The effect of using a pre-brushing mouthwash (Plax®) on removal of tooth stain in vivo and in vitro

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of a pre-brushing mouthwash Plax - reduced extrinsic tooth staining in vivo and in vitro. Firstly, in a double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study, 20 subjects with tooth staining used Plax® or a placebo for 14-day periods separated by a 1-month wash-out period. The area of stain was assessed before and after each mouthwash had been used from clinical photographs. Secondly, extracted 3rd molar teeth were stained with tea and chlorhexidine. After exposure to either Plax® or placebo, the teeth were brushed in a standardized manner. The area and intensity of stain were assessed before and after rinsing and brushing. Results of the study in vivo showed that the mean % stained area for any of the surfaces studied changed very little throughout the study. No statistically significant changes were detected (Student t-test, p > 0.05). Results of the study in vitro showed that the mean area of stain fell by 19% after exposure to Plax® and by 17% after exposure to placebo. No statistically significant changes were detected (Student t-test, p > 0.05). There were also no significant changes in intensity (Wilcoxon signed rank sum test p > 0.1).     

Comparison of different treatment modalities for oral halitosis

Abstract

Objectives. To assess the effects on intra-oral halitosis by a mouth rinse containing zinc acetate (0.3%) and chlorhexidine diacetate (0.025%) with and without adjunct tongue scraping. Materials and methods. Twenty-one subjects without a diagnosis of periodontitis were randomized in a cross-over clinical trial. Organoleptic scores (OLS) were assessed to define intra-oral halitosis by total volatile sulfur compound (T-VSC) measurements and by gas chromatography. Results. Twenty-one subjects with a mean age of 45.7 years (SD: ±13.3, range: 21–66). The OLS were significantly lower following active rinse combined with tongue scraping (p < 0.001) at all time points. Immediately after, at 30 min, and at day 14, the T-VSC values were lower in the active rinse sequence than in the negative rinse sequence (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). At 30 min and at day 14, the hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and methyl mercaptan (MM) values were lower in the active rinse sequence compared to the inactive rinse sequence (p < 0.001). The inactive rinse sequence with tongue scraping reduced T-VSC at 30 min (p < 0.001) but not at 14 days. Similar reductions in T-VSC, H₂S and MM were found in the active rinse sequence with or without tongue scraping. Conclusion. The use of a tongue scraper did not provide additional benefits to the active mouth rinse, but reduced OLS and tongue coating index.     

The effect of a dexibuprofen mouth rinse on experimental gingivitis in humans

Objectives: The pharmacodynamic properties of ibuprofen are related nearly exclusively to the S(+)enantiomer (dexibuprofen). This study investigated the effect of a 1.5% dexibuprofen mouth rinse in an experimentally induced gingivitis. Materials and Methods: The trial was a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, two‐period and two‐sequence parallel group cross‐over study in 24 healthy volunteers aged 21–30 years (16 males, eight females). Customized guards were worn during tooth brushing to prevent any plaque removal from the experimental area (first and second pre‐molars and molars in one upper quadrant). After 22 days of plaque accumulation, the mouth rinses (1.5% dexibuprofen and placebo) were administered under supervision three times daily (rinsing for 1 min. with 15 ml) for 8 days. The wash‐out time between the two study periods was 14 days. Parameters evaluated at days 0, 7, 14, 22, and 30 were the Löe & Silness gingival index (GI) and the Quigley & Hein plaque index (QHI). Data were tested for treatment, period, and carry‐over effects (parametric cross‐over analysis). Results: There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.240) in GI between placebo and dexibuprofen. However, the decrease in QHI was significantly greater (p=0.019) with dexibuprofen as compared with the placebo. Conclusion: In the present study, a 1.5% dexibuprofen mouth rinse had no effect on gingivitis whereas an anti‐plaque effect was demonstrated.     

含二氧化氯口腔消毒剂消毒效果的实验研究

目的 评价含二氧化氯的口腔消毒剂的体内消毒效果。方法 采用现场实验的方法，唾液采样，观察口腔消毒剂使用前后口腔细菌的改变。结果 对照组使用蒸馏水漱口后总菌数及各菌数均有减少．但差异无显著性。实验组使用二氧化氯漱口后即刻、漱口后1h 10min的总菌数、链球菌数和第一种球菌数均有下降，其中漱口后即刻总菌数下降最低，到漱口后1h 40min总菌数、链球菌数恢复，但第一种球菌数仍未恢复漱口前水平。其它变化差异无显著性。结论 含二氧化氯的口腔消毒剂对口腔细菌包括可疑致病的革兰氏阳性和阴性菌，需氧菌和厌氧菌的链球菌、球菌均有明显杀灭、抑制作用，并可维持一定时间。     

超声洁治前含漱对减少诊室内空气细菌污染作用的研究

目的 了解复方三氯生漱口液、0.12%氯己定及3%过氧化氢等几种常用漱口液对减少超声洁治产生细菌性气溶胶的作用。方法 在志愿者头部等高离口腔30 cm处放置普通琼脂平板,用空气沉降法收集细菌2 min,经上述漱口液漱口后,分组对超声洁治前、洁治过程中及洁治完成后5 min的气雾作菌落计数。结果 3种漱口液均降低了超声洁治产生的气雾中的细菌含量,以氯己定作用最强。3种漱口液漱口后,洁治过程中空气中的细菌分别为1 467.95,871.35,1 515.05 CFU/m3,蒸馏水对照组为2 818.15 CFU/m3。在洁治完成5 min后,气雾中仍有较多细菌残留。结论 复方三氯生、0.12%氯己定及3%过氧化氢漱口液均可有效降低超声洁治术中空气菌落数。洁治前应该使用漱口液含漱以减少空气中细菌污染。在洁治后一段时间内,空气中仍有较多细菌残留,需要注意防护。     

The effect of using a pre-brushing mouthwash (Plax) on oral hygiene in man

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of a pre-brushing mouthwash (Plax) improved subjects' oral hygiene over a 2-week period. In a double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study, 33 adult subjects (mean age 35.3 years) used either Plax or a placebo mouthwash for 30 s prior to tooth brushing during a 2-week period. After a washout period of 4 weeks, the subjects used the other mouthwash in the same way. The modified plaque index of Quigley and Hein (QHI) was recorded for 16 teeth (16, 14, 13, 11, 21, 23, 24, 26, 36, 34, 33, 31, 41, 43, 44, 46) at each visit. The bleeding index ( BI ) was recorded at the beginning and end of the study. Results were analysed using a paired one-tailed t-test. Neither plax nor placebo mouth washes reduced plaque scores significantly (p>0.05) below baseline. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean BI at the beginning of the trial (0.42) and at the end (0.44). These results suggest that the routine use of Plax is not a useful adjunct to toothbrushing.     

Comparative study of the effect of warm saline mouth rinse on complications after dental extractions

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of saline mouth rinse on postoperative complications following routine dental extractions. Patients aged ≥16 years, who were referred to the oral surgery clinic with an indication for non-surgical extraction of pathologic teeth, were prospectively and uniformly randomized into three groups. Group A (n = 40) were instructed to gargle six times daily with warm saline and group B (n = 40) twice daily; group C (n = 40) were not instructed to gargle with warm saline and served as controls. Information on demographic characteristics, indications for extraction, and the development of complications, such as alveolar osteitis, acute inflamed socket, and acute infected socket, was obtained and analyzed. There were no significant differences between patients who gargled six times daily with warm saline and those who gargled twice daily with reference to either alveolar osteitis or acute inflamed socket (P > 0.05). However saline mouth rinses at either frequency were beneficial in the prevention of alveolar osteitis in comparison with those who did not rinse. A twice-daily saline mouth rinse regimen is more convenient, and patient compliance may be better than with a six times daily rinse regimen.     

Three different rinsing times and inhibition of plaque accumulation with chlorhexidine

AIM: This study assessed the plaque inhibiting effect of a 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution (Corsodyl) with three different rinsing times following a 72 h non-brushing period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical investigation was a single-blind, randomised study involving 90 volunteer students (40 male and 50 female, mean age 23.2 years). Subjects were randomly allocated to one of three groups for which the protocol only differed with respect to the duration of rinsing. At the start of the trial, all participants received a dental prophylaxis to remove all plaque deposits. Subjects refrained from all mechanical oral hygiene procedures, but rinsed two times per day for the allocated duration with CHX mouth rinse over a period of 72 h. The chlorhexidine preparation was of 0.2% concentration used at a dose of 10 ml for either 15, 30 or 60 s. After 72 h, the Quigley & Hein plaque index (PI) from all volunteers was recorded at six sites per tooth. All participants received a questionnaire to evaluate their perception of rinsing duration. RESULTS: After 72 h, the mean whole-mouth PI was 1.33, 1.18 and 1.24, respectively, for the 15, 30 and 60 s rinsing group. The difference in plaque scores between the three groups was not statistically significant. Results from the questionnaire showed a significant difference between the groups for their perception of rinsing duration. CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference was observed in the level of plaque after 72 h of non-brushing whether the subjects rinsed for 15, 30 or 60 s with 0.2% chlorhexidine.     

西帕依固龈液治疗急性放射性口炎疗效观察

目的观察西帕依固龈液治疗急性放射性口炎的临床疗效。方法选取口腔及鼻咽癌患者放疗过程中出现急性放射性口炎患者70例,随机平均分为2组。实验组使用西帕依固龈液,对照组使用稀释后的复方硼砂液含漱治疗,含漱时间为晨起、3餐后清洁口腔后及临睡前,每次5～10ml,含漱2～3min,共使用2周;对2种药物的治疗效果进行比较。结果使用西帕依固龈液治疗急性放射性口炎35例,有效30例,有效率85.71%;使用复方硼砂液治疗35例,有效15例,有效率为42.86%;西帕依固龈液疗效明显优于复方硼砂液（P〈0.001）。结论西帕依固龈液对治疗急性放射性口炎具有较好的临床效果。     

西帕依固龈液治疗牙龈炎引起的牙龈出血的疗效观察

目的观察西帕依固龈液治疗因牙龈炎引起牙龈出血的效果,为临床治疗提供参考。方法选取2008年6月～2009年3月因刷牙出血来我科就诊的患者,诊断为牙龈炎者125例,男72例,女53例,年龄18～60岁。主要症状为牙龈炎症,探诊出血,牙周袋≤3mm,无附着丧失。将患者随机分成2组,实验组64例,使用西帕依固龈液含漱,对照组61例,使用口泰含漱液;使用方法均为每日3～5次,每次3～5ml,含漱1min,漱后均不再用清水漱口,漱口0.5h内勿饮水和进食;使用4周复查,记录龈沟出血指数情况。评定疗效。采用卡方检验进行统计学分析。结果实验组64例,有效56例,无效8例,有效率为87.5%;对照组61例,有效46例,无效15例,有效率为75.4%。组间有效率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论西帕依固龈液对治疗因牙龈炎引起的牙龈出血有一定的疗效,具有较好的临床推广价值。     

西帕依固龈液联合米诺环素对局限型侵袭性牙周炎牙周致病菌的作用分析

目的 评价西帕依固龈液和米诺环素联合用药对局限型侵袭性牙周炎患者唾液中伴放线杆菌（A.a）、牙龈卟啉单胞菌（P.g）和中间普氏菌（P.i）检出率和相对含量的影响。方法 90例局限型侵袭性牙周炎患者随机分为西帕依固龈液组、米诺环素组及联合用药组3组,每组30例。治疗前1周和治疗后1个月分别采集研究对象唾液,进行DNA提取及PCR反应,分析患者唾液中A.a、P.g和P.i的检出率和相对含量。结果 3组用药后A.a、P.g和P.i检出率与用药前差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但相对含量有所降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与米诺环素组相比,西帕依固龈液组P.i的相对含量更低（P<0.05）;与米诺环素组和西帕依固龈液组相比,联合用药组A.a、P.g、P.i的相对含量更低（P<0.05）。结论 西帕依固龈液和米诺环素联合用药对牙周炎患者唾液中A.a、P.g和P.i检出率的影响甚微,但能抑制其相对含量,联合用药比单独用药的抑制效果好。     

Novel rinse assay for the quantification of oral neutrophils and the monitoring of chronic periodontal disease

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop a single, rapid, noninvasive oral rinse assay to enable the accurate quantification of oral neutrophils. Products released by neutrophils are partly responsible for the destruction observed in periodontitis. Quantification of oral neutrophil levels is important for understanding their role in periodontal diseases. Previous studies have relied on time-consuming serial rinses and cumbersome counting techniques for the collection and quantification of oral neutrophils. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with chronic periodontal disease provided rinse samples before and after phase I periodontal treatment. Cells in the rinse samples were stained with acridine orange, and neutrophil counts were carried out using a fluorescence microscope and a hemocytometer. RESULTS: This assay allowed us to detect a significant difference in pretreatment oral neutrophil counts between periodontal disease and healthy control groups (p < 0.001). Patients who responded favorably to phase I therapy demonstrated a 43% reduction in oral neutrophil counts compared with their pretreatment levels (p = 0.019). Patients who did not respond to phase I periodontal treatment showed no significant difference in oral neutrophil levels (p = 0.39). CONCLUSION: Oral neutrophil levels, as determined by a rapid oral rinse, reflect the severity of periodontal disease and treatment response. A single, rapid, oral rinse assay is an effective means of collecting and quantifying oral neutrophil levels and may serve as an excellent research tool for further study of the role of neutrophils in periodontal diseases.     

A non-invasive oral rinse assay predicts bone marrow engraftment and 6 months prognosis following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41 : 165–170 Background: We have previously shown in a pediatric Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) population that a non‐invasive oral rinse can be used to monitor engraftment, neutrophil tissue delivery and susceptibility to infection post‐HSCT. Methods: Using the same oral rinse protocol, we studied neutrophil tissue delivery kinetics and its relationship to clinical parameters and outcomes following HSCT in 29 adult patients. Oral neutrophil counts were compared to circulating neutrophil levels, oral mucositis scores and patient health status at 6 months post‐HSCT. Results: Neutrophils were detected on average 8.4 ± 3.4 SD days earlier in the oral tissues than in the blood circulation, enabling us to confirm successful engraftment more than one week earlier than when using blood neutrophil counts alone. As well, in this population the time‐span between oral engraftment (OE) and blood engraftment (BE) was a consistent predictor of treatment outcome at 6 months following HSCT where a BE–OE of <6 days resulted in 100% of patients having a negative outcome. Conclusion: We conclude that monitoring the timing of neutrophil delivery to the oral tissues with a non‐invasive oral rinse has the potential to allow the physician to identify those patients who are at a high risk of HSCT failure within just a few weeks of the initiation of treatment.     

Efficacy of two mouth rinse sprays in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans growth on toothbrush bristles

Objective

To compare the efficacy of two types of mouth rinse sprays (Periogard and Plax) in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) on toothbrush bristles used by children.

他克莫司含漱液治疗糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓的随机单盲对照研究

目的：评价他克莫司含漱液治疗糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓(OLP)的临床疗效。方法：采用随机单盲对照开放设计,将62例糜烂型OLP患者分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组采用他克莫司含漱液,对照组采用地塞米松含漱液,同时记录2组VAS和REU分值,使用SPSS17.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析,在用药4周和12周时分别评定疗效。结果：用药后4周和12周,2组VAS和REU分值均低于基线水平(P<0.01),2组疗效差异无显著性(χ²=0.295、0.413,P>0.01)。用药后4周,治疗组REU分值低于对照组,差异显著(P<0.01)。结论：他克莫司含漱液治疗糜烂型OLP安全可靠且起效快,可在临床推广使用。     

氯化镧漱口水防治老年根面龋三年临床观察

目的:观察和评价氯化镧(LaCl3)漱口水防治老年根面龋的临床效果.方法:选择63～84岁患有牙龈萎缩根面暴露的老年人222名,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组均按常规方法记录牙龈退缩数和根面龋补数,实验组每日使用一次500×10-6mmol/L的含La3 漱口水漱口,对照组使用NaCl漱口水漱口,两组均使用1个月、1年及2年后重复使用漱口水1个月,3年后复查每个老年人根面龋情况.结果:实验组根龋指数(RCI)的新增值明显低于对照组.结论:500×10-6 mmol/L的含La3 漱口水能有效地控制老年根面龋.     

西帕依固龈液和没食子体外抗白色念珠菌的活性测定

目的：体外观察西帕依固龈液和没食子对白色念珠菌的作用,并对二者的抑菌和杀菌效果进行评价。方法：采用常量肉汤稀释法,检测西帕依固龈液和没食子的抑菌和杀菌效果。结果：西帕依固龈液对白色念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为5mg/ml,最低杀菌浓度（MBC）为10mg/ml;没食子提取液对白色念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为25mg/ml,杀菌浓度（MBC）为50mg/ml。结论：没食子提取液和西帕依固龈液在体外均具有一定的抗白色念珠菌活性。