联合应用分叉状髓内钉和环抱片治疗肱骨干骺端骨折

目的 探讨交锁髓内钉在肱骨干骺端骨折中的应用，扩大交锁髓内钉的适应证。方法 回顾性分析1999年5月～2003年3月行肱骨干骺端骨折交锁髓内钉固定术的患者12例。12例肱骨骨折中，骨折线位于外科颈以上5例，距肱骨下端关节面3～4cm以内7例，其中累及肩关节2例。根据临床疗效综合评定该手术方式的可能性。结果 术后无1例发生伤口感染、骨不连、关节功能障碍等并发症。随访10～36个月，平均25个月，肱骨远近端骨折平均愈合时间分别为10周、11周，所有骨折均愈合，术后6个月正常持物。评价按Rodriquez—Merchan标准：优良11例，1例畸形愈合，优良率为91．6％。结论 在肱骨干骺端骨折中使用交锁髓内钉疗效满意，扩大了交锁髓内钉的适应证。     

交锁髓内钉在四肢干骺端骨折中的应用

目的 探讨交锁髓内钉在肱骨、股骨、胫骨等四肢长管状骨干骺端骨折中的应用，以扩大交锁髓内钉的适应证。方法 干骺端骨折35例，其中肱骨骨折12例，股骨骨折11例，胫骨骨折12例，均采用扩髓髓内钉技术，断端以环抱片固定，近端或远端以分叉针或螺丝钉锁住。累及肩、膝、踝关节面的骨折术中予以人工牵引复位或行辅助切口解剖复位。结果 术后无一例发生伤口感染、骨不连、关节功能障碍等并发症。随访10～36个月(平均25个月)，所有骨折均愈合，肱骨、股骨、胫骨远近端骨折平均愈合时间分别为11、11、12、13、14、16周，术后6个月均弃拐行走或正常持物。评价按Joh—ner—Wruch和Rodriquez—Merchan标准：优良33例，2例畸形愈合，优良率为94．2％。结论 在肱骨、股骨、胫骨等四肢长管状骨干骺端骨折中使用交锁髓内钉疗效满意，扩大了交锁髓内钉的适应证。     

AO肱骨非扩髓交锁髓内钉在肱骨干骨折中的应用

目的评估AO肱骨非扩髓交锁髓内钉在肱骨干骨折中的疗效。方法利用AO肱骨非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折42例(44处)。术后患肢予以三角巾悬吊。结果随访5个月～6年,平均39个月。患者伤口均一期愈合,无感染。41处骨折一期愈合,2处延迟愈合,1处再次手术植骨后愈合。骨折愈合时间为12～41周,平均17周。6例出现肩峰撞击综合征。1例术后出现短暂的桡神经损害症状。结论AO肱骨非扩髓交锁髓内钉在肱骨干骨折中的疗效是肯定的、可靠的。     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折

目的报告应用逆行交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效。方法采用肱骨交锁髓内钉逆行进钉内同定治疗肱骨干骨折16例，钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折17例分别从手术情况、并发症、生物力学、骨折愈合情况、功能恢复等方面进行比较与分析结果所有患随访5～18个月．平均7．6个月，髓内钉逆行内固定组：平均骨折愈合时间6．3个月．术后尺神经麻痹1例，无一例髓内钉和锁钉折弯或断裂，功能煅练时间早．骨折愈合牢固，功能恢复良好：钢板内固定：平均骨折愈合时间5．6个月，术后桡神经麻痹2例，螺钉松动、折断和钢板弯曲各1例，骨不连1例，骨延迟愈合3例．结论肱骨干骨折逆行交锁髓内钉内固定术，方法简单安全．内固定牢靠，术后并发症少．疗效优于钢板内固定术。     

超远端交锁髓内钉固定治疗胫骨远端干骺端骨折

目的探讨超远端交锁髓内钉在胫骨远端距关节面5 cm以内的干骺端骨折治疗中的应用。方法 12例胫骨远端距关节面5 cm以内的干骺端骨折,采用闭合复位、超远端交锁髓内钉进行内固定治疗。结果 12例均获随访平均9.7个月,完全负重时间平均13.4周,临床愈合时间平均12.2周,均于术后4~6周关节活动度恢复正常。结论应用超远端交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨远端距关节面5 cm以内的干骺端骨折,手术创伤小、固定可靠、疗效满意,但应慎重选择病例。     

锁定钢板与交锁髓内钉内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的疗效比较

目的比较锁定钢板与交锁髓内钉内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的临床疗效。方法 52例符合纳入标准的肱骨外科颈骨折分为锁定钢板组和髓内钉组,每组各26例。锁定钢板组采用切开复位锁定钢板内固定,髓内钉组采用闭合或有限切开复位交锁髓内钉内固定。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间及术后6个月Neer肩关节功能评分。结果 52例术后获得平均7.37(6~11)个月随访。术后6个月Neer肩关节功能评分:锁定钢板组优12例,良10例,可2例,差2例,优良率84.62%;髓内钉组优12例,良11例,可2例,差1例,优良率88.46%。2组手术时间、术后6个月Neer肩关节功能评分优良率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与锁定钢板组相比,髓内钉组术中出血量减少,骨折愈合时间缩短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论锁定钢板与交锁髓内钉内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折术后肩关节功能无明显差异,但交锁髓内钉内固定可以减少手术创伤,促进骨折愈合。在掌握手术技巧后,建议优先选择交锁髓内钉内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折。     

交锁髓内钉手术治疗肱骨干骨折

目的介绍采用交锁髓内钉手术治疗肱骨干骨折。方法自1999年1月～2003年1月采用交锁髓内钉(远端不交锁)治疗肱骨干骨折36例。男28例，女8例；年龄19～59岁，平均38岁。AO分型，A型24例，B型11例，C型1例，均采用闭合复位、顺行插钉技术，远端不交锁，术后第2天肩肘带保护下开始功能锻炼，不采用其它外固定。结果随访26例，随访时间3～38个月，平均20个月，所有病例伤口Ⅰ／甲愈合，骨折无延迟愈合及不愈合。平均愈合时间9周，术后肩肘关节功能恢复良好。结论交锁髓内钉是治疗肱骨干骨折较好方法，远端可不交锁。     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折

目的：报告肱骨干骨折逆行交锁髓内钉内固定的疗效。方法：采用肱骨交锁髓内钉逆行内固定治疗肱骨干骨折16例。钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折17例。分别从手术情况、并发症、生物力学、骨折愈合情况、功能恢复等方面进行比较与分析。结果：随访5～18个月,平均7．6个月。髓内钉逆行内固定：平均1折愈合时问63个月,术后l例尺神经麻痹,无一例髓内钉和锁钉折弯或断裂,功能煅练时间早,骨折愈合牢固,功能恢复良好。钢板内固定：平均骨折愈合时间5．6个月,术后桡神经麻痹2例,螺钉松动、折断和钢板弯曲各1例,骨不连1例,骨延迟愈合3例。结论：肱骨干骨折逆行交锁髓内钉内固定术,方法简单安全,内固定牢靠,术后并发症少。做为肱骨干骨折的内固定术优于钢板内固定术。     

逆行静力交锁髓内钉治疗闭合性肱骨干骨折

目的探讨应用逆行静力交锁髓内钉治疗闭合性肱骨干骨折的手术方法及优点。方法采用肱骨交锁髓内钉逆行静力固定治疗闭合性肱骨干骨折21例,分析临床疗效。结果18例患者获得平均14.2个月随访,骨折平均愈合时间为2个月,无骨折并发症,肩肘关节功能恢复良好。根据Neer评定标准,得分88～100分,平均(94±4)分。结论逆行静力交锁髓内钉治疗闭合性肱骨干骨折具有愈合快、并发症少等优点。     

分叉交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合

目的探讨分叉交锁髓内钉在治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合的疗效。方法应用分叉交锁髓内钉治疗不同原因引起的肱骨干骨折不愈合。术中取自体松质骨植骨。结果11例经过12~20个月(平均16.5个月)的随访,所有病例均骨性愈合,无切口感染及骨髓炎的发生。结论分叉交锁髓内钉内固定能有效控制不良的剪应力,在治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合的临床应用中,能最大限度的提供固定的牢固程度,促进骨折的愈合。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.