阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与左心室收缩功能不全关系的研究

目的初步探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea/hypopneasyndrome,OSAHS)对左心室收缩功能的影响。方法98例入选者分为OSAHS合并左室收缩功能不全组(试验组21例)、OSAHS无左室收缩功能不全组(OSAHS组47例)和无OSAHS、左室收缩功能不全组(对照组30例)。在多导睡眠图监测下,次晨抽取外周静脉血测定血浆内皮素(ET)。结果①试验组SpO2Low(整夜睡眠监测中患者最低脉搏血氧饱和度)低于另两组(P<0.05),平均呼吸暂停时间、%TST-SpO2<90%(一整夜睡眠监测中患者脉搏血氧饱和度低于90%时间占整个睡眠监测时间的百分比)、%TST-SpO2<80%、血浆ET含量均高于另两组(P<0.05);试验组和OSAHS组呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、最长暂停时间无差异。②两组OSAHS患者血浆ET均与%TST-SpO2<90%(r=0.457,P=0.021;r=0.415,P=0.026)、%TST-SpO2<80%(r=0.372,P=0.016;r=0.334,P=0.031)呈正相关,试验组左室射血分数与%TST-SpO2<80%(r=-0.529,P=0.024)、血浆ET(r=-0.485,P=0.041)呈负相关。结论OSAHS患者反复长时间的呼吸暂停、中重度低氧血症和高水平血浆ET可能对左室收缩功能有重要的影响。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者夜间缺氧程度的评估

目的 评估阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者的夜间缺氧程度。方法对疑诊有睡眠呼吸障碍的患者215例进行夜间睡眠呼吸监测,计算平均血氧饱和度（AO2）、最低血氧饱和度（LO2）、氧减指数（ODI）、平均氧减饱和度、血氧饱和度低于90％占整个记录时间的百分比（T〈90％）,并进行相关分析。结果 依据所有患者的呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）分为AHI正常组（AHI〈5次／h）、轻度OSAHS组（5次／h≤AHI〈15次／h）、中度OSAHS组（15次／h≤AHI〈30次／h）、重度OSAHS组（AHI≥30次／h）,4组A02、L02、ODI、T〈90％差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。AHI与A02、ODI、L02、平均氧减饱和度、T〈90％显著相关（r分别为-0．610、0．983、-0．789、0．782、0．821,P=0．001）。结论 OSAHS患者缺氧严重程度的评估需结合ODI、LO2、T〈90％三个指标综合判断．不能仅考虑单一指标．     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者性激素水平的变化与分析

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）男性患者性腺激素水平的变化及相互间的关系，为伴有性功能减退的OSAHS患者是否需要性激素替代治疗提供临床依据。方法 对男性OSAHS患者（OSAHS组）和对照组进行多导睡眠监测，应用美国强生全自动化学发光免疫分析系统测定血清促卵泡刺激素（follicular-sti mulating hormone，FSH）、黄体生成素（luteinizing hormone，LH）及睾酮（total testosterone，T）水平，分析其间的变化关系。结果 与对照组比较，OSAHS组患者FSH、LH[（4.10±1.61）U/L、（3.70±1.74）U/L]显著低于对照组[（11.68±3.33）U/L、（12.48±3.10）U/L；P均〈0.01]；T[（11.14±3.82）nmol/L]低于对照组[（13.15±1.36）nmol/L；P〈0.05]。血清LH水平与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）呈显著负相关（r=-0.548，P〈0.01），与氧减〈90%的时间（min）和血氧饱和度〈90%时间占总监测数据的百分比（TS90%）呈负相关（r=-0.317，P〈0.05；r=-0.315，P〈0.05）；与LSpO2呈显著正相关（r=0.633，P〈0.01）。血清FSH水平与AHI呈显著负相关（r=-0.557，P〈0.01）；与LSpO2呈显著正相关（r=0.540，P〈0.01）。血清T与AHI和TS90%呈显著负相关（r=-0.468，P〈0.01；r=-0.442，P〈0.01）、与氧减〈90%的时间（min）呈负相关（r=-0.378，P〈0.05）；与LSpO2呈正相关（r=0.335，P〈0.05）。结论 OSAHS男性患者存在垂体-性腺轴激素分泌异常，反馈调节紊乱，并与AHI和夜间低氧相关。     

针刺治疗不同程度OSAHS患者45例临床观察

目的 观察针刺治疗不同程度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）的疗效.方法 将45例OSAHS患者根据呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）分为轻度组16例、中度组17例、重度组12例,3组均采用相同针刺方法治疗;治疗前后采用多导睡眠监测仪（PSG）监测三组夜间AHI、最低SaO2（LSaO2）、SaO2〈90%的时间占总睡眠时间的百分比（SaO2〈90%T）、低氧指数（HI）和微觉醒指数（MAI）变化.结果 45例OSAHS患者治疗后平均AHI、SaO2〈90%T和MAI均显著低于治疗前（P〈0.01、0.05、0.01）,轻度组和中度组治疗后AHI、SaO2〈90%T、MAI及HI均显著低于治疗前（P〈0.01、0.05）,重度组仅MAI较治疗前显著降低（P〈0.05）.结论 针刺治疗OSAHS疗效确切,尤以轻、中度患者为著.     

利钠多肽对慢性心力衰竭伴睡眠呼吸暂停患者心功能的评价

目的 探讨以利钠多肽评价伴睡眠呼吸暂停慢性心力衰竭患者心功能的可能性.方法 64例慢性充血性心力衰竭（心衰）住院患者,经多导睡眠监测分为两组,心衰伴睡眠呼吸暂停组36例和心衰不伴睡眠呼吸暂停组28例.观察两组患者的一般资料、血气分析、心功能和体液因子变化,采用双抗夹心ELISA定量和竟争EIA定量法测定心钠素和脑钠素水平.结果 心衰伴睡眠呼吸暂停组左室舒张末期内径、左房前后径、纽约心功能分级、房性利钠多肽前体（proANP）、N-端室性利钠多肽前体（Nt-proBNP）水平增加;左室射血分数、血氧饱和度（SaO2）下降.左室射血分数＜45%心衰患者较≥45%心衰患者原发性心肌病多见;心功能各项检查的多元相关分析：左室射血分数与左室舒张末期内径和Nt-proBNP呈负相关（r=-0.662,P=0.000和r=-0.307 P=0.009）;左室舒张末期内径与左房前后径呈正相关（r=0.491,P=0.000）;左房前后径与proANP和Nt-proBNP呈正相关（r=0.432,P=0.000和r=0.295,P=0.012）;proANP与Nt-proBNP呈正相关（r=0.784,P=0.000）.心衰的多种影响因素多元线性回归分析：冠心病、纽约心功能分级、左室舒张末期内径、proANP和Nt-proBNP与左室射血分数呈负相关（P=0.000、P=0.031、P=0.000、P=0.004、P=0.000）.结论 睡眠呼吸暂停对64例心衰住院患者的心功能产生影响;利钠多肽与心脏超声所测左室射血分数在评价心功能方面呈负相关.     

无锡地区194例成年鼾症患者多导睡眠检测分析

目的了解本地区不同年龄组鼾症与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气（OSAHS）成年患者睡眠结构、夜间呼吸及血氧情况的差异及其危害性。方法194例成年鼾症患者PSG监测7h,记录睡眠效率（SEF％）、REM周期（REM cycle）及各睡眠期占睡眠时间百分比,最长呼吸暂停时间、总共呼吸暂停时间、总共低通气时间、睡眠呼吸紊乱指数（AHI）,平均血氧饱和度（MSaO2）、最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）、SaO2〈90％的时间占总睡眠时间百分数（SIT90％）;SaO2〈80％的时间占总睡眠时间百分数（SIT80％）;氧减饱和指数（ODI。）等指标。根据结果在不同年龄组间分为OSAHS组和单纯鼾症组进行资料对比。结果各年龄组中OSAHS患者相对单纯鼾症患者在睡眠结构、夜间呼吸情况及夜间血氧情况分析,不同指标均存在明显差异。结论本地区不同年龄层次的OSAHS患者的发病率可能随年龄增长而增高;不同年龄组别OSAHS患者较单纯鼾症患者睡眠呼吸紊乱均较明显,OSAHS的危害应当引起广泛重视。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征对血压的影响

目的：探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）对血压的影响。方法：入选112名患者,行多导睡眠监测,根据是否伴有高血压及OSAHS[呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）〉20次/min,定义为中重度OSAHS],随机分为四组,血压正常＋轻度OSAHS组（30例）、血压正常＋中重度OSAHS组（25例）、高血压＋轻度OS-AHS组（22例）、高血压＋中重度OSAHS组（35例）。比较一般临床资料、血压参数、睡眠结构、血氧参数。结果：1.高血压患者中,与轻度OSAHS组比较,中重度OSAHS组的初醒时舒张压明显升高[（93.45±12.24）mmHg比（100.31±9.97）mmHg],睡前、初醒时脉压[（58.41±15.52）mmHg比（47.71±11.46）mmHg,（55.77±17.42）mmHg比（41.51±11.86）mmHg]明显降低（P〈0.01）;在血压正常患者中,上述各血压参数在中重度OSAHS组与轻度OSAHS组间均无显著性差异;2.与轻度OSAHS组比较,中重度OSAHS组的AHI、低氧指数和血氧饱和度〈90%时间均明显增加,平均血氧饱和度、最低血氧饱和度明显降低（P〈0.01）;3.高血压患者中,与轻度OSAHS组比较,中重度OSAHS组的非快速动眼Ⅱ期占总睡眠时间比例明显增加（37.55%比47.13%,P〈0.01）、入睡后清醒时间占总睡眠时间比例减少（22.83%比12.90%,P〈0.05）。结论：OSAHS对高血压患者血压有显著影响,表现在初醒时舒张压升高,睡前、初醒时脉压降低,并随着OSAHS病情加剧而加重。OSAHS患者夜间发生缺氧,这可能是合并OSAHS的高血压患者舒张压波动的重要机制之一。     

OSAHS患者低氧血症程度相关因素分析

应用Polysmish多导睡眠分析系统对入选对象进行7h睡眠监测,确诊为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）24例,鼾症16例。OSAHS组夜间最低氧饱和度（SaO2）明显低于鼾症组（P〈0.05）,最低SaO2与患者呼吸暂停指数（AHI）、体质量指数（BMI）、最长呼吸暂停时间均呈负相关（P〈0.01）,与年龄无关。     

交感神经活性和血管内皮功能在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并高血压发病机制中的作用

目的探讨交感神经活性、血管内皮功能在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）合并高血压发病机制中的作用。方法根据整夜多导睡眠监测（PSG）、血压测量和病史采集将93例患者分为：OSAHS血压正常组、OSAHS合并高血压组、高血压不合并OSAHS组和健康对照组。测定PSG当晚睡眠前后血压、血浆去甲肾上腺素、血浆内皮素和血清一氧化氮；收集PSG当晚22点至次晨6点的所有尿液送检尿3-甲氨基4-羟苦杏仁酸（VMA）。结果OSAHS组患者不论有无高血压，各指标变化为：晨起血浆去甲肾上腺素均显著高于睡前，OSAHS合并高血压组升高更明显；醒后去甲肾上腺素与醒后平均动脉压、睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、氧减次数、氧减指数、睡眠期间血氧饱和度低于90％的时间占总睡眠时间的百分比（T90）呈显著正相关，与睡眠时最低血氧饱和度（minSaO2）和夜间平均血氧饱和度（MSaO2）呈显著负相关；醒后内皮素显著增高、一氧化氮明显下降，而另外两组则相反；醒后内皮素与醒后平均动脉压、AHI、最长呼吸暂停时间、呼吸暂停总时间、氧减次数、氧减指数、T90呈显著正相关，与minSaO2、MSaO2呈显著负相关；醒后一氧化氮与醒后平均动脉压、AHI、最长呼吸暂停时间、呼吸暂停总时间、氧减次数、氧减指数、T90呈显著负相关。与minSaO2、MSaO2呈显著正相关。各组间尿VMA无明显变化。结论在OSAHS患者夜间一过性血压升高和持续性高血压形成方面，交感神经系统活性增强、血管内皮功能紊乱导致的内皮源性舒、缩因子失衡可能起着重要的作用。     

老年心血管病患者睡眠呼吸障碍和周期性腿动的研究

目的 探讨老年心血管病患者睡眠呼吸障碍和周期性腿动的患病情况和关系. 方法 采用RS-611床垫式睡眠呼吸监测系统在低生理负荷状态下对老年心血管病患者监测睡眠呼吸和肢体活动并分析. 结果 (1)31例平均年龄(76.4±7.2)岁,检出阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)26例,夜间低氧血症27例,睡眠期周期性腿动(PLMS)12例.(2)男性呼吸暂停指数明显高于女性(14.1±9.1和7.2±3.5,P＜0.01);≥80岁组低通气指数(HI)明显高于＜80岁组(9.8±10.6和2.6±1.7,P＜0.01);夜间最低血氧饱和度(LO2)、平均血氧饱和度(AO2)明显低于＜80岁组[(76.4±8.3)%和(81.9±5.9)%、(92.6±2.2)%和(94.0±1.1)%,均P＜0.05].(3)患者年龄与HI呈正相关(r=0.392,P＜0.05),HI与LO2、AO2呈负相关(r=-0.410,-0.644,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).(4)PLMS组冠脉严重病变患者明显多于非PLMS组,超声左室射血分数、短轴缩短率明显低于对照组(均P＜0.05). 结论 老年心血管病患者OSAHS患病率高,程度随增龄加重,睡眠呼吸障碍以低通气为著.PLMS者多合并更为严重的冠脉病变和左室收缩功能减低.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.