小鼠耳蜗感觉上皮细胞的自然培养诱导毛细胞的产生

目的 培养小鼠耳蜗上皮细胞,寻找听觉毛细胞的前体细胞,从而研究听觉毛细胞的再生。方法 改良细胞培养基和培养技术,建立小鼠耳蜗听觉上皮细胞的培养;用免疫细胞化学方法和BrdU标记法检测培养细胞的性质和分裂状态。结果 培养的听觉上皮细胞表现为大而扁平的上皮细胞形态,并且表达上皮细胞的标志F-actin和cytokeratin,部分新生的细胞可被早期毛细胞的特异标志calretinin着染,表明有听觉毛细胞样的细胞产生,这种现象经3次传代培养后仍然存在。结论 自然细胞培养方法可能诱导小鼠听觉毛细胞的产生,在小鼠的耳蜗内可能存在听觉毛细胞的前体细胞,而这些前体细胞是否是组织特异性干细胞还需要更进一步的研究。     

Peripheral and central target-derived trophic factor(s) effects on auditory neurons.

In the developing inner ear, a naturally occurring programmed cell death of cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG) neurons as well as peripheral and central target-derived trophic effects on survival of embryonic CVG neurons are known. To further analyze these target derived trophic interactions, spiral ganglion explants obtained from 5 day postpartum (P5) rat pups were cultured with an intact organ of Corti and in the absence of Corti's organ. Both neuronal survival and neurite extension were influenced by the presence of this peripheral target tissue. Local destruction of Corti's organ caused both neuritic retraction and neuronal cell death to occur in a corresponding portion of the spiral ganglion. This peripheral target-derived neurotrophic effect may be mediated by a diffusible factor(s) since organ of Corti conditioned medium also had a neurotrophic effect on the survival of auditory neurons in cell cultures of dissociated spiral ganglia from P5 rat pups. A component of central target tissue, i.e. astrocytes, was also shown to release a diffusible factor(s) that supported the survival of dissociated P5 rat spiral ganglion neurons. The neurotrophic effects on the in vitro survival of spiral ganglion neurons by both of these conditioned medium factors were concentration dependent.     

人头颈部骨骼肌干细胞的分离培养及生长特性研究

目的 体外建立人骨骼肌干细胞的纯化及鉴定方法,并对所分离干细胞的生物学特性进行分析研究.方法 分离人头颈部正常骨骼肌组织,采用无血清培养基,悬浮状态培养技术得到人骨骼肌干细胞,体外扩增并观察生长特性.细胞免疫荧光染色和反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术鉴定标记物的表达情况,单细胞克隆观察单个细胞生长特性.将分离来的细胞分别转移至采用成平滑肌、成脂、成骨诱导培养基内,观察细胞的生长分化特性,并通过特异性染色予以鉴定.结果 悬浮培养条件下,倒置相差显微镜观察示骨骼肌干细胞在培养基内不断增殖形成细胞球.免疫荧光染色示细胞球表达卫星细胞的标记物Pax7及ALDH1,贴壁生长扩增传代后表达肌原细胞标记物Myod及Desmin;RT-PCR检测示表达干细胞标记物Oct3/4,Nanog,Sox2和Pax7;单克隆形成实验显示单个细胞可在悬浮状态下形成新的细胞克隆.骨骼肌细胞在体外可以诱导分化为平滑肌、骨和脂肪细胞.结论 在体外可以成功分离、纯化和扩增人骨骼肌干细胞,其具有干细胞的自我更新和多向分化潜能.     

Coexpression of neurotrophic growth factors and their receptors in human facial motor neurons.

Neuronal development and maintenance of facial motor neurons is believed to be regulated by neurotrophic growth factors. Using celloidin-embedded sections, we evaluated immunoreactivity of 11 neurotrophic factors and their receptors in facial nuclei of human brain stems (4 normal cases, and 1 from a patient with facial palsy and synkinesis). In the normal subjects, positive immunoreactivity of the growth factor neurotrophin-4 and acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) was observed in facial motor neurons, as was positive immunoreactivity against ret, the receptor shared by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin. Immunoreactivity was moderate for the receptor trkB and strong for trkC. In the case of partial facial palsy, surviving cells failed to show immunoreactivity against neurotrophins. However, immunoreactivity of aFGF was up-regulated in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells in this patient. Results suggest that these trophic growth factors and their receptors may protect facial neurons from secondary degeneration and promote regrowth of the facial nerve after axotomy or injury.     

新生大鼠耳蜗前体细胞的培养及鉴定

目的对新生大鼠耳蜗前体细胞进行分离、培养和鉴定。方法从出生7天的大鼠耳蜗中分离、培养前体细胞,用免疫细胞化学的方法对前体细胞进行鉴定;血清诱导分化后鉴定分化潜能,进一步了解其多向分化特性。结果原代培养的细胞,培养1d后即可见"细胞球"。细胞球内大部分细胞呈nestin、musashi1、pax2和BrdU阳性,表明其具有自我更新及有丝分裂的能力。细胞球经诱导分化14d后,对分化细胞行免疫细胞化学鉴定,发现分化细胞表达毛细胞标志物myosin VIIA和phalloidin,表达成熟神经元标志物NeuN,表达不成熟神经元标志物Tuj1,表达星形胶质细胞标志物GFAP,表达少突胶质细胞标志物galactocerebroside,以及谷氨酸能神经元标志物GluR-1,证明其具有多向分化潜能。结论本实验证明耳蜗前体细胞具有神经干细胞的多向分化潜能,为研究通过基因治疗的方法促进耳蜗神经细胞增殖提供了一种体外模型。     

Fibroblast-mediated delivery of GDNF induces neuronal-like outgrowth in PC12 cells

HYPOTHESIS: Recombinantly modified cells deliver neurotrophic factors with the capacity to induce differentiation and the outgrowth of neurites of rat pheochromocytoma cells 12 (PC12) serving as a neuronal model. BACKGROUND: The benefit of cochlea implant (CI) is depending, among other factors, on the number of surviving spiral ganglion neurons (SGN). Studies have shown that the external application of neurotrophic factors in combination with electrical stimulation increases the survival rate of SGN after ototrauma. Therefore, functionalization of electrodes with recombinantly modified cells providing neurotrophic factors to the SGN for inducing survival mechanisms may be an approach to realize drug delivery to the cochlea. METHODS: Murine NIH3T3 cells were recombinantly modified with an infectious lentiviral monocistronic and bicistronic system to synthesize glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and the green fluorescent protein. Free glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor from the supernatant of the modified NIH3T3 cells was added to rat PC12, and the neuronal-like outgrowth was determined for 10 days. RESULTS: A significant neuronal-like outgrowth appeared as early as Day 3 after the application of the supernatant. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the established in vitro model represents a powerful basic model for determining signal pathways between neuronal-like processing PC12 cells and cellular drug delivery systems.     

Delta/Notch-Like EGF-Related Receptor (DNER) is Expressed in Hair Cells and Neurons in the Developing and Adult Mouse Inner Ear

The Notch signaling pathway is known to play important roles in inner ear development. Previous studies have shown that the Notch1 receptor and ligands in the Delta and Jagged families are important for cellular differentiation and patterning of the organ of Corti. Delta/notch-like epidermal growth factor (EGF)-related receptor (DNER) is a novel Notch ligand expressed in developing and adult CNS neurons known to promote maturation of glia through activation of Notch. Here we use in situ hybridization and an antibody against DNER to carry out expression studies of the mouse cochlea and vestibule. We find that DNER is expressed in spiral ganglion neuron cell bodies and peripheral processes during embryonic development of the cochlea and expression in these cells is maintained in adults. DNER becomes strongly expressed in auditory hair cells during postnatal maturation in the mouse cochlea and immunoreactivity for this protein is strong in hair cells and afferent and efferent peripheral nerve endings in the adult organ of Corti. In the vestibular system, we find that DNER is expressed in hair cells and vestibular ganglion neurons during development and in adults. To investigate whether DNER plays a functional role in the inner ear, perhaps similar to its described role in glial maturation, we examined cochleae of DNER−/− mice using immunohistochemical markers of mature glia and supporting cells as well as neurons and hair cells. We found no defects in expression of markers of supporting cells and glia or myelin, and no abnormalities in hair cells or neurons, suggesting that DNER plays a redundant role with other Notch ligands in cochlear development.     

c-myc在大鼠耳蜗组织发育和耳蜗前体细胞分化过程中的表达变化

目的 通过检测c-myc基因在大鼠耳蜗组织发育及前体细胞分化过程中的表达情况,探讨其在哺乳动物耳蜗发育中的作用.方法 ①取E10、E15、P1、P7和P14的SD大鼠耳蜗组织,应用RT-PCR、Western blot的方法检测c-myc在大鼠耳蜗组织发育过程中的表达情况.②取耳蜗前体细胞和分化7天后的分化细胞,用RT-PCR、免疫细胞化学染色和Western blot的方法检测c-myc在耳蜗前体细胞分化过程中的表达情况.结果 从胚胎至出生后的耳蜗发育过程中,c-myc表达量呈现逐渐下降趋势;在前体细胞的分化过程中,c-myc的表达量也呈现下降趋势.结论 c-myc可能参与调控大鼠耳蜗组织的发育及前体细胞的分化.     

新生大鼠耳蜗增殖细胞的培养鉴定及超微结构观察

目的 研究新生大鼠耳蜗内是否存在增殖细胞,以及该增殖细胞能分化为何种细胞.方法 分离新生SD大鼠耳蜗细胞并进行培养,加入5-溴-2-脱氧尿嘧啶(5-bromo-2-demoxyuridine,BrdU)检测细胞的增殖状态,通过免疫荧光鉴定细胞球及分化细胞的性质.分离48个耳蜗Corti器,采用数字表格法随机分成4组进行细胞培养:对照组、表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)组、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)组和EGF+bFGF组,每组12个,定量计数单个耳蜗培养细胞球的数量,结果进行方差分析.采用透射和扫描电镜观察细胞球的超微结构.结果 耳蜗Corti器细胞培养可见细胞球形成,90.1%球内细胞BrdU表达阳性,且大部分细胞巢蛋白表达阳性.分化细胞表达毛细胞标志物肌球蛋白7A、espin及鬼笔环肽阳性,神经元标志物神经丝蛋白(neurofilament M,NF-M)表达阳性,并且可见肌球蛋白7A和BrdU,espin和BrdU,以及NF-M和BedU双标阳性的分化细胞.对照组平均((-x)±s,以下同)每个耳蜗Corti器的增殖细胞数量为(45.3±23.0)个,EGF组(86.2±34.1)个,bFGF组(96.5±33.6)个,EGF+bFGF组(131.2±47.0)个.除EGF组和bFGF组之间P＞0.05外,其余各组之间P值均＜0.05,差异具有统计学意义.扫描和透射电镜下细胞球内细胞呈圆球形,大小均匀一致,表面具有众多微绒毛.胞质内有丰富的内质网、微管、微丝和线粒体等细胞骨架结构和细胞器,相邻细胞之间可见紧密连接、桥粒与缝隙连接.结论 大鼠耳蜗内存在增殖细胞,可分化为具有纤毛样结构的毛细胞及神经元.EGF和bFGF均可诱导增殖细胞分裂增殖.该增殖细胞的超微结构显示其具有早期幼稚细胞发育的特征.     

Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF) Modulates Epidermal Progenitor Cell Kinetics through Activation of p63 in Middle Ear Cholesteatoma

The basal stem/progenitor cell maintains homeostasis of the epidermis. Progressive disturbance of this homeostasis has been implicated as a possible cause in the pathogenesis of epithelial disease, such as middle ear cholesteatoma. In many cases of stem/progenitor cell regulation, the importance of extracellular signals provided by the surrounding cells is well-recognized. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a mesenchymal-cell-derived paracrine growth factor that specifically participates in skin homeostasis; however, the overexpression of KGF induces middle ear cholesteatoma. In this study, two kinds of thymidine analogs were transferred at different time points and we investigated the effects of overexpressed KGF on the cell kinetics of stem/progenitor cells in vivo. As a result, BrdU(+)EdU(+) cells (stem/progenitor cells) were detected in the thickened epithelium of KGF-transfected specimens. The use of a high-resolution microscope enabled us to analyze the phosphorylated level of p63 in individual nuclei, and the results clearly demonstrated that BrdU(+)EdU(+) cells are regarded as progenitor cells. In the overexpression of KGF, the stimulation of progenitor cell proliferation was inhibited by SU5402, an inhibitor for tyrosine kinase of KGFR. These findings indicate that KGF overexpression may increase stem/progenitor cell proliferation and block terminal differentiation, resulting in epithelial hyperplasia, which is typical in middle ear cholesteatoma.     

The neurotrophins act synergistically with LIF and members of the TGF-beta superfamily to promote the survival of spiral ganglia neurons in vitro

A number of growth factor families have been implicated in normal inner ear development, auditory neuron survival and protection. Several growth factors, including transforming growth factor-beta5 (TGF-beta5) and TGF-beta3, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were tested for their ability, individually or in combination, to promote auditory neuron survival in dissociated cell cultures of early rat post-natal spiral ganglion cells (SGCs). The results indicate that at discrete concentrations all growth factors act in an additive fashion and some in synergy when promoting neuronal survival. These findings support the hypothesis that growth factors from different families may be interdependent when sustaining neuronal integrity.     

ouabain-induced auditory nerve degeneration in congenic ly5.1 mice

The Ly5.1 mouse,also termed B6.SJL-Ptprca Pepcb/BoyJ,is a congenic strain widely used as a recipient in animal studies of bone marrow transplant.Our previous study documented that a majority of type Ⅰ ...     

Reciprocal signaling between spiral ganglion neurons and Schwann cells involves neuregulin and neurotrophins.

To investigate the role of neuron-glial cell interactions in the auditory nerve, we asked whether spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) express neuregulin and whether neuregulin regulates proliferation and/or neurotrophin expression in spiral ganglion Schwann cells (SGSCs). Using immunocytochemistry, we found that type I and type II SGNs express neuregulin in vivo and in vitro. Cultured SGSCs express the neuregulin receptors ErbB2 and ErbB3, but not ErbB4. Neuregulin activates ErbB2 and ErbB3 in cultured SGSCs, evidenced by increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptors following neuregulin treatment. Neuregulin treatment increased the proliferation rate of cultured SGSCs by 2.5-fold. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) also increased SGSC proliferation. The mitogenic effect of neuregulin and FGF-2 was blocked by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling but not by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3'-OH kinase. Using RT-PCR, we found that cultured SGSCs express neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), raising the possibility that SGSCs contribute to the trophic support of SGNs. Treatment with neither neuregulin nor TGF-beta increased neurotrophin expression in cultured SGSCs, as had been observed in developing sympathetic ganglia, but appeared to negatively regulate NT-3 expression. Thus, neuregulin and neurotrophins may mediate reciprocal neuron-glial interactions in the auditory nerve.     

螺旋神经节神经元原代培养及其免疫细胞化学鉴定

目的 建立成体哺乳动物耳蜗螺旋神经节神经元（ＳＧＮ）体外培养的细胞模型。方法 对出生后７ｄ的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠的螺旋神经节细胞进行解离与分散培养。用荧光显微镜与倒置相差显微镜观察原代培养ＳＧＮ细胞的活力以及生长与分化过程。应用链霉卵白素过氧化物酶（ＳＰ）方法和抗神经丝蛋白单克隆抗体（ＮＦＰ－ＭｃＡｂ）对ＳＧＮ进行免疫细胞化学染色鉴定。结果 幼龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠的ＳＧＮ在体外条件下，可良好存活并有正常     

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of the Ability of Adeno‐Associated Virus–Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor to Enhance Spiral Ganglion Cell Survival Following Ototoxic Insult

Objectives/Hypothesis Auditory dysfunction following ototoxic insult results from loss of cochlear hair cells. Secondary degeneration of auditory neurons ensues from withdrawal of neurotrophic support from hair cells and can be prevented with administration of neurotrophins. Administration of adeno‐associated virus containing the gene for brain‐derived neurotrophic factor will promote spiral ganglion neuron survival after the destruction of hair cells. Methods Prevention of aminoglycoside‐induced spiral ganglion neuron loss through the expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor mediated by means of the adeno‐associated virus was tested in vitro in cochlear explants and in vivo in mammalian cochlea. Results Neuronal survival was significantly enhanced in adeno‐associated virus–brain‐derived neurotrophic factor transfected rat cochlear explants compared with control samples (30% vs. 19%, P <.05) following exposure to aminoglycoside. Following deafening with aminoglycoside and loop diuretic and introduction of adeno‐associated virus–brain‐derived neurotrophic factor through osmotic minipump, the experimental group of animals infused with adeno‐associated virus–brain‐derived neurotrophic factor displayed enhanced spiral ganglion neuron survival in the basal turn of the cochlea when compared with the control group infused with adeno‐associated virus containing green fluorescent protein reporter gene. Conclusions Administration of adeno‐associated virus–brain‐derived neurotrophic factor enhances spiral ganglion neuron survival following ototoxic exposure in vitro and in vivo. These studies lay the groundwork for further exploration of its application as an adjunct therapy for patients undergoing cochlear implantation because the success of implantation depends directly on the population of neurons available for electrical stimulation.     

L-n-acetyl-cysteine protection against cisplatin-induced auditory neuronal and hair cell toxicity

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of L-N-acetyl-cysteine (L-NAC) as a protectant for inner ear auditory sensory cells against the toxic effects of cisplatin. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective laboratory study of the otoprotective effect of L-NAC on auditory neurons and hair cells in vitro. METHODS: The study has two arms. The first arm evaluated the neuroprotective effect of L-NAC on early postpartum auditory ganglion cell cultures. Two culture media were used. The two media differed in that one of them was enhanced by the addition of neurotrophins (neurotrophin type 3 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and a growth factor (transforming growth factor-beta1). Then the survival of cisplatin-treated auditory neurons was studied before and after pretreatment with protective levels of L-NAC. The second arm of the study evaluated the effect of L-NAC on cisplatin damage initiated to auditory hair cells. Early-postpartum organ of Corti explants were grown in culture. Their rate of survival was studied after exposure to toxic levels of cisplatin. Then, survival of cisplatin-damaged hair cells was studied after they were pretreated with L-NAC. RESULTS: Pretreatment of cultures with L-NAC protected both auditory neurons and hair cells from the effects of exposure to toxic levels of cisplatin. This observed otoprotective effect was dose dependent. CONCLUSIONS: Our in vitro studies have demonstrated that L-NAC protected both auditory neurons and hair cells from the toxic effects of cisplatin. Because it protects both of these inner ear structures, L-NAC may be potentially useful in protecting hearing, in general, from cisplatin-induced damage. In addition, L-NAC has low systemic and mucosal toxicity. It also has a low molecular weight that may allow it to readily cross the round window membrane. All these characteristics make it potentially suitable for transtympanic application for the prevention of the ototoxicity of cisplatin in vivo.