Orem自护理论在老年髋关节置换术患者护理中的应用

目的：探讨Orem自护理论在老年髋关节置换术患者护理中的应用效果。方法：将63例老年髋关节置换术患者随机分成自护组和对照组,对照组按传统的整体护理模式进行护理,自护组在常规护理的基础上采用Orem自护理论的3个护理系统让患者实现自我护理。结果：除两组患者在出院前1天的疼痛以及术后1周关节活动度方面无明显差异外,自护组的Harris髋关节功能评分均明显优于对照组。结论：应用Orem自护理论对老年髋关节置换术患者实施护理可以促进其关节功能的恢复,尽早实现生活自理。     

基于Orem自护模式的护理理念对股骨头坏死患者术后生存质量的影响

目的 探讨基于Orem自护模式的护理理念对股骨头坏死患者术后生存质量的影响.方法 选取2012年8月至2015年8月收治的接受手术治疗的股骨头坏死患者92例,随机分为两组,每组46例.对照组行常规护理,观察组依基于Orem自护模式的护理理念进行护理,对比两组术后生存质量评分、髋关节功能恢复和护理满意度情况.结果 观察组术后6个月生理功能、躯体疼痛、活力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康、总体健康生存质量评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组总优良率为93.48％,高于对照组的71.74％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组护理满意度为97.83％,优于对照组的80.43％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 基于Orem自护模式的护理理念应用于股骨头坏死患者可明显提高患者术后生存质量,促进髋关节功能恢复,提高护理满意度.     

优质护理在老年髋关节置换术后康复中的作用

目的：探讨优质护理对老年髋关节置换术后患者康复的影响。方法我院收治的老年髋关节置换术20例,分为实验组与对照组,对照组采用传统护理方法,实验组采用优质护理方法,分析比较二组术后疼痛、患者满意度及下肢深静脉血栓形成情况。结果实验组护理干预实施后无疼痛和重度疼痛者与对照组比较,差别均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;实验组护理干预实施后患者满意度与对照组比较,差别有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;实验组患者下肢深静脉血栓发生率明显低于对照组,,差别有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论对老年髋关节置换术后患者采取优质护理干预,能有效缓解患者疼痛,提高患者满意度,降低下肢静脉血栓发生率。     

综合性护理干预对PFNA内固术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者术后髋关节功能的影响

目的 探讨综合性护理干预对PFNA内固定术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者术后髋关节功能的影响.方法 选择2011年1月～2012年1月本院收治的64例老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者作为观察对象,根据随机数字表法分为干预组与对照组,每组各32例,两组患者均行PFNA内固定术治疗,其中对照组实施随机对症护理,干预组实施综合性护理干预措施,比较两组患者术后髋关节功能的恢复情况及并发症、护理满意度.结果 应用Harris评分评价两组患者的术后髋关节功能,干预组的优良率明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）;干预组的并发症发生率为9.4％,明显低于对照组的37.5％,干预组的护理满意度为93.75％,明显高于对照组的71.88％（P＜0.05）.结论 对PFNA内固定术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者实施综合性护理干预,可以明显改善患者术后的髋关节功能,减少并发症的发生,提高护理满意度.     

优质护理干预老年全髋关节置换术后的体会及效果

目的研究优质护理干预老年全髋关节置换术后效果。方法选取我院2011年6月至2012年6月共58例全髋关节置换手术后老年患者,随机分为两组,观察组给予优质护理,对照组给予常规护理。结果患者进行护理干预后各项生活质量评分均优于对照组,两组患者的预后差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,两组患者的预后并发症发生率差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,表明通过优质护理可以显著降低并发症的发生率。结论对髋关节置换术后患者实施优质护理后,患者生活质量得到提高,并发症发生率明显降低。     

延续功能康复训练对社区老年全髋关节置换术后患者机体康复的影响

目的 探讨延续功能康复护理对社区老年全髋关节置换术后患者机体康复的影响.方法 对社区在2015年1月至2016年10月期间接受全髋关节置换术后的85例患者,分成对照组40例,出院后定期回院复诊;观察组45例出院后定期门诊复诊,并接受延续功能康复护理指导.两组患者出院前和出院后Harris髋关节评分,康复护理知识掌握、术后并发症发生、服务满意度比较.结果 两组患者术后满2周Harris髋关节评分,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但术后满4、8、16、24周的Harris髋关节评分,观察组患者优于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后发生关节脱位对照组有4例,观察组为0例,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);掌握康复护理知识观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 延续功能康复训练能促进社区老年全髋关节置换术后患者的术后康复训练,促进髋关节功能恢复,减少并发症,提高患者术后康复质量和生活质量.     

阶段性健康教育在老年患者髋关节置换术中的应用效果

目的评价阶段性健康教育在老年患者髋关节置换术中的应用效果。方法将60例在我院行髋关节置换术治疗的老年患者,按阶段健康教育实施前后分为对照组和观察组,各30例。对照组给予常规护理和健康教育,观察组在对照组的基础上给予阶段性健康教育。比较两组的护理效果。结果干预后,观察组Harris评分、BI指数及健康教育达标率均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且护理满意度亦明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论阶段性健康教育有助于老年髋关节置换术患者进一步熟悉疾病相关知识,促进术后髋关节功能恢复,改善生活质量,提升护理质量和满意度。     

老年糖尿病患者全髋关节置换术围术期护理干预探讨

目的:探讨老年糖尿病患者全髋关节置换术围术期护理干预意义。方法:选择2014年2月—2016年5月收治的60例老年糖尿病髋部骨折需要行全髋关节置换术的患者,分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组在全髋关节置换术围术期给予常规护理方法,观察组在全髋关节置换术围术期除了常规的护理措施外,还加以实施完整全套的护理干预措施。比较两组患者的临床治疗情况和护理满意度。结果:观察组住院时间少于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组护理满意度为96.67%,对照组为66.67%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:对老年糖尿病全髋关节置换术患者在围术期进行系统全面的护理措施,不仅可以有效缩短手术时间和住院时间,还可以提高患者的护理满意度。     

探讨护理干预对髋关节置换术后老年患者髋关节功能恢复的影响

目的:观察并分析护理干预在人工全髋关节置换术后对老年患者的髋关节功能的具体影响。方法:选取80例老年骨折患者,所有患者均行人工全髋关节置换术治疗,依据围手术期护理方法的不同将其列入观察组与对照组,每组40例。对照组行常规护理,在对照组基础上,观察组行全面护理。结果:护理后,观察组髋关节功能评分为(73.3±5.5)分,日常生活能力评分为(64.4±6.9)分,并发症的发生率为7.5%,满意度为95.0%,对照组髋关节功能评分为(52.6±6.5)分,日常生活能力评分为(45.5±7.4)分,并发症的发生率为35.0%,满意度为77.5%,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在人工全髋关节置换术前后对患者应用全面护理干预能够有效地改善患者的髋关节功能和日常生活能力,有利于降低并发症的发生率,提高患者的满意度。     

36例老年全髋关节置换术术后患者综合护理干预的效果分析

目的探讨36例老年全髋关节置换术患者术后护理干预的效果分析。方法选取2013年3月至2014年4月,于我院实施的36例全髋关节置换术的老年患者,根据随机数字法,将其分为对照组(一般护理组)18例和观察组(综合护理干预组)18例,对照组患者给予传统的护理模式,观察组患者在传统护理方法的基础上给予综合性的护理干预。结果观察组治疗有效率88.89%明显高于对照组的有效率77.78%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论全髋关节置换术后综合护理干预效果明显优于一般护理效果,值得临床推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.