恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后真菌感染危险因素与耐药性分析

目的 了解恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后真菌感染的菌种分布,诱发真菌感染的危险因素及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为有效预防与控制医院恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后真菌感染提供依据.方法 对医院2009年1月-2011年3月送检的436例恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后痰液、血液、胸腹水、尿液、粪便等标本进行真菌培养及药敏试验.结果 436例恶性肿瘤患者标本中共检出真菌86株,感染率为19.72％;其中以呼吸道感染最多,占55.8％;菌种以白色假丝酵母菌为首,占60.5％,其次是热带假丝酵母菌,占12.8％:抗菌药物的滥用、大量激素的使用及侵入性操作等是真菌感染的危险因素;真菌对所选择的6种抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药性,其中对酮康唑耐药率最高,达26.7％,对益康唑和咪康唑的耐药率也较高,分别为18.6％、17.4％.结论 在对恶性肿瘤患者的治疗过程中,根据药敏试验结果合理应用有效抗真菌药物,防止滥用抗菌药物,是预防及控制真菌感染的有效途径.     

老年恶性肿瘤患者并发呼吸道真菌感染的临床分析

目的 调查≥60岁年龄段老年恶性肿瘤患者并发呼吸道真菌感染的易感因素、临床特点及防治策略.方法 采用回顾性调查方法 ,分析156例≥60岁年龄段恶性肿瘤患者并发呼吸道真菌感染的临床资料.结果 1244例≥60岁年龄段恶性肿瘤患者并发呼吸道真菌感染156例,感染率占12.54%;感染部位以口咽部为主,占69.23%;其次是肺,占30.77%;真菌类型主要是白色假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌和克柔假丝酵母菌;主要易感因素有患者的年龄段、癌症的分期、反复放化疗周期与初期的体质评分关系、不合理使用抗菌药物以及应用糖皮质激素、长期卧床患者护理不到位与医疗护理不当等.结论 减少易感因素、提高机体免疫力、及时诊断和治疗、减少过度使用抗菌药物,是防止老年恶性肿瘤患者并发呼吸道真菌感染的关键.     

恶性肿瘤患者并发医院真菌感染的临床分析

目的　分析并探讨恶性肿瘤患者并发深部真菌感染的危险因素、临床特点及防治对策。方法　采用回顾性调查方法 ,分析 2 5 1例恶性肿瘤患者并发医院真菌感染的临床资料。结果　 2 16 0例恶性肿瘤患者并发医院真菌感染 2 5 1例 ,感染率占 11.6 % ;感染部位以口腔及上呼吸道为主占 39.4 % ;其次是肺占 2 3.1% ;真菌类型主要是白色念珠菌和克柔念珠菌 ;主要易感因素有患者的年龄、癌症的分期、反复放化疗、不合理使用抗生素以及应用肾上腺皮质激素 ,应用免疫增强剂的患者感染发生率明显低于未用组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　减少易感因素、提高机体免疫力、及时诊断和治疗是减少恶性肿瘤并发医院真菌感染的关键。     

恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后医院感染的调查分析

目的探讨恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后医院感染的特点及预防感染的措施。方法回顾性分析医院2039例恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后医院感染的临床资料。结果 143例患者并发医院感染,感染率为7.01%;感染部位以呼吸道感染为主,为48.25%,引起感染的病原菌以真菌为主,占46.16%。结论恶性肿瘤放疗、化疗后骨髓抑制,机体免疫力下降,易导致医院感染,必须加强医院感染的管理,控制易感因素,规范抗菌药物的使用,减少医院感染和耐药菌株的发生。     

老年恶性肿瘤患者放化疗期间医院感染的临床分析

目的 调查老年恶性肿瘤患者放化疗期间医院感染状况,并对其相关因素进行分析.方法 对临床2005年1月-2008年10月,236例恶性肿瘤放化疗期间发生医院感染的老年患者进行回顾性调查,数据采用X2检验判断差异是否具有统计学意义.结果 老年恶性肿瘤患者放化疗期间医院感染率为44.36%,男女性别之间差异无统计学意义,其中以肺部原发肿瘤医院感染率最高为69.39%;放疗结合化疗医院感染率较高为56.96%;感染部位绝大多数为呼吸道占51.27%;医院感染率与住院时间呈正相关,随着住院天数的增加,感染率增高;营养状况差、肿瘤期别高、进行侵入性操作、白细胞低下、使用抗菌药物容易引起医院感染.结论 老年恶性肿瘤患者放化疗期间医院感染的发生率明显高于老年普通疾病,也高于非老年恶性肿瘤患者,医院感染的发生与原发肿瘤部位、治疗方式、住院时间长短等因素有关.     

医院深部真菌感染900例病原菌分布及耐药性监测

目的探讨住院患者深部真菌感染状况,分析病原菌的感染类型,监测常用抗真菌药物的敏感性,为临床治疗深部真菌感染提供参考依据。方法采集2009年1-12月医院住院患者感染的深部临床标本6025份进行常规真菌培养,分离纯菌落接种到细菌测定系统随机体外诊断试剂板条上,应用细菌测定分析软件进行菌种鉴定及药敏试验。结果共发生医院深部真菌感染900例,60岁老年患者685例,占76.1%;感染真菌标本以痰液检出率最高为54.8%,其次为尿液占13.4%;900株真菌中假丝酵母菌属感染最高占94.9%,其次为曲霉菌属、毛霉菌属和新型隐球酵母菌分别为2.1%、1.6%和1.4%;在真菌感染的假丝酵母菌属中以白色假丝酵母菌最多为470株,占52.2%;新型隐球酵母菌和皱褶假丝酵母菌的耐药率最低,分别为6.8%和9.1%;毛霉菌属的耐药率最高为48.4%;监测菌株对两性霉素B、制霉菌素和5-氟胞嘧啶耐药率最低,平均耐药率分别为5.9%、6.3%和7.2%;氟康唑和伊曲康唑的耐药率最高,平均耐药率分别为53.1%和47.2%。结论老年住院患者容易引起深部真菌感染,感染部位以呼吸道为主,假丝酵母菌属是院内真菌感染的主要病原菌,尤以白色假丝酵母菌感染率最高;两性霉素B、制霉菌素和5-氟胞嘧啶的耐药率最低,氟康唑的耐药率最高,耐药性具有种间差异。     

肺癌放化疗患者呼吸系统二重感染病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的探讨肺癌放化疗患者呼吸系统二重感染病原菌分布特征与耐药性,分析感染相关危险因素,为降低肺癌放化疗患者呼吸系统感染及改善患者预后提供依据。方法选取2012年1月-2014年12月医院接受放化疗的肺癌患者600例为研究对象,分析呼吸系统二重感染病原菌类型及其耐药性;回顾性分析患者临床资料,二重感染相关危险因素行多因素logistic回归分析。结果 600例肺癌放化疗患者呼吸系统二重感染率为8.00%,共检出病原菌92株,其中真菌43株占46.74%、革兰阴性菌33株占35.87%、革兰阳性菌16株占17.39%;真菌对益康唑及酮康唑的耐药性高,对两性霉素B、咪康唑、制霉菌素等耐药率较低;革兰阴性菌对庆大霉素、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢噻吩的耐药率较高,对左氧氟沙星、美罗培南的耐药率较低;革兰阳性菌对阿莫西林、青霉素、氨苄西林、头孢噻肟、头孢唑林的耐药率较高,但对万古霉素的耐药率低,呼吸系统二重感染的独立危险因素为年龄65岁、侵入性操作、住院时间4周、白细胞4×109/L、长期联合用药(P0.05)。结论肺癌放化疗患者呼吸系统二重感染病原菌以真菌为主,病原菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率较高,应根据感染的危险因素采取相关预防措施,降低感染率。     

恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后真菌感染危险因素与耐药分析

目的分析恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后真菌感染的菌种分布特征和诱发真菌感染的危险因素以及耐药性,从而对医院真菌感染进行有效的预防和及时的控制。方法对医院2007年9月-2010年6月送检的489份患者痰液、胸腹水、尿液、粪便及血液等标本进行真菌培养及药敏试验分析。结果 489例患者共检查出真菌72株,阳性率为14.72%,其中以白色假丝酵母菌最为常见,占70.83%,其次是热带假丝酵母菌占13.89%;恶性肿瘤放化疗、抗菌药物的滥用,激素及侵入性操作等是真菌感染的危险因素;真菌对所试药物伊曲康唑(ITC)、两性霉素B(AMB)、制霉菌素(NYS)、酮康唑(KET)、益康唑(ECO)、咪康唑(MIC)均有不同程度的耐药性,尤其是ECO和KET,耐药率高达23.61%和26.39%,NYS和MIC的耐药率>12.00%。结论合理应用抗真菌药物,防止滥用,根据药敏试验结果指导临床用药,掌握肿瘤患者治疗过程中引起感染的真菌及耐药性,可以指导临床的合理用药。     

妇科恶性肿瘤患者真菌感染的临床分析

目的 分析并探讨妇科恶性肿瘤患者并发真菌感染的危险因素、临床特点及防治对策.方法 采用回顾性调查方法,分析19例妇科恶性肿瘤患者并发真菌感染的临床资料.结果 213例恶性肿瘤患者并发真菌感染19例,感染率占8.92%;感染部位以生殖道感染为主占68.42%;其次是口腔感染占21.05%;真菌类型主要是白色假丝酵母菌和光滑假丝酵母菌.结论 减少易感因素、提高机体免疫力、及时诊断和治疗是减少恶性肿瘤并发真菌感染的关键.     

鼻咽癌住院患者医院感染病原菌特点及相关因素分析

目的探讨鼻咽癌住院患者医院感染病原菌特点及相关因素。方法回顾性分析1633例鼻咽癌患者的临床资料。结果有48例患者发生医院感染,鼻咽癌住院患者医院感染率为2.9%;共发生51个部位感染,以口腔黏膜感染为主,占62.7%,其次为颈部皮肤,占23.5%;共分离出51株病原菌,真菌占66.7%,以白色假丝酵母菌,占51.0%,革兰阴性菌占23.5%,革兰阳性菌占9.8%;单因素χ2检验显示年龄、手术、放化疗、住院时间、抗菌药物使用情况和肿瘤分期是鼻咽癌患者发生医院感染的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论鼻咽癌医院感染以真菌感染为主,应缩短鼻咽癌患者的住院时间,做好口腔护理工作,选用合理的抗菌药物,放化疗时应密切监测不良反应。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.