硝化甘油对作业男工生殖功能的影响

为了解硝化甘油对作业男工生殖功能的影响，采用职业流行病学调查的方法，对４８名硝化甘油作业男工的生殖功能进行了研究。结果表明，接触组性欲减退人数明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），每周性交次数明显减少（Ｐ＜０．０１）；接触组男工睾酮浓度为１７．２３ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，比对照组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；接触组男工精子畸形率（１８．７８％）比对照组（１４．７５％）显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。精子畸形分类显示，精子头部畸形明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；接触组男工精子活力分级与对照组相比，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）；接触组男工妻子的自然流产率、死产数与对照组相比，差异未见显著性。提示：硝化甘油对作业男工生殖功能有一定影响。     

铅对男性生殖功能影响的研究

目的：探讨铅对男性生殖功能的影响。方法：应用填写调查表的方法进行问卷试调查,结合实验检查。结果：铅作业男工的生殖系统症状明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,血睾丸酮水平显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,间质细胞刺激素及黄体生成素水平升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：铅可影响男工的生殖功能。     

锰作业男工生殖毒研究

选择锰作业男工５３名，对照３９名，对锰作业男工进行生殖毒研究。结果表明：锰作业男工精液化时间、精子活率、精子畸形率与对照组相比差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。精子数，精子活力与对照组相比差异均有高度显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）；精浆及血清中的性激素水平与对照组相比差异也有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。说明锰对作业男工的精子可能有直接作用并可能会引起生殖内分泌功能的紊乱。     

铅作业男工血中某些生殖激素水平的研究

本文对４８名铅作业男工血铅（ＰｂＢ）、精铅（ＰｂＳ）、血清黄体生成素（ＬＨ）、血清卵泡刺激素（ＦＳＨ）、血浆睾丸酮水平及其相互关系进行了研究，结果发现血铅、精铅明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；血清ＬＨ明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＦＳＨ、血浆睾丸酮含量明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；血铅高浓度组血清ＬＨ明显高于血铅低浓度组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而ＦＳＨ、Ｔ明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；精铅高浓度组ＬＨ明显高于精铅低浓度组（Ｐ＜０．０１），而Ｔ明显低于精铅低浓度组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；提示铅可损伤下丘脑－垂体－睾丸轴的正常生理功能；铅影响男性某些性激素的分泌功能可能是铅中毒的重要机制之一。     

苯乙烯对男（雄）性生殖功能影响的研究

对５２名接触苯乙烯和１０９名非接触苯乙烯男工的生殖功能进行了回顾性调查，并应用放射免疫分析方法（ＲＩＡ）测定了男工和苯乙烯（剂量分别为０．３ｇ／ｋｇ、１．０ｇ／ｋｇ和２．５ｇ／ｋｇ）染毒雄性大鼠血清的性激素和促性腺激素含量。实验结果指出，接触组男工表现为性功能障碍，其妻子的妊娠合并症增多。接触组男工血清睾酮（Ｔ）和促卵泡生成素（ＦＳＨ）明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），大鼠血清Ｔ含量低于对照组，ＦＳＨ高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），但促间质细胞激素（ＩＣＳＨ或ＬＨ）无改变。本实验结果说明苯乙烯干扰下丘脑－垂体－睾丸轴系统的神经内分泌调节功能，导致生殖功能障碍。     

锰和锡矿尘对机体T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

检测了５８名锰作业工人和１００名锡矿暴露人群Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的变化，并与３２名非接触健康人作比较。结果表明：（１）锰接触组和细胞百分率均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．００１）。细胞百分率明显增高（Ｐ＜０．００１）比值明显下降（Ｐ＜０．００１）．（２）锡矿尘暴露组细胞百分率随暴露时间的延长而依次降低，且暴露组间差别显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；工龄≥１０年和≥２０年组细胞百分率明显降低（Ｐ＜０．００１）．提示长期接触高浓度锰或暴露于锡矿尘环境中可对机体的细胞免疫产生抑制作用。Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群分析可作为锰作业工人和锡矿尘暴露人群健康损害的早期敏感指标。     

锰对男工性机能及其生殖结局的影响

为明确职业性接触锰是否损害男性生殖机能，采用生殖流行病学的方法，对３１４名锰作业男工和３１４名对照男工的性机能及其生殖结局进行了调查。结果发现，７４个作业点的２０９个空气ＭｎＯ２样品的几何平均浓度为０．１４５ｍｇ／ｍ３（０．００２～９．３４０ｍｇ／ｍ３），作业点和样品的超标率分别为４７．３％和４０．２％；锰作业男工生殖结局与对照组相比差异无显著性；其性机能障碍、阳萎和性欲减退发生率分别为８．９％、５．４％和１８．８％，均明显高于对照组（对照组上述异常发生率相应为４．８％、１．９％和１１．８％；ＲＲ＝１．９，２．８和１．６，９５％ＣＩ＝１．０～３．６，１．１～７．３和１．０～２．５，Ｐ＜０．０５），而且在不同工龄亚组间的分布差异亦有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１），有随锰作业工龄增加而增高的趋势。提示：低浓度锰暴露对男性性机能障碍有病因学意义。     

铅接触工人红细胞嘧啶5‘核苷酸酶活力研究

采用紫外光分光光度法测定１５７ 名铅接触工人和３０名非铅接触工人红细胞Ｐ５’Ｎ 的活力,并同时测定血铅、红细胞游离原卟啉（ＦＥＰ） 及锌卟啉（ＺＰＰ） 、尿铅和尿δ－ 氨基酮戊酸（δ－ ａｍｉｎｏｌｅｖｕｌｉｎｉｃ ａｃｉｄ 简称δ－ ＡＬＡ） 值。结果表明,铅中毒组红细胞Ｐ５’Ｎ活力为２８４ ±１３２ 单位（μｍｏｌ 尿嘧啶／ｇＨｂ／ｈ） ,铅吸收组为５２７ ±１５３ 单位,铅接触组为９０６ ±２１３ 单位,非铅接触组为１１１９ ±２８６ 单位。方差分析显示各组间红细胞Ｐ５’Ｎ 活性存在明显差异（Ｐ＜ ０００１） 。相关分析表明：血铅与红细胞Ｐ５’Ｎ 活力、ＦＥＰ、ＺＰＰ、尿铅、尿δ－ ＡＬＡ 的相关系数分别为－０７６３７（Ｐ＜ ０００１） ,０５７３４（Ｐ＜ ０００１） ,０５７９４（Ｐ＜ ０００１） ,０４８２４（Ｐ＜ ０００１） ,０４６（Ｐ＜ ０００１） 。提示,红细胞Ｐ５’Ｎ 既可作为铅接触的监测指标,又可作为铅中毒的诊断指标     

低水平铅接触对男工性机能及生殖结局的影响

本文研究了接触低水平铅男工的性机能和生殖结局状况。接铅组性机能障碍发生率为１１．８０％，对照组为４．４８％，两组比较差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），早泄（１１．８０％）、性欲减退或无性兴奋性（１４．６％）的发生率也显著高于对照组（４．９３％、４．０４％）。性机能障碍和早泄发生率有随工龄增加而增高的趋势（Ｐ＜０．０５、Ｐ＜０．０１）。接铅男工妻子的自然流产率（９．５０％）、死胎死产率（２．２３％）和不育率（８．４３％）也分别高于对照组（５．５２％、０．４８％、２．６９％）。自然流产率的增高主要表现为早期自然流产率的增高，发生率与对照组比较有极显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析显示，铅接触是自然流产率、死胎死产率和不育率增高的唯一危险因素（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

男性铅作业工人生殖内分泌激素的变化

观察９１名蓄电池厂男性铅作业工人和４０名服装厂（非铅接触对照组）男性工人生殖同分泌激素ＦＳＨ、ＬＨ、ＰＲＬ和Ｔ的血清浓度。结果：铅作业工人血铅水平显著高于对照（Ｐ〈０．０１）。低铅负荷组（ＢＰｂ２５－４０μｇ／ｄｌ）ＨＬ含量明显低于对照组，且Ｔ也有降低的现象。提示较低的铅负荷对男性内分泌功能有干扰作用。     

职业性接触CO对男工生殖功能及子代健康的影响

为研究职业性接触ＣＯ对男工生殖功能的影响，对长期接触ＣＯ男工的生殖功能、妻子妊娠结局及子代健康进行了调查。结果表明，男工长期接触ＣＯ对妻子妊娠结局及子代健康影响不甚明显，但其生殖功能障碍症状积分显著高出对照组，且与接触工龄和神经障碍症状积分呈正相关。提示长期接触ＣＯ可能影响男工的生殖功能。     

Relationship of blood lead levels to blood pressure in exhaust battery storage workers

Several researches has focused the hypothesis that low blood lead levels could be associated with an increased risk of hypertension. To assess the relation between occupational lead exposure and elevated blood pressure a group of 27 workers, age range from 27 to 62 years, mean (SD) 36.52 (+/- 8.16) yr; length of employment mean (DS) 2.97 (+/- 1.67) yr, were recruited as study subjects. The following variables were measured: blood lead concentration (BPb), delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase (ALAD) activity, Zinc Protoporphirin (ZPP), creatinine, hematocrit, Body Mass Index (BMI) and Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood (DBP) Pressure. The results showed that long term occupational exposure was related to a slight increase of systolic and diastolic blood pressure among workers who had been exposed to higher level of lead with respect to workers exposed to lower level of lead. Furthermore, blood lead concentration (BPb) and ZPP resulted higher among workers exposed to higher level of ambient lead, while in the same group of workers ALAD activity resulted more inhibited. The authors concluded long term cumulative lead exposure can significantly increase blood pressure in low level Pb exposed workers.     

职业性铅接触工人氧化应激及免疫功能状况调查

  目的  探索体内不同浓度的铅负荷对男性工人氧化应激及免疫功能造成的影响。
  方法  以某蓄电池厂工人为研究对象,探讨了血铅与氧化应激及免疫功能的关系。
  结果  共纳入130名蓄电池厂男性作业人员作为研究对象,其中高铅组（血铅> 300 μg/L）34人,中铅组（200 μg/L ≤血铅≤ 300 μg/L）51人,低铅组（血铅值< 200 μg/L）45人。与低铅组比较,中铅组人群的SOD水平升高（P < 0.05）,其余各组之间的MDA、SOD、GSH-Px水平差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。高铅组人群TNF-α水平高于低铅组、中铅组（P < 0.05）;其余各组之间的IgG、IgA、IgM、C3、C4、IL-2水平差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。3组人群中从低铅组到高铅组,ZPP的水平逐渐升高（P < 0.05）。血铅浓度和外周血TNF-α（r_s=0.213,P < 0.05）、ZPP（r_s=0.513,P < 0.01）呈正相关,其余指标与血铅浓度之间无相关性（P > 0.05）。
  结论  随着血铅浓度的升高,铅可能对机体有一定的氧化损伤和免疫损伤倾向。
     

Lack of association of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase genotype with cytogenetic damage in lead workers

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlations of genetic polymorphism of genotypes -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), blood lead levels (BLLs), zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and high SCE frequency cells (HFCs) in lead workers.Methods Three groups of lead workers were included in the study: high lead exposure group (26 workers), low lead exposure group (31 workers) and control group (30 controls who lived in an area uncontaminated by lead). Blood samples were taken from all subjects and analyzed for lead levels, ALAD genotype and SCE levels.Results Occupationally exposed workers had significantly higher BLLs, ZPP and hemoglobin levels than the controls. There were no differences among the three groups regarding percentages of ALAD 1-1 and ALAD 1-2 genotypes, but the ALAD 2-2 genotype was not detected in any of the three groups. There were no significant differences among the three groups for BLLs, ZPP and hemoglobin levels based on ALAD 1-1 and ALAD 1-2. Average SCE values in the high lead exposure group were significantly greater than those in the control group (6.2 vs 5.2 SCEs/cell, P<0.05). HFC analysis revealed a significantly higher HFC percentage (53.9%) in the high lead exposure group than in the low lead exposure group (16.1%) and the control group (10%). There appeared to be an interaction effect on HFC percentages between smoking and lead exposure. When multiple regression analysis was used, the factors that affected SCE levels were lead exposure and smoking, but ALAD genotypes did not have any significant effect.Conclusions A significant association existed between both SCE and HFC levels and lead exposure. However, different ALAD genotypes were not found to be associated with levels of blood lead and ZPP in the three groups.     

Occupational lead exposure

Summary Quantitative measures of saccadic eye movements were examined in 52 lead exposed autobody shop workers and 52 age matched controls with no history of occupational lead exposure. Three characteristics of saccadic eye movements were studied: 1) saccade accuracy; 2) number of overshoots; and 3) maximum velocity. The results indicated that workers exposed to inorganic lead showed a decrease in saccade accuracy and an increase in overshoots compared with controls. Saccade maximum velocity was lower in lead exposed workers than in controls but the difference was just short of statistical significance. Correlations between measures of saccadic eye movements and indicators of lead absorption—blood lead (Pb-B) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels-were analyzed in the lead exposed workers. Saccade accuracy was negatively correlated with both Pb-B and ZPP levels. The number of overshoots was not correlated with either Pb-B or ZPP levels. Saccade maximum velocity was not correlated with Pb-B, however, there was a significant negative correlation with ZPP. Age effects observed in the control group were disrupted in lead exposed workers. In addition, saccadic eye movements in younger workers (below 30 years old) were more affected by exposure to inorganic lead than were saccadic eye movements in older workers (50 years and older). It is proposed that these findings are consistent with a relatively rapid buildup of metabolically active lead burden observed in the study group. The data suggest that quantitative assessment of eye movements may be an important tool for studying subclinical central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction due to inorganic lead exposure.Part of this study was presented at the XX International Congress on Occupational Medicine, Cairo, Egypt, Sept. 26–29 (1981)This study was supported in part by NIEHS grant ES00928 of the National Institute of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services     

A composite index of lead effects

Summary Biological indicators of lead effects on the central nervous system (CNS), hematogenous bone marrow, and kidney function as measured by performance tests, hemoglobin (Hgb) and BUN levels respectively were combined in an integrative index (INDEX). Such an index was calculated by removing age effects in measures of performance and kidney function and then transforming all the variables to Z (standard) units. The relationships between INDEX and biological indicators of lead exposure and absorption (Pb-B and ZPP) were studied in four groups: 191 non-lead exposed males (control group), 169 copper smelter workers, 133 autobody shop workers and 87 secondary lead smelter workers. We found that: 1) the magnitude of the correlation coefficient between INDEX and ZPP was much higher than were the correlations between the various single indicators of lead effects (performance test scores, Hgb, and BUN); and 2) the magnitude of the correlation coefficients was related to the degree of lead exposure and absorption (as reflected in distribution patterns of Pb-B and ZPP)) in each group. The concept of an integrative index of biological effects of lead is important for the evaluation of early manifestations of lead toxicity and also for the correct assessment of adverse health effects of lesser intensity than those characteristic for the classic picture of overt lead poisoning.Part of this study was presented at the XX International Congress on Occupational Medicine, Cairo, Egypt, Sept. 26–29, 1981This study was supported in part by NIEHS grant ES00928 of the National Institute of Health, US Department of Human Services     

Monitoring of zinc protoporphyrin levels in blood following occupational lead exposure

The value of measurements of zinc protoporphyrin in blood (ZPP) in the surveillance of workers occupationally exposed to lead has been studied. From a group of referents, consisting of 1,088 men and 511 women, it has been established that the normal mean ZPP is in the region of 25 micrograms/100 ml, and only rarely do values exceed 45 micrograms/100 ml. The higher ZPP values are frequently associated with low blood hemoglobin concentrations and appear to be manifestations of an iron-deficiency anemia. Women have higher ZPP values than men; smoking has no influence. Measurements of ZPP and blood lead concentration (PbB) have been made every other month for 2.5 years on a group of around 200 men and 40 women exposed to lead in a storage battery factory. The mean ZPP of the group throughout the period was 70.9 micrograms/100 ml blood, and a linear relation between log ZPP and PbB in the PbB range of 10-80 micrograms/100 ml has been established. ZPP thresholds in the control of excessive occupational lead exposure, and the economic advantage of ZPP measurements over PbB, are discussed.     

First-year changes in blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels within two groups of occupational lead workers

Quarterly changes in blood lead (PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels experienced by 30 male lead-acid storage battery workers and 24 auto assembly workers during their initial year of occupational lead exposure are described. The greatest absolute and percentage increases above baseline PbB levels occurred during the first 3 months of continuous exposure when battery and assembly workers' average PbB levels increased by 99% and 134%, respectively. Peak average PbB levels were reached during the second quarter of exposure for battery workers (27.3 micrograms/dL) and during the third quarter for assembly workers (34.3 micrograms/dL). Mean ZPP levels increased steadily through the first 3 quarters of exposure for both groups of workers before declining slightly during the final 3 months. Third-quarter average ZPP levels were 46.6 micrograms/dL for battery workers and 59.4 micrograms/dL for assembly workers. In general, for the assembly workers, the slopes of quarterly dose (PbB)-effect (loge ZPP) regressions increased with increasing exposure duration (up to 0.044 by the third quarter of exposure) and were significant (p less than 0.0001). Similar calculations for the battery workers were not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05) and showed no exposure-related trends. Probit-based dose (PbB)-response (ZPP level greater than two standard deviations above the baseline ZPP) analyses of the assembly worker data resulted in a 30.0 micrograms/dL ED50 estimate (PbB concentration at which 50% of a similarly exposed population would be expected to develop an "elevated" ZPP level).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

铅接触女工的月经状况和妊娠结局

本文报告了铅对接触女工的月经状况和妊娠结局的影响。调查575名铅接触女工及736名对照组,见铅接触女工的月经先兆症状显著高于对照组,其症状总分4.63,而对照组仅为2.81。铅接触女工的自然流产人数和次数(9.3%和4.7%)均显著高于对照组(5.1%和2.9%)。校正了可能的混杂因素后,结果与上述相同,提示铅接触对女性生殖机能有影响。     

铅接触工人自律神经系统功能的研究

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