Baumann角的放射学测量及其临床意义

测定了48例2～13岁正常小儿及71例肱骨髁上骨折小儿的Baumann角.结果提示Baumann角与提携角之间存在非常显著的相关性(P<0.01),骨折复位后Baumann角可用来准确地预测提携角,并有效地防止肘内翻畸形的发生.     

肱骨髁上楔形截骨联合改良张力带钢丝治疗肘内翻

目的探讨应用肱骨髁上楔形截骨矫形联合改良张力带钢丝内固定治疗肘内翻畸形的可行性与临床疗效。 方法选取自贡市第一人民医院2015年1月至2019年1月共37例肘内翻畸形患者,男21例,女16例;平均年龄(12.9±2.1)岁;有10例合并内旋畸形。采用肱骨髁上楔形截骨联合改良张力带钢丝进行治疗。采用配对设计资料t检验比较患侧肘关节术前及术后的内翻角、屈曲活动及伸直活动度;采用成组设计资料t检验比较患侧及健侧肘关节的提携角、屈曲活动及伸直活动度。 结果所有患者均得到随访,平均(2.0±0.8)年;截骨均全部愈合,完全愈合时间平均(74±10)d。术后患侧肘关节内翻畸形均明显矫正(t＝19.749,P<0.05);患侧肘关节屈曲活动、伸直活动度与术前比较改善(t＝3.279、-10.573,均为P<0.05);术后患侧肘关节提携角、屈曲活动及伸直活动度与健侧比较无差异(均为P>0.05)。所有患者术后切口均一期愈合,无感染、神经损伤发生,无内固定松动、脱落及断裂等并发症发生。 结论肱骨髁上楔形截骨矫形联合改良张力带钢丝内固定治疗肘内翻畸形,具有术中操作简便,内翻畸形矫正明显,内固定强度可靠,可早期功能锻炼,术后肘关节功能恢复好等优点。     

肘部肌力平衡方法治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

目的:通过肘伸直前臂旋后位固定方法以保持肘部肌力平衡,并探讨肘部肌力平衡在治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折及防止肘内翻形成中的作用。方法:难复性儿童肱骨髁上骨折96例,男53例,女43例;年龄最大10岁,最小1岁,平均5.6岁。受伤至就诊时间1h~10d。左侧46例,右侧50例。伸直型71例,屈曲型25例。采用手法力线复位,恢复与健侧相等的携带角,平衡肘部肌力,使肘部内外侧韧带的张力相等,采用肘伸直前臂旋后位固定方法治疗。结果:96例均获随访,随访时间3个月,肘关节功能均恢复,携带角与健侧相同者89例,携带角小于健侧1°~3°者7例。依据中医骨伤科病症诊断疗效标准,96例均达到治愈,无肘内翻发生。结论:儿童肱骨髁上骨折,不强求良好的对位,应该强调力线复位、肌力平衡,采用肘伸直前臂旋后位固定方法治疗,能有效防止肘内翻畸形的发生。     

Varus deformity in supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children

Eighty cases of supracondylar fracture of the humerus at the elbow in children have been analysed. The post-reduction radiograph of the fracture was classified depending on the residual deformity present and related to the loss of carrying angle and cubitus varus deformity at the time of follow-up. Fifty-four per cent of the displaced fractures showed a loss of carrying angle greater than 5 °, and of these, 23 per cent developed cubitus varus deformity. Eighty-five per cent of those cases with a loss of carrying angle greater than 10 ° showed either residual tilt or medial rotation on the post-reduction radiograph. All cases in which there was residual medial tilt after manipulation and 40 per cent of those with medial rotation on the post-reduction radiograph developed cubitus varus.

In our series, there was no evidence of epiphyseal injury causing the deformity and in none of the cases was the deformity progressive. It is suggested that, in order to reduce the incidence of varus deformity in supracondylar fractures, open reduction and internal fixation is indicated in those fractures in which tilt or medial rotation cannot be reduced by conservative means.     

伸直位石膏夹板固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

目的:探讨非手术治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折预防肘内翻畸形的有效方法。方法:自1992年5月至2013年12月,采用手法复位伸直位石膏夹板外固定治疗无神经血管损伤的儿童肱骨髁上骨折319例,男253例,女66例;年龄1岁3个月～13岁,平均6.7岁。伸直型肱骨髁上骨折284例,屈曲型肱骨髁上骨折35例。左侧167例,右侧152例。受伤至治疗时间1 h～7 d,平均1.8 d.不包括神经血管损伤病例及手术病例。结果:所有患者获得随访,时间3个月～14年,平均37.3个月。所有患儿获得骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间6～8周,平均6.9周。无严重肘内翻畸形、血管神经损伤或Volkmann挛缩等并发症发生。183例提携角与自身健侧一致,在5°～15°范围内,105例提携角较自身健侧有不同程度的减小,26例在复位时即有尺偏者提携角在-5°～0°,5例在复位时即有桡偏者提携角在15°～18°,基本不影响外观。所有病例肘关节活动度正常。结论:肘关节伸直位石膏夹板固定对预防儿童肱骨髁上骨折非手术治疗后的肘内翻畸形具有一定价值,希望有更多学者做进一步的研究。     

儿童后内侧和后外侧移位肱骨髁上骨折和肘内翻畸形之间的关系

目的探讨儿童后内侧和后外侧移位肱骨髁上骨折和发生肘内翻畸形之间的关系。方法采用闭合复位克氏针内固定治疗33例GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折患儿(ⅢA型18例,ⅢB型15例),术后辅以石膏托外固定3~4周。术后在肘关节正、侧位X线片上测量提携角和肘关节的运动范围,观察提携角变化,分析移位方向和肘内翻的关系。结果患儿均获随访,时间1~2年。18例ⅢA型骨折者提携角丢失15.2°±5.1°,15例ⅢB型骨折者提携角丢失8.8°±3.5°。ⅢA型骨折与ⅢB型骨折致肘内翻的程度比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。患者均未出现肘关节活动受限。根据Flynn标准:18例ⅢA型骨折患儿中10例为良,8例为差;15例ⅢB型骨折患儿中9例为良,6例为差。结论ⅢA型骨折较ⅢB型骨折出现肘内翻的可能性更大。即使术后得到了解剖复位,ⅢA型骨折仍可能导致肘内翻畸形,这可能是ⅢA型骨折中内侧骨皮质的压缩,或伴有骨骺损伤所造成。     

肘部肌力平衡方法治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

目的:通过肘伸直前臂旋后位固定方法以保持肘部肌力平衡,并探讨肘部肌力平衡在治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折及防止肘内翻形成中的作用。方法:难复性儿童肱骨髁上骨折96例,男53例,女43例;年龄最大10岁,最小1岁,平均5.6岁。受伤至就诊时间1h¹0d。左侧46例,右侧50例。伸直型71例,屈曲型25例。采用手法力线复位,恢复与健侧相等的携带角,平衡肘部肌力,使肘部内外侧韧带的张力相等,采用肘伸直前臂旋后位固定方法治疗。结果:96例均获随访,随访时间3个月,肘关节功能均恢复,携带角与健侧相同者89例,携带角小于健侧1°³°者7例。依据中医骨伤科病症诊断疗效标准,96例均达到治愈,无肘内翻发生。结论:儿童肱骨髁上骨折,不强求良好的对位,应该强调力线复位、肌力平衡,采用肘伸直前臂旋后位固定方法治疗,能有效防止肘内翻畸形的发生。     

Correlation between posteromedial or posterolateral displacement and cubitus varus deformity in supracondylar humerus fractures in children

Purpose Cubitus varus deformity is one of the most common complications after displaced supracondylar humeral fractures in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the fracture displacement and cubitus varus deformity in displaced supracondylar humerus fractures. Methods Seventeen patients (11 males/6 females; mean age 7 years) with cubitus varus deformities occurring after Gartland type III posteromedial or posterolateral displaced supracondylar humerus fractures were evaluated with clinical and serial radiographic examinations. All patients had been treated surgically by open reduction through a medial approach and percutaneous cross-pinning. All fractures were reduced anatomically. Ten of the patients were operated within the first 24 h. The time interval between the initial injury and the surgical procedure for the remaining seven patients was 5.3 days on average (range 2–10 days). The carrying angle and range of motion of the elbow were measured throughout the follow-up period. The mean follow-up time was 3.7 years (range 2–12 years). Results Five patients with type III-B fractures had a mean carrying angle loss of 8.8° (range 6–10°), whereas for the remaining 12 type III-A patients the mean loss was 15° (range 6–29°) (P = 0.019). None of the patients in this study demonstrated limited elbow motion. According to the Flynn criteria, the results were good in five type III-B patients. There was no statistically significant relationship between the loss of carrying angle and the delay before the surgical procedure (P = 0.615 in type III-A, P = 0.096 in type III-B). Conclusions The carrying angle loss was more significant in type III-A fractures compared with type III-B in this series. These results suggest that although anatomic reduction has been achieved by surgical treatment without loss of reduction, there is still a risk for cubitus varus deformity for type III-A fractures due to the initial compression of the medial column or, in other words, physeal injury.     

Correction of cubitus varus by French or dome osteotomy: a comparative study

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of two different techniques of supracondylar osteotomy, French osteotomy and dome osteotomy, for the correction of posttraumatic cubitus varus. METHODS: A comparative randomized study was undertaken of 25 patients (average age 10 years) with an established posttraumatic cubitus varus deformity (mean time from injury to corrective osteotomy, 1.7 years). Patients were followed-up with for 1 year, and carrying angle, Baumann's angle, and internal rotation deformity were measured. Postoperative complications were assessed. RESULTS: A significant (p < 0.01) correction of carrying angle and Baumann's angle was achieved with both techniques, with no statistically significant differences between them. Although internal rotation deformity was corrected by both techniques, the correction was significantly greater with the dome osteotomy (p < 0.01). However, the persistence of internal rotation did not seem to affect the final outcome. There was a higher incidence of postoperative complications in the dome osteotomy group, including infection (1), inadequate correction (1), nerve palsy (1), loss of motion (5), and circulatory compromise (1). CONCLUSION: The dome osteotomy is technically more difficult than the French osteotomy and has a higher incidence of complications. We suggest that the French osteotomy be used for the correction of cubitus varus after supracondylar fractures of the elbow in children.     

一期原位固定二期截骨矫形联合手术矫治儿童肱骨外髁骨不连合并肘外翻

目的探讨一期原位固定二期截骨矫形分期联合手术矫治儿童肱骨外髁骨不连合并肘外翻的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年3月西安交通大学附属红会医院小儿骨科诊疗中心收治8例儿童肱骨外髁骨不连合并肘外翻患儿资料。男5例,女3例;左侧5例,右侧3例;受伤年龄为6~14岁(平均10岁);受伤至手术时间2~6年(平均4年)。一期手术采用骨不连断端清理,骨块原位空心钉加压固定,自体髂骨植骨术。在骨不连愈合和肘关节功能正常后二期行肱骨髁上内翻截骨矫形术。记录并比较术前与末次随访时肘关节活动度、提携角和Mayo肘关节功能评分系统(MEPS)评定疗效。结果所有患儿术后均获随访,平均随访时间44.5个月(27~64个月)。一期手术后肱骨外髁陈旧性骨折骨不连愈合时间平均81.3 d(55~120 d);二期截骨矫形手术后所有截骨均获愈合,愈合时间平均51.1 d(45~60 d)。术前、末次随访时患儿肘关节活动度分别为129.0°±4.6°、138.0°±5.4°,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。8例患儿健侧的提携角平均5.4°(3°~8°)。术前、末次随访时患儿患侧的提携角分别是31.9°±4.7°(25°~42°)、4.0°±2.2°(1°~8°),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术前MEPS评分为(57.5±6.5)分,良4例,差4例;末次随访时MEPS评分为(95.9±3.4)分,优秀6例,良2例,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用一期原位固定骨不连断端清理,骨块原位空心钉加压固定,自体髂骨植骨;二期肱骨髁上内翻截骨矫形治疗儿童肱骨外髁骨不连合并肘外翻畸形,手术效果良好,术中对外髁骨块血供的保护是手术治疗的关键。     

Humeral torsional deformity after supracondylar osteotomy for cubitus varus: its influence on the postosteotomy carrying angle.

Humeral torsion was measured in 23 patients by computed tomography (CT) scan after supracondylar osteotomy for cubitus varus. The opposite unoperated humerus was used as the control. The mean torsion in the unoperated humerus was 70 degrees. Patients who did not have "derotation" of the distal fragment during osteotomy had approximately 30 degrees more internal torsion on the operated side than on the opposite side. The carrying angle after osteotomy was not influenced by lack of correction of torsional deformity in the humerus, and correction of torsion during osteotomy was not essential for correction of the carrying angle.     

Post-traumatic cubitus varus in children (apropos of 8 cases in African children)]

The author describes his experience after treatment of 8 cases of cubitus varus secondary to displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in African children. Measurement of the Baumann angle is necessary for the assessment of cubitus varus. The median angle is 24 degrees with a range of 10 degrees to 45 degrees. Indications were dictated by functional problems, discomfort, and esthetic considerations. The surgical treatment consisted in a supracondylar osteotomy of the humerus for correction of cubitus varus.     

Supracondylar osteotomy of the humerus for correction of cubitus varus

Cubitus varus is the most common complication of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. Although function of the elbow is not greatly impaired, the deformity is unsightly. It usually results from malunion, since growth disturbance of the humerus after this fracture is uncommon. The normal carrying angle can be restored by supracondylar osteotomy. This operation was done in 32 patients over a ten-year period, 16 of them using the technique described by French (1959). The results in 27 patients are reviewed in the light of previous reports. French's method proved safe and satisfactory.     

Fracture-separation of the distal humeral epiphysis

We have reviewed 12 cases of fracture-separation of the distal humeral epiphysis, three of which were initially misdiagnosed as fractures of the lateral condyle and one as an elbow dislocation. Cubitus varus deformity is as common after this fracture-separation as it is following supracondylar fracture, and is most common in children under two years of age. Closed reduction and simple immobilisation is adequate for the older child, but we recommend for those under two years of age that closed reduction should be followed by percutaneous pinning, so that the carrying angle can be assessed immediately after reduction. If the elbow is then in varus the wires should be removed, reduction repeated and treatment by straight lateral traction used to maintain a valgus carrying angle.     

应用骨片钉治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折(附36例报告)

目的 总结应用骨片钉内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的临床经验和疗效。方法 2001年3月～2003年10月，应用骨片钉治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折36例。结果 30例术后获3个月～2年随访。所有骨折均已骨性愈合，仅1例出现肘内翻畸形。结论 应用骨片钉治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折，固定效果确实。     

Supracondylar humeral osteotomy in children with severe posttraumatic cubitus varus deformity

The authors report the results of corrective osteotomy of the humerus in 11 children with severe posttraumatic cubitus varus deformity. The average carrying angle on the affected side was -24.4 degrees, and there was an average internal rotation deformity of the distal humerus of 22 degrees. Flexion and extension of the injured elbow were severely limited. A supracondylar lateral wedge osteotomy of the humerus was performed keeping the medial cortex intact. Two K-wires served as levers to correct the angular and rotational deformity of the elbow and then as fixation material to hold the osteotomy fragments. Postoperatively we immobilized the elbows in 90 degrees flexion for 3 to 4 weeks. There was no loss of the postoperative osteotomy alignment in most cases. Recurrence of mild varus deformity (-5 degrees and -7 degrees) occurred in only two patients. At the end of the follow-up we observed excellent results in 9 patients with an average carrying angle of 7.2 degrees (range 5-10 degrees).     

Dome osteotomy for posttraumatic cubitus varus: a surgical technique to avoid lateral condylar prominence

The indication for surgery in most children with posttraumatic cubitus varus is the presence of an unsightly deformity. The function of the limb is generally not impaired. Lateral closing-wedge supracondylar osteotomy, although a widely used corrective procedure, tends to produce lateral condylar prominence, thus jeopardizing the cosmetic outcome. The authors used the dome supracondylar osteotomy, as described by Tien et al, as the corrective procedure for cubitus varus in 12 consecutive children. The average follow-up was 2.3 (range 1-4) years. The objective evaluation was done by one of the authors by measuring the pre- and postoperative lateral condylar prominence index, carrying angle, and the range of movement at the elbow. The patients and parents were also asked to self-assess the cosmetic outcome. There were seven excellent and five good results. None of the children showed a prominent lateral humeral condyle. Hypertrophic scar formation and ulnar neurapraxia were seen in one patient each. These results were comparable to the published results of lateral closing-wedge osteotomy in terms of correction of carrying angle and preservation of elbow motion and were superior to those of the lateral closing-wedge osteotomy in terms of the prominence of lateral humeral condyle, acceptability of the scar, and cosmesis. The authors offer independent verification of the observation that the technique of dome osteotomy as described by Tien et al for the correction of the posttraumatic cubitus varus is a simple, safe, and technically sound procedure that prevents the lateral condyle from becoming prominent and yields an excellent cosmetic outcome.     

Supracondylar Fracture of the Humerus in Children: A Long-Term Follow-up Study of 107 Cases

A total of 107 cases of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children were examined after a follow-up period of 8 to 18 years. No serious complications were found. Conservative treatment gave good results, and open reduction was seldom indicated. Rotational displacement and displacement in the frontal or sagittal plane remodelled by the end of the growth period, whereas tilting of the distal fragment into varus or valgus remained. The position of reduction should be checked roentgenologically until bony consolidation occurs, by measuring Baumann's angle or the carrying angle, and rereductions should be performed within 2 weeks.     

The supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children (author's transl)

To find out the cause of posttraumatic varus and valgus deformity of the elbow a long-term follow-up examination of 183 dislocated and 20 undislocated supracondylar extension-fractures of the humerus was done. There were different methods of treatment: In most of the cases closed reduction was performed and fixation in acute angle-plaster or by percutaneous radial or radial and ulnar wires. 75% showed radiologically and 55% clinically an alteration of the carrying angle. The clear reason for this deformity was a rotation displacement, which leads in oblique fractures directly, in transverse fractures--caused by an instability--indirectly seldom to a valgus, in most of the cases to a varus deformity of the elbow. A special quotient to judge the rotation displacement is presented: the rotation failure quotient (rfq). There is no influence of lateral compression to the carrying angle. Lateral tilting is in any case a result of rotation displacement. Growth disturbance after supracondylar fractures is possible without lesion of the epiphysial plate: but as growth disturbances are seldom and their extent small, they are of no significant clinical importance. Extension displacement of the distal fragment will be spontaneously corrected in ca. 80% of all cases during the further growth. The clinical importance of posttraumatic deformities and the primary management to avoid them is discussed. The crossed percutaneous rotation-stable wire osteosynthesis is recommended as the best way of treatment. For all kinds of treatment the challenge is asked to avoid the ventral spur as a sign of rotation till consolidation of the fracture. By correct reposition in all other planes complicated measurements and reflections, as for instance the alpha-angle by Baumann, oblique or transverse fracture, pro- or supination of the forearm during fixation a.o. are unnecessary.     

肱骨髁上成角旋转中心微创截骨外固定治疗青少年肘内翻畸形

目的 :探讨采用肱骨髁上成角旋转中心(center of roration of angulation,CORA)微创截骨外固定治疗青少年肘内翻畸形的临床疗效。方法:自2013年8月至2017年8月,采用CORA微创截骨外固定治疗肱骨髁上骨折导致的青少年肘内翻畸形患者15例,其中男9例,女6例;年龄13～16岁,平均14.5岁;左侧11例,右侧4例;受伤至手术时间6～10年,平均7.5年,其中5例有肘内翻手术史术后复发。观察患者的矫正时间、骨折愈合时间及提携角,并采用Laupattarakasem标准进行疗效评价。结果:15例患者获得随访,时间12～30个月,平均24个月;畸形矫正时间3～5周,平均4周;骨愈合时间4～6个月,平均5个月;提携角由术前的-12°～-23°提高至术后的9°～14°。根据Laupattarakasem标准,本组优11例,良3例,可1例。结论:采用肱骨髁上CORA微创截骨外固定治疗青少年肘内翻畸形,具有微创、出血少、术后早期功能锻炼,矫形速度、角度可控,无须住院取除外固定等优点。