸类成分。研究表明,本属植物所含酚酸类成分相当丰富,尤其是在宽球苏组和丹参组的植物中。这两个类群中的药用植物在传统疗效方面具有活血通经、通络的功效,在民间作为丹参使用的植物皆来自这两组。然而我们的实验数据表明,适合作丹参入药的植物仅仅限制在丹参组中。同时,鼠尾草亚属的植物在传统疗效方面具有清热、凉血的倾向,这类植物是寻找抗菌、抗病毒、抗癌等药物的重要研究对象。     

From local to global—Fifty years of research on Salvia divinorum

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In 1962 ethnopharmacologists, Hofmann and Wasson, undertook an expedition to Oaxaca, Mexico. These two researchers were the first scientists to collect a flowering specimen of Salvia divinorum allowing the identification of this species. While the species' traditional use is confined to a very small region of Mexico, since Hofmann and Wasson's expedition 50 years ago, Salvia divinorum has become globally recognized for its main active constituent, the diterpene salvinorin A, which has a unique effect on human physiology. Salvinorin A is a kappa-opioid agonist and the first reported psychoactive diterpene.

Methods

This review concentrates on the investigation of Salvia divinorum over the last 50 years including ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, taxonomy, systematics, genetics, chemistry and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic research. For the purpose of this review, online search engines were used to find relevant research. Searches were conducted between October 2011 and September 2013 using the search term “Salvia divinorum”. Papers were excluded if they described synthetic chemical synthesis of salvinorin A or analogues.

Results

Ethnobotanically there is a comprehensive body of research describing the traditional Mazatec use of the plant, however, the modern ethnobotanical use of this plant is not well documented. There are a limited number of botanical investigations into this plant and there are still several aspects of the botany of Salvia divinorum which need further investigation. One study has investigated the phylogenetic relationship of Salvia divinorum to other species in the genus. To date the main focus of chemistry research on Salvia divinorum has been salvinorin A, the main active compound in Salvia divinorum, and other related diterpenoids. Finally, the effects of salvinorin A, a KOR agonist, have primarily been investigated using animal models.

Conclusions

As Salvia divinorum use increases worldwide, the emerging cultural use patterns will warrant more research. More botanical information is also needed to better understand this species, including germination, pollination vector and a better understanding of the endemic environment of Salvia divinorum. As well there is a gap in the genetic knowledge of this species and very little is known about its intra-species genetics. The terpenes in Salvia divinorum are very well documented, however, other classes of constituents in this species warrant further investigation and identification. To date, the majority of the pharmacology research on Salvia divinorum has focused on the effects of salvinorin A using animal models. Published human studies have not reported any harmful effects when salvinorin A is administered within the dose range of 0.375–21 µg/kg but what are the implications when applied to a larger population? More data on the toxicology and safety of Salvia divinorum are needed before larger scale clinical trials of the potential therapeutic effects of Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A are undertaken.     

野桐属植物化学成分及其药理活性研究进展

野桐属Mallotus Lour.植物隶属于大戟科(Euphorbiaceae),全世界约140种,主要分布于亚洲热带和亚热带地区。我国有25种,11变种,主产于南部各省区,该属中多种植物作为传统药物加以应用,其化学成分主要是二萜、三萜、多酚、鞣质等,除此还有单萜、苯并吡喃、香豆素并木脂素、二芳基庚烷、黄酮、生物碱及香豆素等,具有抗动脉粥样硬化、利胆、保肝、抗氧化、镇痛、提高免疫力、增强记忆力等多种活性。综述了近25年来,国内外对野桐属植物化学成分和药理活性的研究进展,以期为野桐属植物的深入研究与开发利用提供参考。     

心可舒化学成分与药理作用研究进展

心可舒是临床治疗冠心病的中成药大品种,由丹参、葛根、山楂、三七、木香5味药食同源中药制成,具有活血化瘀、行气止痛之功效,临床用于治疗不稳定型心绞痛等冠心病病症,疗效确切。心可舒化学成分主要为丹参酚酸类,葛根黄酮类,三七皂苷类,山楂黄酮类、三萜类和木香倍半萜类成分等。药理作用主要涉及抗心肌缺血、抗缺血再灌注损伤、改善内皮功能、抗焦虑/抑郁、抗炎、抗血小板聚集等。现查阅国内外文献,对心可舒化学成分、药理作用及机制进行归纳分析,以期为其进一步研究、质量控制提升和二次开发等提供参考。     

Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by sipholane triterpenoids

Nineteen triterpenoids, possessing four different skeletons, have been reported so far from the Red Sea sponge Siphonochalina siphonella. However, no biological activity of these compounds was ever reported. This study describes the isolation of two new triterpenoids, siphonellinol C (3) and sipholenol I (4), along with several known sipholane triterpenoids from the Red Sea sponge Callyspongia (=Siphonochalina) siphonella. Allylic oxidation of the major sipholane triterpenoids, sipholenol A (1) and sipholenone A (2), by selenium dioxide afforded four C-28-oxidized derivatives. Sipholane triterpenoids along with their semisynthetic derivatives were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and effect on reversing P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR to colchicine. Sipholenol A was found to be the most potent, and it increased the sensitivity of resistant KB-C2 cells by 16 times toward colchicine. This is the first report related to reversal of cancer chemotherapy resistance using these triterpenoids.     

The in vitro pharmacological activities and a chemical investigation of three South African Salvia species

Salvia species (sage) are well known in folk medicine throughout the world. In South Africa sage is used against fever and digestive disorders. Three closely related South African species (Salvia stenophylla, Salvia repens and Salvia runcinata) were investigated for their anti-oxidant (DPPH assay); anti-inflammatory (5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase assays); antimalarial (tritiated hypoxanthine incorporation assay); antimicrobial (disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays) properties and toxicity profile (tetrazolium-based assay). The solvent extracts exhibited anti-oxidant, antimalarial and antibacterial and poor anti-inflammatory properties. The essential oils exhibited anti-inflammatory and antimalarial properties, but displayed poor anti-oxidant and antimicrobial activity. The extract of Salviastenophylla and the essential oil of Salvia runcinata displayed the highest toxicity profile. Overall, Salvia runcinata displayed the most favorable activity of all three taxa tested with an IC(50) value of 6.09 (anti-oxidant); 29.05 (antimalarial) and 22.82 microg/ml (anti-inflammatory). Analytical procedures (GC-MS and HPLC-UV) were employed to generate chromatographic profiles for the essential oils and solvent extracts respectively. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of rosmarinic acid in all three taxa while carnosic acid was only present in Salvia repens and Salvia stenophylla. The GC-MS analysis showed that oils were qualitatively and quantitatively variable. beta-Caryophyllene was present in large amounts in all three taxa. Other components present include camphor, alpha-pinene and alpha-bisabolol. The results of the in vitro pharmacological activities provide a scientific basis to validate the use of these Salvia species in traditional medicine in South Africa.     

The pharmacological effects of Salvia species on the central nervous system

Salvia is an important genus consisting of about 900 species in the family Lamiaceae. Some species of Salvia have been cultivated world wide for use in folk medicine and for culinary purposes. The dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, for example, has been used extensively for the treatment of coronary and cerebrovascular disease, sleep disorders, hepatitis, hepatocirrhosis, chronic renal failure, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, carbuncles and ulcers. S. officinalis, S. leriifolia, S. haematodes, S. triloba and S. divinorum are other species with important pharmacological effects. In this review, the pharmacological effects of Salvia species on the central nervous system will be reviewed. These include sedative and hypnotic, hallucinogenic, skeletal muscle relaxant, analgesic, memory enhancing, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective and antiparkinsonian activity, as well as the inhibition of ethanol and morphine withdrawal syndrome.     

Antiatherogenic property of triterpenoids-enriched extract from the aerial parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza

This study investigated the antiatherogenic activity and the chemical constituents of a triterpenoids-enriched extract from the aerial parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. The extract displayed a significant, dose-responsive antiatherogenic effect on LDLR(-/-) mice after a 24-week application in a daily dose 50, 100, 200, 1000 mg/kg, respectively. Pronounced systemic inflammation and cutaneous xanthomatosis inhibition effects of the extract, combined with hypocholesteremic and plaque stable properties, were shown in this study. At 200 mg/kg in the high dose treated group, the percent inhibitions of two inflammatory markers in serum, CRP and MCP-1, were 47.6 +/- 4.2% and 36.8 +/- 5.0%, and significant reductions in aortic atherosclerotic lesion areas were 62.3 +/- 3.9% (en face) and 77.8 +/- 3.1% (cross section) compared with the model group. No abnormal behavior or lethality were observed with the extract up to 1000 mg/kg. Fifteen triterpenoids were separated and identified from the extract. This study provided new evidence of the antiatherogenic property of S. miltiorrhiza correlated with triterpenoids by an antiinflammatory mechanism.     

山东产丹参遗传多样性的扩增片段长度多态性指纹分析

目的研究山东产丹参的遗传多样性,初步探讨扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)分子标记技术在丹参道地性鉴别上的应用。方法采用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)技术对山东产15个丹参样本进行DNA多态性分析。结果利用4对引物组合构建了15个丹参样本的DNA指纹图谱,通过相似性和聚类结果分析,丹参和白花丹参样本的遗传相似性较低,聚类结果也划分为两大类群,证明它们之间的亲缘关系较远,分化明显。临沂地区的野生和栽培丹参样本聚在一类,且栽培品种和野生品种之间具有一定的遗传差异。结论山东产丹参具有一定的遗传多样性,AFLP技术可用于丹参道地性鉴别。     

安徽鼠尾草属药用植物资源及开发利用

报道了安徽产２０种（含３变型）鼠尾草属植物和它们的分布，并制定了这些植物分种检索表。此外，还对开发利用本属植物资源及其所属植物丹参目前质量低劣原因等问题进行了讨论。     

Triterpenoids‐Enriched Extract from the Aerial Parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza Regulates Macrophage Polarization and Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in High‐Fat Fed Mice

Adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage polarization are tightly associated with the development of obesity‐associated insulin resistance. Our previous studies have demonstrated the triterpenoids‐enriched extract from the aerial parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza (TTE) could significantly improve atherosclerosis in LDLR^?/? mice. However, its molecular mechanisms of TTE ameliorating insulin resistance remain unclear. In the present study, obesity model with insulin resistance induced by feeding high‐fat diet (HFD) was established. Dietary TTE attenuated hyperlipidemia, improved glucose intolerance in mice and mediated the activation of IRS‐1/PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway. Meanwhile, dietary TTE also attenuated macrophage infiltrations into adipose tissue and modified the phenotype ratio of M1/M2 macrophages. Furthermore, our results showed that TTE regulated the polarization of macrophages partly via adenosine monophosphate‐activated kinase (AMPK). Taken together, these findings suggested that TTE has a potential clinical utility in improving insulin resistance. Its mechanisms might be contributed to its beneficial effects on macrophage polarization via AMPK. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.