奥曲肽对重症急性胰腺炎患者血液流变学的影响

目的:探讨奥曲肽对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者血液流变学的影响。方法:对比观察奥曲肽组(SPA患者24例)治疗前、后与对照组(健康受试者19例)血液流变学的变化,检测各项血液流变学指标血沉(ESR)、血沉方程(K)值、红细胞比容(HCT)、红细胞聚集指数(RDI)、红细胞变形指数(TK)、血浆粘度(ηp)、全血粘度(ηb)(高切、中切、低切)、全血还原粘度(ηL r)、红细胞刚性指数(IR)、卡松粘度(Ac)、卡松屈服应力(Yc)的变化。结果:与治疗前比较,奥曲肽组治疗后的各项血液流变学指标明显下降(P<0.01),与对照组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:奥曲肽能有效纠正SPA患者血液流变学的异常,改善微循环。     

原发性骨关节炎的血液流变学变化

目的：检测原发性骨关节炎（POA）患者血液流变学指标并探讨其临床意义。方法：检测49例POA患者和17例对照的全血粘度、血小板聚集率、血浆粘度、全血还原粘度、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数及血沉,两组比较。结果：OA患者的全血粘度（低切3／S）、血小板聚集率、血浆粘度放对照组显著增高（P＜0．01）,而两组间的全血粘度（高切200／S）、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数及血沉无显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：原发性骨关节炎患者血液粘滞度较正常增高,并主要由血浆因素所致。     

疏血通对糖尿病患者血液流变学的影响

目的：观察疏血通注射液对糖尿病患者血液流变学的影响。方法：60例糖尿病患者随机分为两组，每组各30例，所有患者的血糖控制于理想水平后，治疗组给予0.9%氯化钠注射液250 mL加疏血通10 mL静脉滴注，qd，2周为1个疗程；对照组不用任何药物。比较治疗前后血液流变学参数。结果：治疗组血液流变学有明显改善，治疗前后全血粘度(高切、低切)、纤维蛋白原、血浆粘度和红细胞压积均差异有显著性(P＜0.05)，与对照组相比差异有显著性(P＜0.05)。结论：疏血通注射液能有效改善糖尿病患者的血液流变学。     

脉血康胶囊对急性脑梗死血液流变学、血脂的影响及临床疗效观察

目的：通过观察脉血康胶囊对急性脑梗死患者血液流变学和血脂的影响,探讨该药对脑梗死的临床疗效。方法将60例入选的脑梗死急性期患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各30例,2组均常规脱水、护脑、预防感染及对症治疗,治疗组口服脉血康胶囊,每次4粒,每日3次,连续4周。观察其用药后血液流变学指标（全血高切指数、低切指数、全血及血浆黏度、血浆纤维蛋白酶原水平、总胆固醇、甘油三酯）的变化,及神经缺损评分。结果血液流变学、血脂水平与神经缺损评分,治疗组与对照组比较差异显著性（P〈0.01）。结论通心络胶囊能有效改善血液流变学和血脂代谢、神经缺损评分,是改善组织缺血安全有效的药物。     

阿托伐他汀联合依折麦布对长期服用氯氮平精神病患者血脂及血液流变学的影响

目的 探究阿托伐他汀与依折麦布联合应用对长期服用氯氮平治疗精神疾病患者的血脂及血液流变学的影响.方法 选取2012年10月至2013年10月来我院就诊的112例符合氯氮平用药标准的精神疾病患者,依据治疗方法的不同将患者分为治疗组和对照组,每组56例.给予对照组服用氯氮平及其他常规治疗,如饮食、运动、心理干预、改良生活习惯及应用其他药物等抗精神病治疗;治疗组在对照组的基础上加用阿托伐他汀联合依折麦布进行治疗.分别于治疗前后检测两组患者的血脂指标,如：总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（LDL-C）及脂联素（APN）等;并检测患者治疗前后体重指数（BMI）及血液流变学指标,包括血浆粘度、全血粘度高切、全血粘度低切、纤维蛋白原及红细胞刚性指数等.结果 治疗前两组患者的TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C及APN、体重指数及血液流变学指标等比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后治疗组患者的TC、TG及LDL-C均低于对照组（P＜0.05）,治疗组的HDL-C明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）;治疗组的体重指数及血液流变学指标等均优于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 阿托伐他汀联合依折麦布可明显改善氯氮平对精神病患者脂肪代谢及血液流变学的不利影响.     

复方血栓通胶囊治疗糖尿病微血管病变的临床研究

目的：观察复方血栓通胶囊在糖尿病微血管病变的应用效果及对炎性因子、内皮素、血液流变学指标的影响,探讨其作用机制。方法选择86例符合入组标准的糖尿病微血管病变患者作为研究对象,按治疗方法差异随机分为观察组和对照组各43例,对照组进行常规西医综合治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用复方血栓通胶囊,1.5 g/次,tid,15 d为1个疗程,治疗前后观察患者症状改善情况,空腹抽血检测高敏C反应蛋白、内皮素、血液流变学指标改善情况,评价两组临床疗效。结果①观察组临床总有效率为97.67%,高于对照组72.09%,差异具有统计学意义（χ2＝11.149,P＜0.05）;②观察组治疗后高敏C反应蛋白、内皮素、全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数均较治疗前明显降低（P均＜0.05）,对照组仅高敏C反应蛋白、内皮素较治疗前明显降低（P均＜0.05）,观察组治疗后高敏C反应蛋白、内皮素、全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数均低于对照组（P均＜0.05）。结论复方血栓通胶囊在糖尿病微血管病变中应用具有确切临床价值,能够有效提高临床治疗效果,促进症状改善,其作用机制与改善血液流变学、减轻炎症反应、改善血管内皮依赖性舒张功能有关。     

脑心通胶囊对急性脑梗死患者血液流变学和凝血功能的影响

目的:观察脑心通胶囊对急性脑梗死患者血液流变学和凝血功能的影响。方法:128例急性脑梗死患者随机均分为对照组和观察组。对照组患者给予常规治疗;观察组患者在对照组治疗的基础上口服脑心通胶囊每次4粒,tid。治疗2周后比较两组患者疗效、血液流变学(全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞比容和红细胞聚集指数)和凝血功能(凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血活酶时间、凝血酶时间、国际标准化比值和纤维蛋白原)指标,并观察治疗期间的不良反应发生情况。结果:对照组和观察组患者治疗总有效率分别为68.75%和89.06%,观察组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);与治疗前比较,对照组和观察组患者治疗后血液流变学和凝血功能指标均显著改善,且观察组较对照组改善更显著(P<0.05)。两组患者均未见明显不良反应发生。结论:脑心通胶囊治疗急性脑梗死疗效较显著,可显著改善患者的血液流变学和凝血功能,且安全性较好。     

精制蝮蛇抗栓酶用于急性缺血性脑卒中及血液流变学测定对比观察

本文报道３０例急性脑梗塞患者，应用精制蝮蛇抗栓酶，并以血液流变学测定对比观察，结果显示治疗组血流变８项指标中的全血粘度（包括高切变通低切复率）、全血还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞电泳及纤维蛋白原６项指标，较治疗前有显著改善（Ｐ＜０．０５）。经与对照组比较，多项血流变指标改善明显（Ｐ＜０．０５），提示该药治疗急性脑梗塞有着确实的科学依据，具有临床大量推广使用价值。     

丁苯酞氯化钠注射液对急性脑梗死患者血流变相关指标的影响

目的：观察丁苯酞氯化钠注射液治疗急性脑梗死前后患者血流变相关指标变化。方法80例急性脑梗死患者随机分为2组,每组40例。对照组常规给予抗血小板聚集、降脂稳定斑块及神经保护剂等治疗;干预组在上述常规治疗基础上加用丁苯酞氯化钠注射液治疗,疗程均为14 d。治疗前后检测血液流变学指标,采用NIHSS量表对2组患者神经功能缺损程度进行评定,比较2组疗效差异。结果干预组患者治疗后全血粘度,血浆粘度,红细胞聚集指数,全血高、中、低切粘度均明显低于对照组（ P ＜0缮．05）,NIHSS评分和对照组相比明显降低（ P ＜0．05）。结论丁苯酞氯化钠注射液可以有效降低急性期脑梗死患者血流变相关指标水平,对临床脑梗死的治疗具有积极意义。     

银杏叶片辅助治疗精神分裂症的疗效探讨

目的：探讨银杏叶片辅助治疗精神分裂症的临床效果和对血液流变学的影响。方法：将100例住院精神分裂症患者随机分为两组，维持原用抗精神病药物的治疗，治疗组加服银杏叶片。在治疗前后评定SAPS、SANS、TESS并测定血液流变学指标。结果：治疗组较对照组SAPS、SANS和TESS评分均有明显改善（P＜0．05，P＜0．01）；全血比粘度、全血还原比粘度、血浆比粘度、红细胞比积和纤维蛋白原各项血液流变学指标也较对照组有明显下降（P＜0．01）。结论：银杏叶片治疗精神分裂症可改善患者的临床症状和血液流变学指标。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.