集束干预策略在降低神经外科中心静脉导管相关性血流感染率中的效果观察

目的 探讨集束干预策略在降低神经外科中心静脉导管相关性血流感染(catheter related blood stream infection,CRBSI)中的效果.方法 把实施集束干预策略前(2013年7-12月)留置中心静脉导管62例患者设为对照组,把实施集束干预策略后(2014年1-6月)留置中心静脉导管70例患者设为观察组.比较两组患者导管置管情况及CRBSI发生率.结果 观察组锁骨下静脉置管率从8.06％上升至31.43％,明显多于对照组,股静脉置管率从25.81％下降至4.29％,明显少于对照组,PICC置管率从1.61％上升至14.29％,差异具有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);CRBSI发生率从7.22‰下降至1.54‰,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 集束干预策略可有效减少神经外科中心静脉置管患者CRBSI的发生.     

持续质量改进预防带Cuff中心静脉留置导管感染的应用

目的探讨血液透析护理持续质量改进(CQI)对带Cuff中心静脉留置导管感染的影响。方法回顾性分析15例留置双腔带Cuff中心静脉留置导管的患者发生感染的临床资料。结果可从几个重点环节进行质量改进:消毒液的选择、皮肤出口换药、透析前导管处理、透析后封管、患者自我管理、导管感染的处理、持续质量改进评价。结论应用CQI强化环节质量控制,导管感染发生能进一步降低,有更长的使用寿命。     

PICC导管部分脱出原因分析及护理对策

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)能有效避免液体外漏及静脉炎的发生,减轻反复静脉穿刺给患者带来的痛苦,是目前静脉治疗的一种安全、有效的方法,是长期化疗及晚期肿瘤患者静脉药物治疗的一种最佳途径[1]。PICC导管具有操作简便、安全高效、保留时间长等优点,越来越多的受到肿瘤患者的青睐。但PICC导管在留置期间常会出现一些并发症,导管脱出便是其中之一,据相关文献报道,导管脱出的发生率在     

ICU导管相关血流感染目标性监测与持续质量改进

目的 开展ICU导管相关血流感染(CRBSI)目标性监测与持续质量改进,降低CRBSI发生率.方法 按分层抽样方法选择4家医院ICU为样本进行CRBSI目标性监测,运用持续质量改进(CQI)方法设计并实施改善留置深静脉导管(CVC、PICC)CRBSI防控流程,比较CQI前后CRBSI发生率.结果 CQI后4家医院平均CRBSI率由4.52例次/1000导管日降至2.39例次/1000导管日(P＜0.05)不同置管部位CRBSI率均有所下降,股静脉置管CRBSI率由7.52例次/1000导管日降至2.15例次/1000导管日.结论 实施目标性监测结合CQI能有效降低CRBSI发生率.     

新生儿经外周静脉留置中心静脉导管（PICC）置管护理

目的：对新生儿经外周静脉留置中心静脉导管( PICC)置管护理进行探讨。方法选取我院2013年4月至2015年4月经外周静脉留置中心静脉导管置管的92例新生儿作为观察对象,按照抽签法随机分为实验组( n=46)和对照组( n=46),对实验组的新生儿采用综合护理,对照组的新生儿则采用常规护理方法。观察两组中新生儿的恢复情况以及并发症的发生情况。结果通过对两组中新生儿的护理,实验组中新生儿的术后恢复情况较好,新生儿的置管部位局部静脉红肿消散速率为(22.3±4.7)min,明显快于对照组的消散速率(30.4±5.2)min,具有统计学意义(t=7.8377,P<0.05);同时,实验组患者的并发症总发生率8.6%明显低于对照组的26%,组间差异具有统计学意义(χ2=4.8421,P<0.05)。结论采用综合护理来对新生儿经外周静脉留置中心静脉导管置管进行护理,能够加快新生儿的身体恢复速率,同时有效减少了并发症的发生。     

PICC导管部分脱出原因分析与护理对策

目的分析经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)部分脱出原因,探讨其护理对策,以降低导管脱出发生率。方法实施PICC置管的180例肿瘤患者,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组90例。对照组仅给予常规护理,观察组在其基础上实施针对性的护理对策,比较两组患者PICC导管脱出的发生情况。结果观察组患者共发生导管脱出3例,占3.33%,其中轻度脱出2例,中度脱出1例,无重度脱出病例。对照组患者共发生导管脱出14例,占15.56%,其中轻度脱出8例,中度脱出4例,重度脱出2例。观察组患者导管脱出率低于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论护理人员、患者、导管以及固定效果等因素均有可能导致PICC导管脱出,应提高护理服务意识,在置管过程中规范操作,同时加强健康教育,提高患者及其家属对PICC导管的认知度和依从性,以降低导管脱出率,确保置管成功。     

持续质量改进(CQI)在小儿静脉留置针穿刺护理管理中的应用及其实施效果观察

目的观察持续质量改进(CQI)在小儿静脉留置针穿刺护理管理中具体应用与实施效果。方法选取188例静脉留置针患者为研究对象,并将本组患者随机分为实验组与对照组。对照组实施常规护理,实验组的患者在实施常规护理的基础上应用持续质量改进的方法,对比分析两组患者的留置针穿刺成功率、护理人员理论知识掌握情况、患者满意度与不良反应。结果在留置针穿刺成功率、护理人员理论知识掌握情况与患者满意度方面,实验组明显优于对照组,在不良反应方面,实验组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论在小儿静脉留置针穿刺护理管理中应用持续质量改进,临床效果明显,不仅有效的提高了穿刺成功率,同时降低了不良反应的发生率,患者满意度也得到了大幅度的提高,值得进行推广应用。     

PICC与静脉留置针应用于肿瘤患者持续输液化疗的效果比较

目的探讨PICC与浅静脉留置针在持续输液化疗肿瘤患者中的应用效果。方法将100例结肠癌,淋巴瘤患者随即分为实验组合对照组。实验组50例,采取PICC配合化疗泵及持续输液化疗,对照组50例,采用浅静脉留置针配合化疗及持续输液化疗。对两组并发症情况进行比较。结果两组并发症情况比较差异具有统计意义(P<0.05)。结论 PICC应用于化疗泵及持续输液化疗具有操作简单、便于携带、使用方便等优点,避免了化疗药物对外周血管的刺激,减轻化疗药物的毒副作用,提高了化疗疗效和安性,从而提高患者日常生活自理能力及生活质量。     

健康教育对降低PICC置管后并发症的临床研究

目的探讨健康教育对降低PICC置管后患者并发症的的效果。方法选取湖南省肿瘤医院胸部内二科2012年7月至12月PICC置管肺癌患者51例作为对照组，2013年1月至6月PICC置管肺癌患者51例作为实验组。对照组只进行常规教育，实验组进行综合健康教育。结果与对照组相比，实验组PICC置管后感染（1．96％）、静脉炎（1．96％）、血栓（0％）、导管堵塞（0％）、导管脱出（1．96％）、穿刺点出血（血肿）（3．92％）等并发症发生率明显降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论进行综合健康教育可降低PICC置管后的并发症，降低非计划性拔管率，提高患者满意度，值得重视。     

品管圈在内科肿瘤患者PICC护理中的应用效果

目的：观察品管圈的实施在内科肿瘤患者外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）护理管理中的应用效果。方法成立“品管圈”小组,以“降低PICC并发症发生率,延长导管留置时间,提高患者护理满意度”为目标主题。将实施品管圈前的84例PICC患者设为对照组,品管圈后的84例PICC患者设为干预组,比较两组PICC导管留置期间并发症的发生率、导管留置时间、患者满意度。结果对照组与干预组患者PICC并发症发生率分别为23.8%和7.1%,导管留置时间分别为（74.5±15.5）天和（118.5±21.3）天;患者满意度分别为82.1%和95.2%,两组各项指标差异均有统计学意义。结论品管圈的实施对降低 PICC导管留置期间并发症发生率,延长导管留置时间,提高患者满意度有积极意义。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.