传统肾脏替代治疗开始指标在判断重症急性肾损伤患者预后的价值

目的 探讨血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)或尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)水平、急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)分级等传统肾脏替代治疗(renal replacement therapy,RRT)开始指标在判断重症AKI患者预后的价值.方法 采用回顾性分析方法,选择在2011年1月至2015年1月期间入住浙江省人民医院重症监护病房诊断为AKI并接受连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)治疗的258例成年患者,根据出院时预后分为存活组(n=104)和死亡组(n=154),比较两组患者在一般情况、疾病组成,CRRT治疗前肾功能情况(尿量、SCr、BUN和AKI分级)、内环境稳态(酸碱平衡和电解质水平)和疾病严重程度(APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分)等指标上的差异.同时采用多因素Cox比例风险模型和ROC曲线分析,筛选影响重症AKI患者预后的危险因素.结果 两组患者在性别、年龄、原发疾病性质、AKI病因组成、CRRT治疗前APACHEⅡ评分、肾功能情况(AKI分级、尿量、BUN和SCr)、血钾和血磷水平等因素上差异无统计学意义(均P ＞0.05);但死亡组中严重脓毒症患者比例更高(31.17％ vs.19.23％,P=0.033)、pH值更低(7.27±0.34 vs.7.41 ±0.34,P=0.024)、乳酸水平更高(3.97±2.87vs.2.64±2.30,P=0.006);采用多因素Cox比例风险模型检验分析后发现,仅血磷水平(P =0.043)和乳酸水平(P =0.009)为影响重症AKI患者预后的独立危险因素,而SCr、BUN、AKI分级、尿量、pH值、碳酸氢根水平(HC03-)、血钾水平等传统RRT开始参考指标则与患者预后无显著相关(均P＞0.05).因此,将pH值、HC03-、血钾水平、血磷水平、尿量和AKI分级这六项传统指标进行综合,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析并比较综合指标和SCr、BUN、乳酸等因素在预测重症AKI患者院内病死率的作用,结果显示综合指标和乳酸的曲线下面积(AUC)较高,分别为0.669(95％ CI:0.577～0.762)和0.683(95％CI:0.590 ～0.777),而SCr和BUN这两项指标的AUC均＜0.5,分别为0.460(95％ CI:0.358 ～0.562)和0.469 (95％ CI:0.366～0.571).结论 在预测重症AKI患者预后的作用上,RRT治疗前的综合指标优于任一传统RRT开始参考指标.因此,临床上在判断重症AKI患者何时应开始RRT治疗时,应综合考虑,而不是根据某一指标.     

影响心脏外科术后患者连续肾脏替代治疗预后的危险因素分析

目的 探讨心脏外科术后连续肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)急性肾损伤(AKI)患者的预后及影响预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析我院2005-01～2008-12心脏外科术后CRRT患者的临床资料.结果 220例CRRT患者,病死率54.4%.Logistic回归分析显示,死亡危险因素与体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)治疗、多脏器功能障碍综合征(MODS)、CRRT前直接胆红素、CRRT前尿素氮(Bun)、住ICU时间、术后住院时间有关.根据患者CRRT当天的血肌酐水平及尿量,AKI分为三级,AKIⅢ级病死率高,存活时间短.结论 心脏外科术后需要CRRT的AKI患者病死率高.根据肾脏损伤程度分级,AKIⅢ级患者预后较差.肾损伤早期开始CRRT能降低患者的病死率.     

重症医学科患者急性肾损伤的发病率及危险因素的分析

目的:探讨重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)收治患者急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的发病率以及相关危险因素。方法:回顾分析ICU 1443例患者的临床资料,按照AKI临床诊断标准筛选AKI患者,进行病因分析,检测AKI患者的实验室指标,记录尿量、住ICU时间等用Logistic回归分析影响预后的危险因素。结果:1443例ICU患者中符合2012年KDIGO-AKI诊断标准的患者98例(6.7%),其中病死32例(32.65%),需肾替代治疗50例(51.02%),随着AKI患者年龄和分期的增大,病死率越高;病因构成中脓毒症性AKI患者48例(48.98%),非脓毒症性AKI患者50例(51.02%),脓毒症性AKI患者住ICU时间和住院时间均较非脓毒症性AKI患者长(t=2.292,P=0.024;t=2.083,P=0.040),且行肾替代治疗比率较高(χ2=4.083,P=0.043)。Logistic回归分析显示老年、少尿、休克、酸中毒、AKI 3期、升压药物、感染和需肾替代治疗是AKI预后不良的危险因素。结论:ICU中AKI患者的发病率和病死率均较高,AKI的预后与多种因素有关,及早发现并干预治疗对降低AKI病死率具有重要意义。     

伴多器官功能障碍的急性肾损伤患者危险因素及预后分析

目的 观察并比较合并多器官功能障碍（multiple organ Ddysfunction syndrome,MODS）的急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）患者的临床及预后特点,并分析AKI患者合并MODS的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析上海瑞金医院1997～2010年间住院患者中合并MODS的130例AKI患者的临床病例资料,并与同期收集的910例未合并MODS的AKI患者进行比较分析.结果 合并MODS的患者占同期AKI患者的12.5％,和NonMODS组相比,年龄高于NonMODS组（55.57±20.16 vs.49.57±19.90,P=0.001）,性别比例无明显差异;RIFLE分级有显著统计学差异,偏向更高严重等级（x2=24.193,P＜0.001）,接受RRT 的比例明显高于对照组,有显著统计学差异（x2=52.237,P＜0.001）;MODS-AKI患者肾功能恢复率为28.5％,明显低于NonMODS组（x2=94.271,P＜0.001）,死亡率达70％,和对照组相比有明显统计学意义（x2=256.152,P＜0.001）,但预后和RIFLE分级及RRT情况无明显相关,和MODS数目呈正相关（r=0.406,P＜0.001）;并发MODS危险度最高的因素为机械通气（P＜0.001,OR=14.966）,其余依次为低血压（P＜0.001,OR=5.422）、急性胰腺炎（P=0.004,OR=3.995）、充血心力衰竭（P＜0.001,OR=3.527）、败血症（P=0.018,OR=3.357）、发热（P=0.001,OR=2.477）、CKD （P＜0.001,OR=0.355）,但CKD是否在该过程中扮演保护性角色尚需进一步研究来证实.结论 AKI患者中并发MODS的人群年龄偏高于NonMODS者,性别比例无特殊,RIFLE标准在评估MODS-AKI的预后方面有局限性,RRT在改善MODS-AKI的预后方面的作用本研究未能证实.合并MODS的AKI患者在临床上有其自身特点,要区别于普通AKI而对待.当AKI患者进行机械通气或合并血流动力学改变、感染及急性胰腺炎等急性损伤因素时MODS的发生率增高,因此要注意严密监测上述情况相关指标预防MODS的发生以改善AKI患者预后.     

脓毒症并发急性肾损伤患者临床特点及预后因素分析

目的 探讨脓毒症并发急性肾损伤（AKI）患者的临床特点及其影响预后的因素. 方法 回顾性分析2006年12月至2011年10月入住温州医科大学附属第一医院急诊重症监护室的脓毒症并发AKI患者90例.用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析研究其临床特点及影响预后的危险因素. 结果 90例脓毒症并发AKI患者的感染诱因主要为腹内感染、肺部感染、皮肤及软组织感染;AKI 2、3期病死率明显高于1期（P＜ 0.05）;32例患者接受了肾脏替代治疗,44例患者需机械通气支持,45例死亡（病死率为50.0％）.单因素分析提示器官衰竭数目、AKI分期、应用血管活性药物、是否需要机械通气支持都能影响患者预后（P均＜0.05）.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,器官衰竭数目（P=0.008,OR=2.181）、AKI分期（P=0.011,OR=2.227）、是否需要机械通气支持（P=0.002,OR=0.198）是患者死亡的独立危险因素. 结论 器官衰竭数目、AKI分期及需机械通气支持可作为判断脓毒症并发AKI患者预后的重要依据.     

肺移植术后急性肾损伤的危险因素及预后分析

目的观察肺移植术后急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的发生情况及预后,探讨肺移植术后发生AKI的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2002~2011年在原无锡第五人民医院及现无锡人民医院接受肺移植手术的成人患者术前、术中及术后临床资料,根据急性肾损伤网络(AKIN)标准诊断AKI。应用Logistic回归分析肺移植术后AKI发生的危险因素。结果术后有53.4%(47/88)患者发生AKI,其中AKI-1期占30.7%,AKI 2期占12.5%,AKI3期占10.2%;另其中3例接受肾脏替代治疗(3/47,6.4%)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术中失血量(OR=1.238)、术中平均动脉压差(△MAP)(OR=3.221)是肺移植术后发生1期AKI的独立危险因素;术前蛋白尿(OR=3.185)、术中红细胞(RBC)输注量(OR=1.653)、术前高血压史(OR=2.285)是肺移植术后发生2~3期AKI的独立危险因素;术中ECOM支持(OR=0.113)是术后发生2~3期AKI的保护性因素。结论肺移植患者术后AKI发生率高,AKI患者预后较差。关注AKI的发生的危险因素可能有助于预防肺移植术后AKI的发生,改善患者预后。     

急性肾损伤的肾脏替代治疗时机

急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)是临床常见的危重症,肾脏替代治疗(renal replacement therapy,RRT)已成为AKI患者的重要治疗手段,但开始RRT的最佳时机尚无明确结论。目前RRT治疗时机的界定往往根据血清肌酐(Serum creatinine,SCr)和尿素氮水平(urea nitrogen,BUN)、尿量、重症监护室住院时间以及AKI分期等。多数临床研究认为早期RRT能更好地使AKI患者获益,但也有研究得到相反的结论。要明确找到"早"和"晚"的最佳时间截点,仍需要大规模多中心前瞻性随机对照研究进一步探讨。     

持续性肾脏替代治疗在急性肾损伤中的应用

急性肾损伤(Acute kidney injury,AKI)是一种涉及多学科的临床常见危重病症,发病率逐年上升,死亡率高.持续性肾脏替代治疗(replacement therapy,RRT)是一种连续、缓慢清除水分和溶质,对脏器起支持作用的血液净化技术.现有证据显示早期RRT介入和AKI患者预后改善相关.高剂量治疗[35 ml/(kg·h)]不能使肾脏替代治疗获益,目前的推荐剂量是20～25 ml/(kg·h).鉴于AKI病因的多样性,患者年龄、性别、血流动力学等的不同及荟萃分析本身的局限性,仍需进行大规模的RCT,针对不同的AKI原因进行分层随机研究,以进一步确定CRRT治疗的时机、方式、剂量等.     

慢性肾脏病基础上急性肾损伤的病因和预后分析——附38例报告

目的:探讨慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)基础上急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的病因和预后的影响因素.方法:对38例CKD基础上的AKI患者按照RIFLE标准对AKI进行分层诊断,并对38例患者的病因、预后等临床资料进行数理分析.结果:38例中,符合R标准2例(5%)、I标准3例(8%)、F标准5例(13%),L标准11例(29%),E标准17例(45%);其中符合F、L、E标准33例,占87%.导致AKI最常见的病因是恶性高血压(32%)和严重感染(21%).CKD患者发生AKI后的血清肌酐较发生AKI前明显升高,GFR则明显降低(均为P＜0.01).需要肾脏替代治疗28例(74%),其中发生终末期肾脏病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)21例,占55%;无需肾脏替代治疗7例(18%);死亡3例,病死率8%.多变量Logistic 回归分析显示,恶性高血压分别是CKD基础上的AKI患者需要肾脏替代治疗(r＝2.42,P＜0.05)和发生ESRD(r＝2.08,P＜0.05)的独立危险因素;而少尿、感染和CKD的基础病因与患者的肾脏预后无关 (P＞0.05).结论:恶性高血压和严重感染是CKD患者并发AKI的主要病因,恶性高血压是这类患者肾脏预后不良的独立危险因素,严格控制血压是预防CKD患者并发AKI和改善患者预后的关键措施之一.     

不同急性肾损伤分期的MODS患者连续肾脏替代治疗预后分析

目的探讨RIFLE标准的急性肾损伤(AKI)分期与连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)的多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者预后的关系。方法回顾性分析第四军医大学西京医院肾脏病科2004年以来行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗的240例MODS患者,按RIFLE标准分为AKIⅠ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期,对比分析不同AKI分期患者的医院死亡率和器官衰竭数,并将CVVH治疗前和治疗24h后的APACHEII评分、SOFA评分、平均动脉压(MAP)、氧合指数、血尿素氮(BUN)和血肌酐(Scr)等指标进行比较。结果①全部患者死亡率为38.75%,AKIⅢ期患者医院死亡率高于AKIⅠ期和Ⅱ期患者(P<0.05)。②随着AKI分期的加重,患者器官衰竭数增加(P=0.001)。发生脏器衰竭≥4个的患者医院死亡率明显高于脏器衰竭数≤3个的患者,(75.5%vs13.4%,P<0.05)。③CVVH治疗24h后,患者MAP、氧合指数、BUN和Scr均明显改善;APACHE II评分和SOFA评分在AKII期和II期患者显著降低,在AKI III期患者中则变化无显著性。结论CVVH是防治MODS合并重症ARF患者的有效手段,RILFE标准对AKI早期诊断和判断预后有指导意义。必须强调CVVH时机的选择,早期(AKIⅠ期和Ⅱ期)行CVVH可以明显改善MODS患者的预后。     

Impact of timing of renal replacement therapy initiation on outcome of septic acute kidney injury

Introduction

Sepsis is the leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critical patients. The optimal timing of initiating renal replacement therapy (RRT) in septic AKI patients remains controversial. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of early or late initiation of RRT, as defined using the simplified RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss of kidney function, and end-stage renal failure) classification (sRIFLE), on hospital mortality among septic AKI patients.

Methods

Patient with sepsis and AKI requiring RRT in surgical intensive care units were enrolled between January 2002 and October 2009. The patients were divided into early (sRIFLE-0 or -Risk) or late (sRIFLE-Injury or -Failure) initiation of RRT by sRIFLE criteria. Cox proportional hazard ratios for in hospital mortality were determined to assess the impact of timing of RRT.

Results

Among the 370 patients, 192 (51.9%) underwent early RRT and 259 (70.0%) died during hospitalization. The mortality rate in early and late RRT groups were 70.8% and 69.7% respectively (P > 0.05). Early dialysis did not relate to hospital mortality by Cox proportional hazard model (P > 0.05). Patients with heart failure, male gender, higher admission creatinine, and operation were more likely to be in the late RRT group. Cox proportional hazard model, after adjustment with propensity score including all patients based on the probability of late RRT, showed early dialysis was not related to hospital mortality. Further model matched patients by 1:1 fashion according to each patient's propensity to late RRT showed no differences in hospital mortality according to head-to-head comparison of demographic data (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Use of sRIFLE classification as a marker poorly predicted the benefits of early or late RRT in the context of septic AKI. In the future, more physiologically meaningful markers with which to determine the optimal timing of RRT initiation should be identified.     

The intensive care medicine agenda on acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in the critically ill. Current standard of care mainly relies on identification of patients at risk, haemodynamic optimization, avoidance of nephrotoxicity and the use of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in established AKI. The detection of early biomarkers of renal tissue damage is a recent development that allows amending the late and insensitive diagnosis with current AKI criteria. Increasing evidence suggests that the consequences of an episode of AKI extend long beyond the acute hospitalization. Citrate has been established as the anticoagulant of choice for continuous RRT. Conflicting results have been published on the optimal timing of RRT and on the renoprotective effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning. Recent research has contradicted that acute tubular necrosis is the common pathology in AKI, that septic AKI is due to global kidney hypoperfusion, that aggressive fluid therapy benefits the kidney, that vasopressor therapy harms the kidney and that high doses of RRT improve outcome. Remaining uncertainties include the impact of aetiology and clinical context on pathophysiology, therapy and prognosis, the clinical benefit of biomarker-driven interventions, the optimal mode of RRT to improve short- and long-term patient and kidney outcomes, the contribution of AKI to failure of other organs and the optimal approach for assessing and promoting renal recovery. Based on the established gaps in current knowledge the trials that must have priority in the coming 10 years are proposed together with the definition of appropriate clinical endpoints.     

Efficacy of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: a propensity analysis

Introduction

Although renal replacement therapy (RRT) is a common procedure in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), its efficacy remains uncertain. Patients who receive RRT usually have higher mortality rates than those who do not. However, many differences exist in severity patterns between patients with and those without RRT and available results are further confounded by treatment selection bias since no consensus on indications for RRT has been reached so far. Our aim was to account for these biases to accurately assess RRT efficacy, with special attention to RRT timing.

Methods

We performed a propensity analysis using data of the French longitudinal prospective multicenter Outcomerea database. Two propensity scores for RRT were built to match patients who received RRT to controls who did not despite having a close probability of receiving the procedure. AKI was defined according to RIFLE criteria. The association between RRT and hospital mortality was examined through multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses to control for residual confounding. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the impact of RRT timing.

Results

Among the 2846 study patients, 545 (19%) received RRT. Crude mortality rates were higher in patients with than in those without RRT (38% vs 17.5%, P < 0.001). After matching and adjustment, RRT was not associated with a reduced hospital mortality. The two propensity models yielded concordant results.

Conclusions

In our study population, RRT failed to reduce hospital mortality. This result emphasizes the need for randomized studies comparing RRT to conservative management in selected ICU patients, with special focus on RRT timing.     

危重病评分及急性肾损伤分期在行连续性肾脏替代治疗的急性肾损伤患者预后中的应用价值

目的 探讨急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation,APACHE)Ⅱ、多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)评分、序贯性脏器衰竭评分(sequential organ failure assessment,SOFA)3种危重病评分系统和急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)分期在行连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)的AKI患者中对预后的判断价值.方法 以2006年1月至2010年12月上海交通大学附属第六人民医院重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)及急诊重症监护病房(emergency intensire care unit,EICU)行CRRT治疗的AKI患者为研究对象,在入ICU、开始CRRT时分别进行APACHE Ⅱ、MODS、SOFA评分和AKl分期,并用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristiC,ROC)曲线进行预后分析.结果 共收集患者117例,117例患者存活45例,死亡72例,总病死率为61.5%.剔除肾脏替代治疗作为AKI分期标准,有25例AKI 3期的患者在CRRT时分别纳入AKI 1期和2期.APACHE ⅡCRRT、MODSCRRT、SOFACRRT的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.901、0.851、0.885(P＜0.001),而AKICRRT的ROC曲线下面积为0.617(P=0.034).结论 APACHE Ⅱ、MODS及SOFA评分系统对行CRRT的AKI患者预后的判断价值较高,而AKI分期则意义不大.     

肾脏替代治疗启动时机对成人急性肾损伤患者预后影响的Meta分析

目的系统评估启用肾脏替代治疗（RRT）时机对成人急性肾损伤（AKI）患者预后的影响。 方法计算机检索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、Embase数据库从建库至2019年2月发表的关于成人AKI患者启用RRT时机的临床随机对照研究（RCT）。由2位研究者按照纳入及排除标准独立进行文献筛选、资料提取及质量评价,采用Revman 5.3软件进行Meta分析。 结果共纳入11个RCT,包括2 332例AKI患者。Meta分析显示,早期与晚期启动RRT治疗的AKI患者间总病死率[相对危险度（RR）= 0.92,95%置信区间（CI）（0.78,1.09）,Z = 5.53,P = 0.35]、14 d病死率[RR = 0.84,95%CI（0.66,1.07）,Z = 1.40,P = 0.16]、30 d病死率[RR = 0.98,95%CI（0.83,1.10）,Z = 0.40,P = 0.69]、60 d病死率[RR = 0.97,95%CI（0.87,1.07）,Z = 0.67,P = 0.50]、90 d病死率[RR = 1.00,95%CI（0.89,1.12）,Z = 0.01,P = 0.99]、ICU住院时间[标准均数差（SMD）= -0.08,95%CI（-0.18,0.02）,Z = 1.63,P = 0.10]以及总住院时间[SMD = -0.16,95%CI（-0.32,0.00）,Z = 1.96,P = 0.05]的比较,差异均无统计学意义。 结论早期RRT治疗不能改善成人AKI患者的预后。     

Renal replacement therapy in intensive care units in KwaZulu-Natal Province,South Africa

Background Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is a scarce resource in southern Africa. Critically ill patients are at risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI), which may require RRT. There are few data on the utilisation of RRT in southern African intensive care units (ICUs). Objectives To determine the indications for initiating RRT in critically ill patients in ICUs in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (SA) and to describe the methods and dosing of RRT. Methods A prospective observational study was performed to investigate the indications for initiating, methods and dosing of RRT among patients admitted to four ICUs in KwaZulu-Natal Province, SA. All adult patients were eligible for inclusion. Results A total of 108 patients who received RRT were included in the study. The most common reasons for initiation of RRT were a high/rising creatinine, high/rising urea, acidosis and fluid balance. The majority of the patients (79.6%; n=86) had three or more indications for RRT. A total of 353 intermittent haemodialysis/slow low-efficiency dialysis (IHD/SLED) sessions and 84 continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) sessions were recorded. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) CRRT dose was 25.8 (19.1 - 28.8) mL/kg/h. The median (IQR) urea reduction ratio for IHD/SLED was 32.4% (15.0 - 49.8). Conclusion Patients in this study had multiple indications for initiating RRT. The dosing of RRT was not optimal, with a wide range shown in CRRT, and the majority of patients did not achieve a urea reduction ratio (URR) >65%. Contributions of the study Renal replacement therapy is a scarce resource in Africa. Little is known about the current types and dosing of RRT in critical care units in South Africa. We showed that critically ill patients had multiple indications for RRT and the dosing was not optimal.