躯体形式障碍患者述情障碍分析

目的探讨躯体形式障碍患者的述情障碍及其心理健康状况。方法采用多伦多述情障碍量表（TAS）,症状自评量表（SCL-90）对50例躯体形式障碍患者（研究组）和50例健康者（对照组）进行测评,并进行比较分析。结果研究组TAS、SCL-90量表评分总分及各因子分均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论躯体形式障碍患者存在明显的述情障碍,其心理健康状况较差。     

述情障碍与心理健康状况的相关性分析

目的 了解述情障碍与心理健康状况的关系。方法 对274名高中生进行TAS、SCL－90自我测试,对所获资料进行相关分析。结果 被试对象TAS总分与SCL－90总分及各因子分显著相关（P＜0．01）,同时SCL－90总分与TAS各因子分显著相关（P＜0．01）。结论 心理健康水平一定程度上取决于述情障碍的水平,述情障碍可能是心理健康水平的人格基础。     

哮喘患者述情障碍与心理健康及人格特征的相关研究

目的：探讨哮喘患者述情障碍与心理健康、人格特征的相关性。方法：采用多伦多述情障碍量表（TAS）、症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版（EPQ—RSC）对52例哮喘患者进行了测查。结果：与常模比较，哮喘患者存有明显的述情障碍。其TAS总分、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ及Ⅳ因子与EPQ—RSC的E、Ⅲ因子与N呈显著负相关：TAS总分、Ⅰ、Ⅱ因子与N、Ⅱ和Ⅳ因子与P均呈显著正相关。TAS总分与SCL-90各因子除恐怖因子外均呈正相关；Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅳ因子与躯体化、抑郁、焦虑及精神病性呈正相关；Ⅲ、Ⅳ因子与强迫、偏执及精神病呈正相关；Ⅳ因子与人际关系敏感、敌意呈正相关。结论：哮喘患者普遍存在述情障碍，且与心理健康状况及个性特征有密切关系。     

海洛因依赖者述情障碍与家庭环境特征研究

目的探讨海洛因依赖者述情障碍与家庭环境的特征及其关系。方法以自设一般情况问卷，多论多述情障碍量表（TAS）与家庭环境量表中文版（FES—CV）对165例海洛因依赖者进行测平，并与90例正常人及FES—CV常模进行比较。结果海洛因依赖者TAS各因子分及总分FES—CV中除娱乐性、独立性外的各因子与正常入群之间存在显著性差异（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。相关分析显示海洛因依赖者TAS与FES—CV的部分因子之间存在显著的相关性（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结论海洛因依赖者在家庭环境、述情的多个方面存在明显的缺陷。述情障碍可能是成瘾群体的一种素质特征，且这种素质与不良的家庭环境密切相关。     

3所高校大一新生述情障碍与心理健康现状

目的探讨大一新生述情障碍与心理健康水平间的关系以及一本、二本和大专院校学生间述情障碍和心理健康水平的差别。方法采用多伦多述情量表(TAS-20)和症状自评量表(SCL-90),对564名一年级大学生进行调查。结果三高校学生间SCL-90总分及各因子分差异具有统计学意义(F=12.853～23.509,P均<0.001),一本和二本院校学生SCL-90分低于大专院校学生(P<0.05～0.001),一本与二本院校学生间躯体化和恐怖因子分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组学生间TAS-20因子3分差异有显著地统计学意义(F=5.069,P<0.01),一本院校学生得分最高。与女性学生相比,男性学生SCL-90抑郁因子分较低(t=2.411,P<0.05),而TAS-20因子3分则较高(t=2.409,P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。相关分析显示,总样本SCL-90总分与TAS总分(r=0.312,P<0.01)及其辨认情感困难(r=0.320,P<0.01)、描述情感困难(r=0.238,P<0.01)和外向性思维(r=0.130,P<0.01)因子分呈正相关。结论大专新生心理健康水平低于于一本和二本新生,表明对大专新生需加强心理健康教育,大一新生述情障碍与心理健康水平存在相关,提示心理健康教育中情绪表达干预的重要性。     

不同程度述情障碍者威斯康星卡片分类测验的比较研究

目的：探讨高述情障碍者有无认知功能的受损及其特征方法：采用多伦多述情障碍量表中文版（TAS-20-C）对6126名在校大学生的述情障碍情况进行评定，以该量表得分值为标准，从最高分降序选取150名大学生作为述情障碍高分组，从最低分升序选取150名大学生作为述情障碍低分组，两组均接受威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）。结果：述情障碍高分组的总测验数、持续应答数、持续性错误应答数、完成第一次分类应答数、不能维持定势的次数均高于低分组（P〈0．05）；而高分组的正确应答数、完成分类数、概念化水平应答率则明显低于低分组（P〈0．05）；TAS-20-C的总分及因子分与WCST成绩呈显著相关。结论：述情障碍的高低与额叶功能受损的程度有关。     

述情障碍对冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者应对方式及生活质量的影响

目的:探讨述情障碍对冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者应对方式及生活质量的影响。方法:对符合世界卫生组织冠心病、2型糖尿病诊断标准的70例患者,依据多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-20)评分分为2组,总分60分为述情障碍组,50分为非述情障碍组,50~60分不做研究。述情障碍组41例,无述情障碍组29例。尔后分别进行医学应对问卷(MCMQ)、生活质量综合评定问卷(GQLI)测评,并进行比较分析。结果:述情障碍组MCMQ面对因子评分显著低于非述情障碍组(t=-8.23,P0.01),而回避、屈从因子评分则显著高于非述情障碍组(t=5.21,4.27;P0.01)。非述情障碍组GQLI总分及躯体健康、心理健康、社会功能因子分均显著高于述情障碍组,差异有统计学意义(t=3.66,3.82,3.66,2.37;P0.01);物质生活维度评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。患者TAS-20评分与MCMQ的面对因子评分呈显著负相关(r=-0.34,P0.01),而与MCMQ回避、屈从因子评分呈显著正相关(r=0.32,0.34;P0.01);与GQLI总分、躯体健康、心理健康及社会功能因子分呈显著负相关(r=-0.31,-0.33,-0.30;P0.01),与物质生活维度评分无相关性。结论 :冠心病合并2型糖尿病述情障碍患者多采用回避和屈服的消极应对方式,而较少采用积极应对方式;其生活质量较非述情障碍患者差。     

广泛性焦虑障碍患者的述情障碍与焦虑症状的相关分析

目的探讨广泛性焦虑障碍患者的述情障碍与焦虑的相关性。方法采用自制的一般情况调查表、多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-20)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)对伴有或不伴有惊恐发作的46例广泛性焦虑障碍患者(焦虑组)及50例健康志愿者(对照组)进行评估,并分析述情障碍与焦虑的相关性。结果 1焦虑组的TAS总分、因子1、因子2、因子3显著高于对照组(t=3.41,P0.05);2焦虑患者的TAS总分与HAMA总分及躯体评分呈显著正相关(t=17.27,P0.01),与精神焦虑分无相关性(t分别=-0.13,0.16,P0.05);TAS因子1、因子3与HAMA总分、精神焦虑分、躯体焦虑分无显著相关性(r=0.50,P0.05);因子2与HAMA总分、躯体焦虑分呈显著正相关(P0.05)。结论广泛性焦虑障碍的患者存在述情障碍,且述情障碍与焦虑症状存在正相关,缺乏情感描述能力者躯体焦虑更为显著。     

网瘾青少年述情障碍与自我接纳的相关研究

目的 了解网瘾青少年的述情障碍状况和自我接纳状况,并探讨两者之间的关系.方法 对符合Young的网络依赖诊断标准的青少年(研究组)及对照组,采用多伦多述情障碍量表和自我接纳量表进行测查.结果 研究组的网瘾总分和缺乏描绘情感能力的因子分及自我评价的因子分有显著相关(r=0.286,P＜0.05;r=-0.321,P＜0...     

持续躯体形式疼痛障碍临床症状与述情障碍的关系

目的探讨持续的躯体形式疼痛障碍患者临床症状与述情障碍状况的关系。方法 58例持续的躯体形式疼痛障碍患者与41例对照者共同完成一般资料调查表、多伦多述情障碍量表中文版(TAS-20-C)和症状自评量表(SCL-90),对所得数据进行统计分析。结果 58病例组除了难以描述自己的情感因子分两组差异无统计学意义(t=1.70,P0.05),TAS-20-C总分、难以识别自己的情感因子分及外向性思维因子分均显著高于对照组(t=4.32,3.55,4.29;P0.01);SCL-90量表评分总均分及各因子得分均显著高于对照组(t=6.98,11.40,6.34,3.41,4.63,4.78,5.05,4.87,5.17,4.40,5.8;P0.01)。病例组TAS-20-C总分与SCL-90总均分、躯体化因子得分、人际关系敏感因子分、敌对因子分及精神病性因子分均正相关(P0.05或0.01);而难以识别自己的情感因子得分与躯体化因子分和人际关系敏感因子分正相关(P0.01和0.05),难以描述自己的情感因子得分和人际关系敏感因子分和敌对因子分正相关(P0.05和0.01);外向性思维因子得分与SCL-90总均分、躯体化因子得分及焦虑因子得分正相关(P0.05或0.01)。结论持续的躯体形式疼痛障碍患者存在明显的述情障碍,且与临床症状相互影响;心理治疗应更关注情绪的识别和处理方面。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.