生物瓣失功再次换瓣的临床实践

生物瓣替换术后的衰败使病人面临再次换瓣手术，与第１次手术相比，再次换瓣操作困难，并发症和死亡率明显增多。现报告我们为６２例生物瓣失功病人再次换瓣的临床体会。临床资料１９７９年２月至１９８９年１２月，应用自制牛心包瓣行心瓣膜替换共２５１例（２５个瓣膜）...     

460例双瓣替换术远期随访

报告１９８５年４月至１９９３年１２月４６０例二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣替换术远期疗效，并对术后并发症发生因素进行分析。手术死亡３０例（６．５％）。４２０例随访６个月～８．４年（平均２．９７年），随访率９７．７％。术后１．５年实际生存率９０．３±１．２１％、８１．１±６．７６％。远期死亡３３例（２．６４％／病人－年），主要死亡原因为心衰、人工瓣感染、出血或栓塞。远期生存３８７例中心功能Ⅰ级１７２例，Ⅱ级１９０例，Ⅲ级１９例，Ⅳ级６例。远期出现人工瓣相关并发症４８例（３．８４％／病人－年），其中栓塞１９例，出血１６例，人工瓣感染１０例，瓣周漏２例，生物瓣坏损１例。本组资料显示术前左心室明显扩大、瓣膜明显关闭不全、心功能Ⅳ级是术后心衰的易发生因素。     

儿童替换猪生物瓣膜15例疗效观察

作者自１９７８年７月至１９８２年１１月用ＧＤ－Ｉ型猪生物瓣膜为１５例８～１４岁儿童进行瓣膜替换术，其中二尖瓣替换１３例，主动脉瓣替换１例，三尖瓣替换１例。手术死亡率为６．７％。随访３～１０年，近期疗效满意，远期疗效较差。主要原因是生物瓣膜失功能，其生物瓣膜衰坏率达１９．３７％病人年，远较成年人替换猪生物瓣膜的衰坏率３．６９％病人年为高。本文对儿童替换猪生物瓣膜较早出现失功能的原因进行了探讨。     

无支架异种生物瓣膜主动脉瓣替换术后左室功能变化

评价无支架异种生物瓣膜主动脉瓣替换术后２年左室功能的变化。将８０例同期施行主动脉瓣替换病人分为２组，５０例（年龄６９．３±９．３岁）应用ＴｏｒｏｎｔｏＳＰＶＴＭ瓣；３０例（年龄７１．６±７．７岁）作为对照组接受支架人工瓣膜替换。术前、术后１、６、１２及２４个月间记录Ｍ型及Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ超声心动图，采用计算机图像数字分析，定量测定左室功能的变化。随访期间，Ｔｏｒｏｎｔｏ组主动脉瓣跨瓣压差为０．８±０．６ｋＰａ（６．０±４．５ｍｍＨｇ），明显低于对照组２．３±０．９ｋＰａ（１７．３±６．８ｍｍＨｇ）；术后１个月，左室心肌质量下降２５％，左室＋Ｖｃｆ及－Ｖｃｆ明显增加（２．０±０．８／１．４±０．３ｓ－１，Ｐ＜０．０１；２．８±１．２／１．８±０．７ｓ－１，Ｐ＜０．０１）。术后６个月，左室功能进一步改善，心室肥厚的消退更趋完全，该变化在其后的随访期间保持稳定。结论：与支架瓣膜相比，无支架异种生物瓣膜具有较大瓣口开放面积及低跨瓣压差，这促进了术后左室功能的恢复及病理性肥厚的逆转     

国产侧倾碟瓣二尖瓣替换10年以上随访

随访１９７８年９月～１９８３年３月期间１３６例国产侧倾碟瓣二尖替换１０年以上结果。早期死亡率为６．６％，早期存活１２７例累计随访时间１１４１病人年，术后５、１０年存活率分别为８９．８％和８１．７％，晚期死亡率为１．７％病人一年，血栓栓塞，抗凝相关的出血，瓣膜衰坏，人工瓣心内膜炎和瓣周漏等发生率分别为０．４、０．８、０．１、０．１、０％病人－年，术后５、１０年无死亡和瓣膜相关并发症概率分别为８８．９     

主动脉瓣替换术后近期及晚期左心室功能随访

目的：评价主动脉瓣替换（ＡＶＲ）术后左心功能的近期及其远期效果。方法：对１９７８年１２月至１９９６年１２月期间连续１２９例单纯行ＡＶＲ的病人进行分析。结果：术前Ｂ超示左心室舒张末期内径（ＬＶＥＤＤ）、收缩末期内径（ＬＶＥＳＤ）分别为（６４．５±９．３）ｍｍ、（４４．７±９．９）ｍｍ,术后１４天至３个月分别为（５１．９±７．２）ｍｍ、（３１．５±４．５）ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．０１）;术后１～２年分别为（４７．６±６．１）ｍｍ、（２９．５±５．４）ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。手术死亡率３．９％。术后随访６个月至１６年,平均４．４年,累计随访５０１病人·年。晚期死亡６例（１．２％病人·年）,５年及１０年生存率分别为８９．３％、７７．３％。血栓栓塞及与抗凝有关的出血率分别为０．８％病人·年、１．０％病人·年。结论：ＡＶＲ术后９５％病人的心功能恢复至Ｉ或Ｉ级,长期效果满意。故主动脉瓣病变、ＬＶＥＤＤ扩大并出现症状的病人,应行主动脉瓣替换术。     

再次瓣膜替换术64例报告

作者报告１９８８年２月至１９９６年５月间，行再次瓣膜替换术病例６４例，其中生物瓣衰坏４６例，机械瓣功能障碍９例，瓣周漏９例。按照术前的心功能状态，９例因机械瓣急性功能障碍，引起急性充血性心力衰竭或心源性休克，施行急症手术，其余５５例行择期手术。早期死亡８例（１２．５０％），其中择期手术后死亡３例（５．５０％），急症手术后死亡３例（３３．３％）。长期生存者５６例，随访时间３个月至７年（平均２．１年），晚期死亡３例（５．３％）。生存１年以上的４８例中，心功能恢复至Ⅰ级者４２例，Ⅱ级５例，Ⅲ级１例。作者对再次瓣膜替换术的手术时机与手术操作的重点作了讨论。     

再次二尖瓣替换手术有关问题的探讨

１９８６年４月至１９９４年５月施行再次二尖瓣替换手术４４例，其中生物瓣替换术后瓣膜衰败１２例，闭式二尖瓣扩张术后３２例，早期死亡３例，死亡率为６．８％，作者认为，无论是闭式扩张术后还是生物瓣替换术后，一但出现瓣膜毁损症状，应尽早行二次瓣膜替换术，术中及术后应加强心肌保护和并发症的防治。     

人工心脏瓣膜替换术后抗凝治疗并发症

自１９８０年至１９９２年１０月我们行人工心脏瓣膜替换术３７０例，康复出院３２９例，经３月至１２５月随访，有２例失访，共发生与抗凝治疗有关并发症１７例（５．２％或１．４８％病人－年），死亡１２例（３．６％或１．０３％病人－年），其中血栓栓塞６例（１．８２％），死亡３例（０．９１％）；抗凝出血１１例（３．３４％），死亡９例（２．７３％）。抗凝治疗并发症中出血明显多于血栓栓塞，并发症发生时间主要在术后３个月内（含术后９４天），占８９％。     

160例心脏机械瓣替换术疗效分析

１６０例心脏机械瓣替换术疗效分析杨爱莲，黄达德，陈文广，林一平，张从新，张年伟１９８１年１月至１９９１年８月我们应用机械瓣施行心脏瓣膜替换术１６０例，经过３个月至１０年的随诊，现报道如下：临床资料１６０例瓣膜病人男７６例，女８４例。年龄１２～６５岁，...     

主动脉瓣及二尖瓣直视成形手术

对２３例主动脉瓣及二尖瓣病变者行直视成形手术。引起瓣膜病变的原因：先天性病变５例，风湿性病变１８例。术前心功能，Ⅱ级者４例，Ⅲ级者１４例，Ⅳ级者５例。术后对２０例患者进行随访３～２４个月，心脏功能明显改善。     

二尖瓣置换术后远期功能性三尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的：报告二尖瓣置换（ＭＶＲ）术后远期三尖瓣关闭不全（ＴＲ）外科治疗的结果及作用,方法：３７例ＭＶＲ术后中重度ＩＲ病人,其中人工二尖瓣为生物瓣者１３,机械瓣２４例,有１１例行内科保守治疗,２６例行外科手术治疗,手术类型,ＭＶＲ加三尖瓣置换２例,ＭＶＲ加三法瓣成形１１例,三尖瓣置换３例,三尖瓣成型１０例,三尖瓣成形术包括改良Ｋay形成形１２例,改良ＤeVega成形术７例,加成形环的三尖瓣成形术２例,结果：１１例内科治疗者,７个月－７．５年后７６例死亡,病死率为５４．５％,26例手术治疗者,术后早期病死２例,病死率为７．７％,随访个月－１０．５年,晚期死亡例,仍中度ＴＲ２例,结论：ＭＶＲ术后远期ＴＲ的产生与不可逆的左心损害或（和）严重肺动脉高压有关,对重度ＴＲ伴有临床症状、左心功能基本正常者,行三尖瓣成形或三尖瓣置换术可取得良好的效果。     

Long-term experience with the Sorin Bicarbon and Edwards Mira mechanical valve prostheses in the mitral position

OBJECTIVE: Sorin Bicarbon (SB) and Edwards Mira (EM) valves have an identical mechanical design but different sewing cuffs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes after mitral valve replacement with these two valves in a combined population of patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed records of 73 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement using SB (n = 19) or EM (n = 54) valves. Preoperatively, 49 patients (68.1%) were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV. Concomitant procedures were performed in 52 patients (71.2%). Early and late postoperative echocardiography was performed in 69 and 57 patients, respectively. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 4.1%, and early morbidity was 9.6%. Overall patient survival at 9 years was 85.1% +/- 4.8%. Actuarial freedom from valve-related death was 95.4% +/- 2.6% at 9 years. As shown by Doppler echocardiography, the early and late mean transprosthetic pressure gradients were 3.4 +/- 1.4 mmHg and 3.8 +/- 2.1 mmHg, respectively. At the end of follow-up, 98.4% of survivors were in NYHA class I or II. CONCLUSION: The Sorin Bicarbon and, Edwards Mira mechanical valves in the mitral position provide satisfactory long-term clinical and echocardiographic performance.     

有支架与无支架生物瓣膜行主动脉瓣置换临床对比研究

目的　探讨无支架Medtronic生物瓣行主动脉瓣置换的临床效果。方法　将 6 8例同期施行主动脉瓣置换术病人分为 2组 ,38例行无支架Medtronic生物瓣置换 ,30例对照组行有支架生物瓣置换。术前及术后 2个月随访行超声心动图检查。结果　无支架组和有支架组病人术后各项检测指标差异有显著性意义。无支架组跨瓣压差 (18 0± 3 7)mmHg(1mmHg =0 133kPa)明显低于有支架组(33 7± 8 3)mmHg;左室射血分数 0 6 5± 0 0 5 ,明显高于有支架组 0 5 6± 0 0 8;左室收缩末内径和左室舒张末内径分别为 (3 8± 0 8)cm和 (4 5± 0 4 )cm ,明显低于有支架组 (4 2± 1 4 )cm和 (5 1± 0 9)cm ;无支架组瓣环内径 (2 2 1± 1 8)mm大于有支架组 (19 5± 1 7)mm。结论　无支架Medtronic生物瓣较有支架生物瓣具有较低的跨瓣压差和良好的血流动力学 ,能促进左室功能的恢复。     

Comparative Rest and Exercise Hemodynamics of Allograft and Prosthetic Valves in the Aortic Position

Background. Allograft aortic valve replacement has gained widespread acceptance. However, there is little information about in vivo allograft valve function at rest and during exercise.

Methods. Cardiac catheterization was performed to measure hemodynamic variables at rest and during supine bicycle exercise in 44 patients who had had aortic valve replacement using allograft valves or Bicer or St. Jude Medical prosthetic valves 19 to 27 mm in diameter. Sixteen patients received an allograft valve; 17, a Bicer valve; and 11, a St. Jude Medical valve. There were no significant differences between the three groups in age, body surface area, left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volume indices, exercise cardiac index, exercise heart rate, or work load achieved. Left ventricular and ascending aortic pressures were measured simultaneously according to the transseptal method.

Results. The mean pressure gradient was generally higher for the Bicer and St. Jude Medical valves than for the allograft valves, both at rest and during exercise. Significant differences were obtained in patients with small-sized valves (21 and 23 mm); pressure gradients were higher in the prosthetic valve groups. In patients with large-sized prosthetic valves (25 mm), there were no significant differences between the three groups at rest and during exercise. However, there was no pressure gradient at all for allograft valves.

Conclusions. Exercise cardiac catheterization confirms that the allograft aortic valve is an ideal substitute from the hemodynamic aspect, particularly in patients with a small aortic root and in those who perform strenuous exercise.     

Selection of Prosthetic Valve and Evidence—Need for the Development of Japan’s Own Guidelines

Purpose: In 2014, the American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) guidelines were largely revised with regard to the selection of prosthetic valves. (1) A mechanical prosthesis is reasonable for aortic valve replacement (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) in patients less than 60 years of age, (2) A bioprosthesis is reasonable in patients more than 70 years of age, and (3) Either a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve is reasonable in patients between 60 and 70 years of age.Japan faces the unprecedented population aging, and moreover, the average life expectancy is longer among the Japanese than the Westerners. In Japan, whether this choice is appropriate seems questionable.Methods: This time, with the revision of the AHA/ACC guidelines, it might be necessary to take into consideration the average life expectancy of Japanese people and revise the Japanese guidelines accordingly.Results: We should consider whether 60–70 years should be set as a gray zone regarding the age criteria for choosing biological valves, or if the age should be set higher relative to that specified in the western guidelines, given the longer Japanese life expectancy.Conclusion: We believe that the development of unique, Japanese guidelines for the selection of prosthetic valves will allow us to provide appropriate selection and treatment for each patient.     

小左室病人行二尖瓣置换术机械瓣膜型号的选择

目的探讨小左室病人行二尖瓣置换术时选择大口径机械瓣膜的可行性。方法将左室舒张末径小于40mm进行单独二尖瓣置换手术者分为小口径M-1二尖瓣25号瓣膜组和大口径M-2二尖瓣25号组。每组病人手术后均测定各瓣膜跨瓣压差、流速和肺动脉压，应用SPSS行统计分析。结果大口径M-2二尖瓣组和小口径M-1二尖瓣25号瓣膜组相比，跨瓣压差小[（5．9±1．6）mmHg对（10．7±3．2）mmHg]，在体瓣口面积大[（2．9±0．2）cm^2对（2．6±0．2）cm^2）]，瓣膜匹配指数大[（1．92±0．23）cm^2／m^2对（1．73±0．18）cm^2／m^2]，差异有统计学意义。结论在注意心肌保护和围术期处理的条件下，左室舒张末径较小者行二尖瓣置换手术时也应置入较大口径的机械二尖瓣瓣膜，以取得良好围术期血流动力学结果和临床效果。     

Mitral Valve Replacement with Dura Mater Bioprostheses

Dura mater bioprostheses for cardiac valve replacement were first introduced in Brazil. They have been used since 1975 at the National Heart Hospital, London, as a mitral valve replacement instead of fascia lata valves or inverted aortic homograft valves. During this period 120 patients have had dura mater valves inserted in the mitral position; 29 also received an aortic valve replacement, 6 with dura mater, 20 with an aortic homograft, 2 with an aortic xeno-graft and 1 with a prosthetic valve. Perivalvular leaks occurred with seven of these mitral valves, and another seven presented with detached cusps. All but one of these 14 valves were replaced. Emboli have occurred in four of the patients, one of whom died after 35 months with thrombus on the aortic valve, but with an unaffected mitral valve. There were 15 early deaths, a hospital mortality of 12.5%. and 10 late deaths, a postoperative mortality of 9.5%. Actuarial analysis has shown a four-year postoperative survival of 78.970.     

无支架二尖瓣制备、保存和体外三尖瓣置换技术探讨

目的观察深低温保存猪二尖瓣超微结构,探索无支架二尖瓣制作方法和置换三尖瓣技术。方法采用猪二尖瓣制成无支架瓣膜,抗生素灭菌深低温保存,透射电子显微镜观察深低温保存１个月的猪二尖瓣组织结构。将离体猪心三尖瓣切除,将无支架猪二尖瓣前瓣环缝合于隔瓣环,二尖瓣后瓣环缝合于三尖瓣前后瓣环,两乳头肌缝合于右心室前壁,完成无支架二尖瓣置换三尖瓣,注水试验观察瓣膜启闭功能。结果透射电子显微镜观察到,深低温保存猪二尖瓣内皮细胞结构完整,胶原纤维结构致密,排列整齐,成纤维细胞胞膜完整,细胞核无固缩现象,线粒体无明显肿胀。无支架二尖瓣置换的离体猪心三尖瓣启闭功能良好。结论深低温保存的无支架猪二尖瓣结构完整,活性得到很好保持。瓣膜设计合理,用此瓣膜置换三尖瓣技术可行