合理化物流——药品零售连锁企业致胜的关键

药品零售连锁经营具有规模化、集约化、规范化的经营管理优势，是我国药品零售业发展的趋势。由于物流在降低成本、增加赢利、提高企业市场竞争力方面具有重要作用，自然成了药品零售连锁企业经营管理的关键环节。物流效率高低直接关系到连锁经营能否发挥其不同于单个零售药店的优势，但如果仅仅追求高科技、现代化，不计成本，必然最终导致成本大大高于     

北京药监新规对药品零售连锁化经营的影响

药品零售连锁企业具有规模化、集约化、规范化的经营管理优势,是药品零售企业发展的主流方向,可以有效地在流通环节降低零售药品的价格,同时也能有效地防止假劣药品进入零售市场。北京市药品监督管理局于2011年12月22日发布了新修订的《北京市开办药品零售企业暂行规定》,并于2012年2月1日起正式实施。新规定鼓励药店连锁化经营,将通过市场调节和政策引导,使药品零售企业布局、     

GSP实施的意义及关键

按照国家食品药品监督管理局的统一部署，2034年6月30日前，完成对地、市级以上城市的药品批发企业、药品零售连锁企业和大中型药品零售企业的GSP认证工作。2004年12月31日前，完成对除前项要求以外的药品批发企业、药品零售连锁企业和县及县以上城市的药品零售企业的GSP认证工作。目前．GSP认证工作正在有序地进行。     

政策

河北取消药品零售企业布点距离限制河北全省统一取消药品零售企业的布点距离限制。这是日前河北省政府下发的《关于深化药品生产流通体制改革的意见》中明确提出的。《意见》中主要提出了“六大措施”,具体包括:积极引导药品生产流通企业向集团化、规模化方向发展,保证药品供应     

我国药品零售企业的发展

通过对我国药品零售企业经营模式现状的分析 ,探讨我国药品零售企业发展趋势 ,提示我国药品零售企业将朝着单体药店经营缩小化、非处方药柜台经营规范化、网上售药成熟化、药品连锁经营主流化的趋势发展。     

提升药品零售连锁企业的美誉度

药品零售连锁企业联系千家万户,关系广大消费者生命安全.一种药品,消费者知道的人数多不多,体现了它的知名度,而好不好,则体现了它的美誉度.一种药品是这样,对一个药品零售连锁企业同样如此.现在的药品零售连锁企业普遍地注重知名度的扩大,而往往忽视了美誉度的提升,这是市场竞争中迫切需要解决的问题.     

扶大做强亟待政策松绑

建议国家相关部门制定全国范围内适用的统一指导原则及开店标准、制定全国范围内适用的统一医保定点药店准入标准及相关规范的管理制度,以推动大型药品零售连锁企业的跨区域发展。大企业是药品安全的重要保障药品是特殊商品,药品的安全关系到亿万人民的身体健康,作为药品零售终端,药品零售企业担负着"守门员"的职责,大型药品零售连锁企业更因其规模化发展和规范化管理成为保障人民群众安全用药的重要屏障。其一,大型药品零售连锁企业有较大的规模和较强的管理技术,并且统一从厂商或有资质的大型物流企业进货,同时要求正规增值税发票,进     

我国各省药品经营(零售)许可管理部分规定的比较

本文收集并比较了全国各省有关药品零售企业的开办规定。结果表明，各省在药品零售企业药学专业人员配备、药房合理布局、仓库设置等方面的要求各具特色，零售药房的监管需进一步完善。     

关于调整药品零售企业GSP认证制度的建议

目的加强对药品零售企业的有效监管,确保消费者的用药安全。方法分析药品监督管理部门对药品零售企业的监管与实施药品经营质量管理规范（GSP）认证工作的现况,以及药品零售企业在执行过程中出现的各种问题。结果与结论强制GSP认证不能有效监管药品零售企业的药品经营质量,应当将GSP认证变为GSP检查,建立对药品零售企业的GSP长效监管机制,并调整《药品经营许可证》发放条件。     

“禁令”之下乱与治——柜台出租：展开拉锯战

药品零售行业又一次站在政策的拐点上——今年以来。一直对药品零售市场进行政策规范的风声持续收紧，继抗菌药“限售令”、药品分类管理之后。国家为药品零售企业又带上一道政策的“紧箍咒”：8月8日，国家食品药品监督管理局印发《关于加强药品零售经营监管有关问题的通知》。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.