米非司酮与甲氨喋呤预防持续性异位妊娠比较

目的 探讨米非司酮与甲氨喋呤作为输卵管妊娠腹腔镜手术辅助用药,预防持续性异位妊娠(PEP)的作用.方法 将204例输卵管妊娠未破裂型患者行腹腔镜手术后患者随机分为两组,米非司酮组101例术后口服米非司酮50 mg,每日2次,连续服用5 d;甲氨喋呤(MTX)组103例于手术结束前在病灶残腔或输卵管系膜内注射甲氨喋呤20 mg.比较两组术后血β-HCG下降情况、PEP发生率、药物不良反应情况.结果 米非司酮组PEP发生比例为3.0%(3/101),MTX组为2.9%(3/103),差异无统计学意义;MTX组的药物不良反应发生比例为11.6%(12/103),高于米非司酮组的2.0%(2/101),差异有统计学意义.结论 输卵管妊娠腹腔镜保守性手术后应用米非司酮或者甲氨喋呤PEP的发生比例低,均可作为PEP的预防性用药.     

异位妊娠腹腔镜保守性手术后持续性异位妊娠的预防

目的:探讨异位妊娠腹腔镜保守性手术后持续性异位妊娠发生的可能病因及预防措施。方法:回顾性分析689例异位妊娠腹腔镜保守性手术的临床资料。结果:689例异位妊娠行腹腔镜保守性手术,持续性异位妊娠(PEP)发生率1.02%。结论:异位妊娠腹腔镜手术后有发生PEP的风险,应正确选择保守手术的病例,改良手术方式,提高手术技巧,彻底清除病灶;避免采用输卵管伞部挤压术;术前血β-HCG>3000IU/L,术后常规肌内注射MTX50mg;术后严密观察血β-HCG的下降,可有效地预防和降低PEP的发生。     

MTX预防腹腔镜手术后持续性异位妊娠效果分析

目的:探讨异位妊娠经腹腔镜保守性手术后预防持续性异位妊娠(PEP)的方法。方法:将130例行腹腔镜保守治疗的输卵管妊娠未破裂患者随机分成两组。A组72例采用甲氨喋呤(MTX)30 mg注入患侧输卵管残腔;B组58例除用MTX外,于术后口服米非司酮。所有患者均于术前及术后1、3、14天检测血β-HCG值,并观察副反应的发生情况。结果:130例患者中有3例发生PEP,发生率为2.31%,其中A组1例(1.39%),B组2例(3.45%),差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第1天两组血β-HCG值均较术前大幅度下降(P<0.01),但两组间差异无显著性(P>0.05);术后第1天、第3天血β-HCG值两组间差异无显著性(P>0.05);但第14天两组间差异有显著性,B组明显高于A组(P<0.01),且B组出现的毒副反应明显多于A组。结论:异位妊娠者经腹腔镜保守性手术后,单用MTX预防PEP要优于MTX加米非司酮。     

输卵管妊娠保守性手术后持续性异位妊娠的防治探讨

目的探讨输卵管妊娠保守性手术联合应用甲氨喋呤(MTX)与米非司酮对防治持续性异位妊娠的价值。方法对149例确诊为输卵管妊娠且有生育要求的患者,行腹腔镜或剖腹保守手术,术中常规在病灶部位输卵管近子宫端注射MTX20mg,术后口服米非司酮50mgBid×3d;并对所有患者手术前、后血β-hCG水平,术后β-hCG下降率及β-hCG降至正常的时间进行对比观察。结果腹腔镜组术前及术后血β-hCG水平、β-hCG下降率及β-hCG降至正常的时间与剖腹组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。腹腔镜组持续性异位妊娠(PEP)发生率4.24%(5/118),剖腹组发生率3.23%(1/31),两组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论应用MTX及米非司酮能有效预防输卵管妊娠腹腔镜下保守性手术后PEP的发生,密切监测血β-hCG变化是预测PEP发生的主要手段。     

腹腔镜下输卵管妊娠保守性手术后持续性异位妊娠的因素分析

目的:分析腹腔镜下输卵管妊娠保守性手术后持续性异位妊娠的因素。方法:对2010年1月～2011年1月145例输卵管妊娠腹腔镜下保守性手术患者进行回顾性分析。结果:145例输卵管妊娠腹腔镜下保守性手术患者中发生PEP者19例,发生率为13.1%。PEP组有异位妊娠史者明显高于非PEP组(P<0.05),住院时间长于非PEP组(P<0.05),术前β-HCG水平明显高于非PEP组,黄体切除率明显低于非PEP组,盆腔粘连发生率明显高于非PEP组(P<0.05),而两组年龄、停经时间和包块直径方面比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:输卵管妊娠腹腔镜保守性手术后PEP的发生与患者的异位妊娠史、术前血β-HCG水平、黄体切除和盆腔粘连密切相关,术后监测血β-HCG水平的变化有利于早期发现和预防PEP的发生。     

输卵管妊娠患者腹腔镜保守手术加用MTX临床分析

目的:探讨甲氨蝶呤(MTX)不同剂量作为输卵管妊娠腹腔镜保守手术辅助药物来预防持续性异位妊娠(PEP)的作用及手术后输卵管通畅情况。方法:将156例行腹腔镜保守治疗输卵管妊娠未破裂患者随机分成两组,病灶近端输卵管及相应的输卵管系膜内注射MTX20mg组62例为A组,病灶近端输卵管及相应的输卵管系膜内注射MTX10mg组94例为B组。结果:156例患者中有3例发生PEP,发生率为1.92%。A组PEP发生率为1.61%,两组发生率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。手术后第3、10天两组血β-HCG均有大幅度下降,两治疗组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后患侧输卵管通畅率达到90%以上。结论:输卵管妊娠保守性手术的同时,绒毛种植部位注射MTX可用于PEP的预防。腹腔镜保守性手术治疗安全、有效而且微创,有利于术后生育功能的改善,是要求保留生育功能输卵管妊娠患者的适宜选择。     

腹腔镜下保守术联合药物预防输卵管持续性异位妊娠的效果观察

目的探讨黄体剥除联合术后米非司酮预防腹腔镜下保守性手术治疗输卵管妊娠后持续性异位妊娠（per-sistent ectopic pregnancy,PEP）的治疗效果。方法选取50例输卵管妊娠病例,分为2组,观察组28例有生育要求,行腹腔镜下保守手术同时行黄体剥除术,术后口服米非司酮,对照组22例无生育要求,行腹腔镜输卵管切除术。结果二组术后无1例发生PEP,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,术后血β-HCG恢复到正常的时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论黄体剥除联合术后口服米非司酮能成功预防腹腔镜下保守手术治疗输卵管妊娠后PEP的发生,扩大了保守性手术治疗的范围,术后口服药物治疗,减少患者痛苦,且无明显不良反应。     

甲氨蝶呤预防持续性宫外孕的效果观察

目的探讨甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate,MTX)作为输卵管妊娠保守性手术辅助药物在预防持续性宫外孕(persistent ectopic pregnancy,PEP)中的临床效果。方法选择2009年12月—2011年12月收治的输卵管妊娠患者128例,随机分为对照组和观察组各64例,对照组给予保守性手术治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予MTX 20 mg注入患侧输卵管残腔。比较两组患者术后PEP的发生率和血β-HCG下降情况。结果 PEP发生率对照组14.1%,观察组1.6%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后1、3 d血β-HCG水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),术后7、12 d血β-HCG水平两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论输卵管妊娠保守性手术中加用MTX可以有效预防PEP的发生,值得临床推广。     

腹腔镜保守治疗输卵管妊娠后持续性异位妊娠的临床研究

目的:观察输卵管妊娠腹腔镜下保守手术后应用药物预防持续性异位妊娠(PEP)的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析我院行腹腔镜下保守手术的输卵管妊娠患者68例.结果:手术+甲氨蝶呤组及手术+甲氨蝶呤组+米非司酮组PEP发生率均较单纯手术组低(P＜0.05),术后72小、时血β 2HCG值下降幅度均大于单纯手术组(P＜0.05),术后血β2HCG值恢复到正常的时间短于单纯手术组(P＜0.05).结论:对输卵管妊娠患者行腹腔镜下保留患侧输卵管的保守性手术后,术中局部注射甲氨蝶呤和术后服用米非司酮均可降低PEP的发生率,效果显著.     

腹腔镜手术联合甲氨蝶呤、米非司酮治疗输卵管妊娠的疗效观察

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术联合甲氨蝶呤（MTX）、米非司酮治疗输卵管妊娠的临床疗效.方法 选取2008年1月～2010年12月就诊笔者所在医院行腹腔镜下保守治疗输卵管妊娠患者132例,随机分成两组,观察组术中局部注射MTX 20 mg,同时术后服用米非司酮,对照组未使用.术后观察患者血β-hCG水平下降情况和PEP的发病率.结果 观察组持续性异位妊娠（PEP）发病率较对照组低（P＜0.05）;术后3 d两组血β-hCG值之间的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,而术后12 d两组间差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 腹腔镜手术联合MTX、米非司酮治疗输卵管妊娠可降低PEP发病率,疗效显著.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.