冠状动脉病变与左室功能的关系

目的:探讨冠状动脉(冠脉)病变患者的冠脉病变程度与左心室功能的关系。方法:对127例冠脉造影确诊的,至少存在一支病变狭窄程度大于75%的冠心病患者的心功能进行分析,并比较经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)患者治疗前后心功能的改变,以循证冠脉病变与左心室功能之间的相互关系。结果:冠脉病变愈严重,则其心功能损失愈大(P<0.001)。就收缩功能而言,冠脉单支病变者与双支病变者间变化无显著差异,单支、双支病变心功能显著好于三支病变(P<0.01);而舒张功能改变在单支、双支病变间即存在显著差异(P<0.05),但在双支病变与三支病变者间则无显著差异。冠脉病变部位与心功能亦有关系,以前降支病变者心功能损失最大(P<0.01)。其心功能于PCI后有显着改善(P<0.05～<0.001)。结论:冠脉病变程度及部位与左心室功能有关,PCI可改善患者的心功能。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗导致正常冠状动脉急性血栓闭塞2例

目的报告2例急性心肌梗死患者行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)导致相邻正常冠状动脉发生急性血栓闭塞的经过。方法1例患者在前降支行PCI时,造成正常左回旋支内急性血栓闭塞。另1例在行左回旋支PCI时,造成正常前降支内急性血栓闭塞。结果1例患者因发生前降支和回旋支急性闭塞,产生心室颤动而死亡。另1例对前降支新发血栓行PCI等抢救成功。结论对急性心肌梗死患者靶血管行PCI时,可导致血栓逆行栓塞其相邻的正常血管,造成冠状动脉急性闭塞,故在操作中注意技巧。     

冠状动脉急性完全闭塞的不典型心电图分析

目的:探讨冠状动脉(冠脉)急性完全闭塞的急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者入院心电图的不典型改变,以便尽快做出侵入性治疗策略。方法:回顾性分析2014-01-2017-02于我院导管室行急诊PCI的1支主要冠脉急性完全闭塞患者168例,根据入院时心电图是否有典型改变分为2组:典型改变组156例(符合急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死典型心电图改变)和非典型改变组12例(表现为心电图无改变或ST段压低/T波倒置、低平)。了解3支主要冠脉闭塞的发生率、典型心电图改变发生率,不典型心电图改变发生率及其分布情况,记录患者进入急诊室大门到冠脉球囊扩张的时间(D-TO-B)和出院时左室射血分数(LVEF)。结果:168例患者冠脉闭塞性病变部位中,首先位于左前降支88例,其次为右冠脉58例,冠脉左回旋支22例;其中非典型改变组分别为5例(5.7%)、3例(5.2%)、4例(18.2%)。典型改变组D-TO-B时间为(2.75±0.76)h,非典型改变组为(3.54±0.80)h。左前降支闭塞患者中,非典型改变组较典型改变组EF值明显降低。结论:非典型改变组D-To-B时间明显延长,前降支闭塞非典型改变组心功能明显降低,所以早期识别有助于尽早采取侵入性治疗策略。     

急性心肌梗死急诊治疗再灌注性心律失常分析

目的 评价冠脉内介入治疗(PCI)急性心肌梗死(AMI)的疗效和安全性.方法 对62例AMI患者行急诊PCI术,观察PCI术中再灌注心律失常(RA)的发生情况.结果 AMI患者急诊PCI术中,左前降支闭塞组快速型心律失常发生率高于右冠状动脉闭塞组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);右冠状动脉闭塞组缓慢型心律失常发生率高于左前降支闭塞组(P＜0.05).AMI发病6h之内IRA开通组RA的发生率高于6 h～12 h IRA开通组(P＜0.05).结论 AMI患者PCI术中RA的发生率与闭塞的冠状动脉以及AMI发病后IRA开通的时间相关.     

长闭塞时间冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变患者 介入治疗的效果及安全性

目的 回顾性分析长闭塞时间冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞（CTO）病变介入治疗的疗效及安全性。方法 2006年1月~2007年6月入院行冠脉造影检查发现有CTO病变并行经皮冠脉介入（PCI）治疗的358例患者。分组标准:病变闭塞时间≤12个月组（135例）,病变闭塞时间>12个月组（223例）。对两组患者临床资料、PCI结果以及围术期并发症和随访期间主要不良心脏事件（MACE）进行回顾性分析。结果 与病变闭塞时间≤12个月比较,闭塞时间>12个月组的CTO患者老年患者（≥60岁）、糖尿病患者比例高（P<0.01）,女性患者、高血压患者比例也高于闭塞时间≤12个月组（P<0.05）。闭塞时间>12个月组的CTO病变绝对性闭塞比例高(P<0.01),刀切状病变、长度≥15 mm或并发桥状侧支循环形成的CTO比例也均高于闭塞时间≤12个月组（均P<0.05）。两组病变和病例成功率无统计学差异（91% vs 95%, 93% vs 97%）。两组术中无死亡病例,术后住院期间无主要不良心脏事件（MACE）发生,无患者进行急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）。术后MACE发生率1年随访结果无统计学差异。结论 PCI治疗闭塞时间较长的CTO病变也可获得较高的成功率和较好的近期临床效果。     

80岁以上冠心病患者行冠状动脉介入治疗术的安全性和疗效观察

目的观察80岁以上冠心病患者接受经皮冠状动脉（冠脉）腔内介入治疗术（PCI）的安全性和有效性。方法对43例≥80岁的冠心病患者的48支相关血管进行PCI45次,其中右主干11支,左前降支25支,回旋支11支,左冠状动脉1支。与237例<80岁行PCI的冠心病患者进行比较。结果37例患者手术成功,手术成功率86.1%,再通42支病变血管（87.5%）,置入冠脉内支架16枚,成功率100.0%。6支血管再通失败,其中5支左前降支(LAD),手术相关并发症2例,均为LAD近端闭塞扩张后再闭塞或引起左主干(LM)夹层,其中1例术后1周死于室性心动过速。随访37例,平均随访时间（18.0±8.8）个月。手术后6～12个月行冠脉造影随访25例,再狭窄率36.0%。结论对80岁以上冠心病患者行PCI治疗是安全有效的,成功率较高,并发症少,但应严格掌握手术适应证。     

不同左心功能的无保护左主干病变患者介入治疗的疗效分析

目的:比较经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对不同左心功能的无保护左主干病变患者的疗效.方法:自1986年4月～2002年12月,对200例无保护左主干病变患者进行了PCI治疗.根据基础左心室射血分数(LVEF)将患者分为左心功能正常组(LVEF>0.40,n=151)及左心功能低下组(LVEF≤0.40,n=49).术后3、6、12个月时行冠状动脉造影复查.结果:左心功能正常组的PCI成功率显著高于左心功能低下组(95.4% vs 83.7%,P<0.01).术后随访半年:左心功能低下组的心原性病死率显著高于左心功能正常组(18.4% vs 1.3%,P<0.01),两组间非心原性病死率差异无显著性;181例患者接受冠状动脉造影复查,两组间再狭窄率差异无显著性;对资料完整的175例患者作LVEF对比分析,左心功能低下组术后半年LVEF有显著改善(0.09±0.10,n=36,P<0.01),而左心功能正常组LVEF未见改善(0.02±0.07,n=139,P=NS),两组间差异有显著性(P<0.01).Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示:左心功能正常组术后1年、3年免于心原性死亡的生存率分别为98.7%、97.4%,左心功能低下组分别为81.6%、81.6%.结论:与左心功能正常的无保护左主干病变患者相比,左心功能低下患者的PCI具有较高的手术风险,术后半年内心原性病死率亦较高.成功的PCI可显著改善左心功能低下患者的心功能,从而减少远期心原性死亡.     

冠状动脉介入治疗术治疗慢性闭塞病变伴侧支循环的缺血性顽固性心力衰竭

目的:评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI)对慢性闭塞病变伴侧支循环形成的缺血性顽固性心力衰竭患者心功能的改善作用。方法:47例经冠状动脉造影证实为慢性闭塞病变伴侧支循环形成的缺血性顽固性心力衰竭患者行PCI治疗,使再血管化。治疗前和治疗后6个月进行6min步行距离及超声心动图检查,评价PCI对患者心功能的影响。结果:与术前相比,患者临床心功能明显改善、6min步行距离明显增加[(125±36)∶(385±48)m,P<0.05]、左室射血分数明显改善[(36.7±6.6)%∶(48.1±7.4)%,P<0.05]。结论:PCI可以改善慢性闭塞病变伴侧支循环形成的缺血性顽固性心力衰竭心功能,提高生活质量。     

冠心病不同血运重建方法的疗效观察

目的 对比冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)两种血运重建方法治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2012年3月~2014年4月于延安大学附属医院心内科进行治疗的冠心病患者300例的临床资料,其中男性168例,女性132例。按照手术方式不同分为CABG组(75例)和PCI组(225例)。术前造影检查冠状动脉受累情况、冠状动脉病变支数,记录住院期间死亡情况。术后6个月开始随访,记录主要不良心血管事件(MACE),随访2年。结果CABG组左主干、前降支及右冠状动脉病变比例均显著高于PCI组,差异具有统计学意义(P均0.05)。CABG组单支病变、双支病变比例明显低于PCI组,2.67%vs.34.22%,2.67%vs.32.44%,差异具有统计学意义(P均0.05)。CABG组三支病变比例为94.67%,明显高于PCI组的33.33%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。CABG组平均血管病变支数高于PCI组,[(2.47±0.76)支vs.(1.49±0.50)支],差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。共有273例患者成功随访,随访率91.00%,其中CABG组67例,共随访(23.67±5.76)个月,PCI组206例,共随访(23.89±6.23)个月。CABG组死亡、再发心肌梗死和心力衰竭入院比例与PCI组比较,差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。CABG组再次血运重建患者比例显著低于PCI组,1.49%vs.8.74%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组MACE总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论冠心病复杂病变预后改善首选冠状动脉旁路移植术,其再次血运重建率低于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗。     

介入后放射性皮肤损伤一例

患者,男性,56岁.主因发作性胸闷1年,加重伴胸痛1小时入院.心电图提示急性下壁心肌梗死.立即行急诊冠脉造影示三支病变,累及前降支、回旋支、右冠.其中前降支近段狭窄约90％,回旋支近段以远100％闭塞.右冠状动脉近段以远100％闭塞.考虑右冠状动脉为罪犯血管.经与家属商量后行右冠状动脉PCI术.成功开通右冠状动脉后,10天后择期行前降支及回旋支PCI术.其中回旋支为慢性完全闭塞病变(CTO)开通时间长达1.5h,照射剂量达1.96Gy.术后患者无不适.冠状动脉造影结果如图1.     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞合并分叉病变介入治疗

慢性完全闭塞病变成为经皮冠脉介入术治疗"最后的堡垒"。成功开通闭塞病变,可改善心绞痛症状、生活质量、左室射血分数和远期预后。慢性闭塞合并分叉病变时,介入治疗操作更复杂。随着各种正向/逆向技术发展和新型器械的应用,闭塞血管开通率逐渐提升,但分支闭塞风险仍较高。分支闭塞导致围手术期心肌梗死和主要心脏不良事件发生率升高。慢性闭塞合并分叉病变介入治疗过程中容易出现冠状动脉夹层和假腔,影响分支血流。使介入手术难度增加、成功率降低和并发症增多。     

Urokinase infusion after unsuccessful angioplasty in patients with chronic total occlusion of native coronary arteries

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is often unsuccessful in patients with chronic total occlusion of coronary arteries. In this study, prolonged urokinase infusion (≤ 24 hr) was administered to 20 patients with chronic total coronary artery occlusion in whom previous PTCA had failed. An intracoronary bolus of urokinase, 120,000 IU, was followed by urokinase infusion, up to 200,000 IU/hr, if necessary, until angiography demonstrated reperfusion and a guiding wire could be advanced past the occlusion site. These results were achieved in 18 of the 20 cases. The two failures occurred early in the series, when the maximum urokinase infusion rate was 120,000 IU/hr. All but one patient with re-established flow subsequently had successful PTCA. Urokinase infusion was well tolerated, with no evidence of intramyocardial hemorrhage. Pretreatment with prolonged urokinase infusion appears to increase the likelihood of successful PTCA in patients with chronic total occlusion of coronary arteries.     

Immediate and long-term outcome of recanalization of chronic total coronary occlusions

Eighty-three consecutive patients with 85 coronary total occlusions undergoing coronary angioplasty were retrospectively studied. Patients were divided into two groups according to the occlusion age that was < 30 days (subacute total occlusion [STO]: 25 patients; range 1-30 days) or > 30 days (chronic total occlusion [CTO]: 58 patients; range 3-144 months). All procedures were carried out using a hydrophilic guidewire. Clinical success, consisting of crossing the lesion, balloon dilatation, stent deployment without complications, was 96% in STO and 81% in CTO. Multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis identified a family history of coronary artery disease (CAD), left anterior descending and right coronary artery occlusions as independent predictors of a successful procedure. No major events occurred during or immediately after the angioplasty. After a mean follow-up of 24 +/- 2 months, no difference was found in survival or freedom from myocardial infarction or target vessel revascularization among the STO and CTO patients. Successful recanalization by using a hydrophilic guidewire was achieved in a high percentage of chronic total occlusions with a low incidence of complications and a satisfactory late clinical outcome. Family history of CAD and occlusion of left anterior descending or right coronary arteries are independent predictors of procedural success.     

Radiation Safety During Interventions of Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion

During percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO), prolonged procedures increase the risk of excessive radiation exposure. These situations harbor a major concern to protect patients and personnel in the cardiac interventional laboratory (CCL). Important questions regarding radiation safety for interventional cardiologists performing PCI for CTO lesions are discussed and concrete applications are suggested.     

Percutaneous Retrograde Recanalization of a Chronic Total Coronary Artery Occlusion in a 7 Year Old

The arterial switch operation for correction of transposition of the great arteries can be complicated by late stenosis or occlusion of the coronary arteries that are re-implanted to the new aorta. We report the case of a young boy who underwent this operation as a neonate and was found to have an occluded anomalous left anterior descending artery (LAD) before age 3. Subsequent bypass surgery was complicated by anastomotic stricture and kinking of the left internal mammary artery graft to the LAD. At age 7, the LAD territory showed reversible ischemia on nuclear perfusion testing and he was referred for percutaneous coronary intervention. A combined approach with pediatric and adult interventional cardiologists resulted in successful retrograde PCI to recanalize the chronic total occlusion of the LAD. Important features of this technique in pediatric patients are discussed.     

Chronic total occlusion of the three major coronary arteries: Clinical and angiographic observation of five cases

Total occlusion of the three major coronary arteries (left anterior descending, left circumflex, and right coronary artery) is a rare occurrence. Out of 5400 patients who have had coronary angiography, three men and two women (0.0009%), aged 43–76 years old, showed total occlusion of all the major coronary arteries. Each had a long history of myocardial ischemia and two showed unstable angina. Four had suffered previous myocardial infarction. The majority of the sites of occlusion were in the middle section. One patient having proximal occlusion died suddenly. In three patients with good collateral flow, the left ventricular function was well preserved; however, in two patients who lacked sufficient collateral flow, the left ventricular function was markedly impaired. Effective symptomatic relief can be obtained by bypass grafting. Two patients continued to have severe angina despite intensive medical treatment.     

Three-Dimensional Myocardial Perfusion Maps by Contrast Echocardiography

We evaluated the clinical applicability of a system for three-dimensional (3-D) display of a perfusion map following myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE). The system was used in 12 patients (9 males and 3 females, mean age 52 ± 10 years) undergoing interventional treatment of chronic total coronary occlusion. In each patient three standard apical views were acquired at baseline with sonicated Iopamidol^R injections into the left coronary artery (LCA) and into the right coronary artery (RCA). Following successful recanalization of the occluded artery MCE was repeated. The patients tolerated the procedure well. Acquisition of three standard apical views provided sufficient information for the reconstruction of 3-D perfusion maps containing the 16 standard left ventricular (LV) segments. Side-by-side display of the perfusion maps obtained following LCA and RCA echocontrast injections allowed us to classify the myocardial segments (192) into three groups: (1) those supplied by one major artery (124); (2) those supplied by collaterals from contralateral or both major arteries (58); and (3) segments supplied by none of the major arteries (10). Decreased opacification was observed in 50 segments of group 2. Following successful intervention we were able to visualize the redistribution of blood flow delivered to the LV myocardium by each major coronary artery in 3-D format. We conclude that this 3-D approach, which can easily be performed with currently available ultrasound equipment, allows an estimate of the contribution of each major coronary artery to LV perfusion before and after coronary angioplasty.     

冠状动脉二支主干堵塞行介入治疗完全血运重建

目的：本研究探讨对16例冠状动脉二支主干堵塞者采用分步和分次冠状动脉介入治疗术（PCI）完全血运重建的有效性和安全性。方法：（1）对5例急性心肌梗死（AMI）,采取一次性分步直接PCI术完成血运重建;（2）对11例不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）,采取多次性分步PCI术达到完全血运重建,首先解除本次发病罪犯血管的堵塞;（3）恰当使用XB导引导管、Crossit硬导丝和Maverick球囊以及主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）支持。结果：（1）5例AMI二支堵塞冠状动脉均成功植入支架,并首先使左前降支（LAD）再通。（2）11例UAP中21／22支冠状动脉二支主干堵塞处经球囊预扩张后,均成功植入支架,所有堵塞冠脉均获得TIMI-Ⅲ级血流。（3）16例患者术后心电图显示心肌缺血明显改善,心脏超声显示左室射血分数较术前明显改善,由（42±34）％升至（51±44）％。经过平均18个月随访,患者生活质量明显提高,未发生严重心血管事件。结论：冠状动脉二支主干堵塞者行PCI术完全血运重建安全可行;对AMI者优先开通LAD的一次性PCI术安全高效;对慢性堵塞UAP者,优先开通近期罪犯病变的多次性PCI术既可达到完全血运重建,又符合临床实际。     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变的介入治疗

目的总结冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变经皮冠状动脉介入术的疗效。方法实施经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变患者65例，回顾其临床资料、病变特征和经皮冠状动脉介入术的疗效。冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变靶血管共65支，平均闭塞时间为（10±5）个月，均按标准方法行球囊扩张及支架置入术。结果75％（49／65）的患者成功完成了冠状动脉内支架植入术，共植入金属支架58枚。随闭塞时间的延长，经皮冠状动脉介入术成功率显著降低（P=0．001），真性完全闭塞、残端形态圆钝形或刀切样改变、闭塞长度超过15mm都是经皮冠状动脉介入术低成功率的相关因素（P〈0．05）。所有病例住院期间均未发生主要不良心脏事件。结论冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变实施经皮冠状动脉介入术的技术难度较大，术前选择适当的病例和病变、正确选择和应用器械有利于提高成功率。     

冠状动脉介入治疗急性非ST段拾高性心肌梗死

目的探讨急性非ST段抬高性心肌梗死急诊冠状动脉介入治疗的有效性及合理性.方法回顾性总结我院及中日友好医院对急性非ST段抬高性心肌梗死12例进行急诊冠状动脉介入治疗.结果12例病人中完全性闭塞7例,次全闭塞5例,其中三支病变3例.10例接受了PCI及支架术,共治疗病变25处,成功植入支架23枚.再灌注心律失常2例.术后心功能均有不同程度的改善.1例保守治疗;急诊外科搭桥1例.结论急性非ST段抬高性心肌梗死病人及早行冠状动脉造影检查,能尽早对病变血管作出正确的判断,对预后及治疗选择均有重要意义,早期对高危病人行介入治疗有利于改善病人预后.