内镜下颅底手术体会

目的 总结内镜下颅底手术的方法和临床经验.方法 回顾性分析2003年7月～2011年8月在鼻内镜下完成的鼻颅底区域手术15例临床资料,探讨鼻颅底手术的相关技术与方法,总结临床经验.结果 15例均采用鼻内镜下进行鼻颅底手术,所有患者均取得满意疗效.其中垂体瘤7例,术后视力或内分泌症状明显改善;外伤性脑脊液鼻漏3例,修补后症状消失;外伤性视神经病5例,行视神经减压术后视力均有不同程度恢复;1例外伤性视神经病术后出现脑脊液鼻漏,经过保守治疗后痊愈.结论 经鼻内镜鼻颅底手术具有创伤小、术后恢复快、并发症少等优点.术中正确识别颅底的解剖标志、恰当的颅底修复,有助于保证手术安全,提高手术疗效.     

鼻内镜鼻颅底肿瘤手术19例临床观察

目的探讨鼻内镜技术应用于鼻颅底肿瘤手术中的适应证、疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2001年1月～2006年1月收治的19例鼻颅底肿瘤患者,其中鼻窦乳头状瘤6例,垂体瘤6例,鼻腔鼻窦骨化纤维瘤3例,嗅母细胞瘤2例,鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽部残灶2例。均在鼻内镜下行手术治疗,术后均经病理证实。肿瘤中有恶变者予以放疗。结果 19例患者肿瘤均全部切除,3例患者出现脑脊液鼻漏,以自体中鼻甲修补成功。术后随访2～4年无复发。结论在适应证选择合理的条件下,应用鼻内镜技术能安全有效处理鼻颅底肿瘤。     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术

目的 探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术的手术方法和治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析1996-2010年诊断为脑脊液鼻漏的54例患者的临床资料,所有患者均行鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术.其中,外伤性25例,自发性17例,医源性12例.采用颞肌、颞肌筋膜、中鼻甲黏膜、鼻中隔黏膜、下鼻甲黏膜、阔筋膜、大腿肌肉、腹部脂肪、钩突黏膜、鼻窦黏膜等进行修复.结果 54例患者中,49例一次修补成功,1例2次手术修补成功,1例3次手术修补成功,1例在外院再次手术成功,1例修补不成功,未再治疗,1例术后1年半复发,未再治疗.术后并发症:4例术后出现高热,1例术后出现一过性浅昏迷并高热,1例术后出现癫痫,1例患者术后出现气颅,均经保守治疗痊愈.结论 鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术是一种安全、有效和微创的手术方式,手术成功率高,应作为首选治疗方法;准确的漏口定位,选择合适的入路和适宜的修补方法是手术成功的关键.     

鼻内镜下经鼻前颅底手术的探讨

目的：探讨经鼻内镜行前颅底手术的可行性及适应证范围。方法：收集并分析我科近年来在鼻内镜下治疗的前颅底疾病6例，包括脑膜脑膨出3例，脑脊液鼻漏2例，左球后肿瘤1例。6例均在全身麻醉下手术。结果：6例手术均一次性成功，无并发症出现。结论：在鼻内镜下行部分鼻前颅底手术具有创伤小、术后恢复快、并发症少等优点，但手术适应证应该严格掌握，术者必须具备熟练的解剖学知识、手术技巧和经验，必须配备先进的手术设备。     

应用鼻内自体材料在内镜下重建鼻颅底缺损治疗脑脊液鼻漏的研究

目的:探讨利用鼻内自体材料在内镜下重建鼻颅底缺损治疗脑脊液鼻漏的方法及可行性。方法:内镜下应用鼻内自体组织对96例患者进行颅底缺损重建治疗脑脊液鼻漏。根据颅底骨缺损的部位、大小决定修复的材料和方法,18例缺损直径<0.5 cm,取游离中鼻甲黏骨膜外置法重建;35例缺损位于筛顶和筛板,缺损直径0.5~<1.0 cm,应用带蒂中鼻甲外置法重建;12例缺损位于蝶鞍斜坡,缺损直径0.5~<1.0 cm,应用带蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣外置法修复;19例缺损直径1.0~<1.5 cm,应用游离鼻中隔软骨-黏骨膜瓣修复;7例缺损位于筛顶和筛板,缺损直径1.5~2.5 cm,应用筛骨垂直板加带蒂中鼻甲重建;5例缺损位于蝶鞍斜坡,缺损直径1.5~2.5cm,则应用筛骨垂直板加带蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣重建颅底。结果:随访6个月~6年,2例患者分别于术后1年和2年再次出现脑脊液鼻漏,1例经保守治疗后脑脊液漏停止,1例患者经再次手术治愈;3例患者于术后出现短暂性脑脊液漏,未经特殊处理自愈;其余患者未再出现脑脊液漏。结论:应用鼻内自体材料在内镜下进行颅底重建治疗脑脊液鼻漏具有取材方便、手术成功率高等优点;不同大小和不同部位的颅底缺损宜选择不同的鼻内自体材料进行重建。     

外伤性迟发性脑脊液鼻漏的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨外伤性迟发性脑脊液鼻漏的发病原因及临床诊治特点.方法 回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院院2000-2008年收治的13例外伤≥3个月后出现脑脊液鼻漏患者的临床资料,重点分析术前CT及MRI扫描的结果 ,结合术中所见,分析两者之间的关系.结果 13例患者颅底均有陈旧性骨折,MRI扫描显示其中11例有软组织自颅底缺损处疝入鼻窦.术中鼻内镜检查见骨质缺损最小约为0.1 cm×0.2 cm;最大约为1.2 cm×1.5 cm,漏口部位与CT检查结果 一致,其中11例漏口处可见暴露的硬脑膜及坏死组织.所有病例均采用经鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术,术后随访12～36个月,未见复发.结论 脑膜组织经颅底缺损疝入鼻窦为外伤后脑脊液鼻漏迟发的关键因素,CT、MRI检查有助于明确漏口位置,其治疗宜采用鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术.     

空蝶鞍合并脑脊液鼻漏的特点及临床治疗

目的:探讨空蝶鞍合并脑脊液鼻漏的特点及治疗方法。方法:空蝶鞍合并脑脊液鼻漏患者8例,其中2例行1次脑脊液鼻漏修补术,4例行2次鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补手术,1例行开颅联合鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术及脑室腹腔分流术,1例行鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术复发后保守治疗治愈。部分患者术后行腰大池引流1周,卧床3周。结果:1例患者术后出现脑出血,行开颅手术后治愈,随访2年未复发;1例术后2年复发,保守治疗治愈;2例在3年后复发,再次手术1年未复发;1例1年后复发,再次手术修补并行脑室腹腔分流术后半年未复发;1例患者术后半年未复发;1例患者术后5年复发,后再次手术。结论:空蝶鞍合并脑脊液鼻漏的患者临床上少见,治疗以鼻内镜手术修补为主,但术后易复发,反复发作者可以考虑行脑室腹腔分流术。术后需长期随访复查。     

鼻内镜在鼻颅底外伤中的运用

目的探讨鼻内镜在鼻颅底外伤处理中的临床运用价值。方法对35例鼻颅底外伤的患者应用鼻内镜技术进行诊治,回顾性分析手术前后的临床资料。结果35例鼻颅底外伤患者中15例合并有鼻大出血,急诊经鼻内镜处理后出血停止。单纯鼻骨骨折3例行鼻内镜手术,术后鼻外观及鼻通气良好。5例鼻骨骨折合并鼻中隔骨折或脱位,4例鼻内镜下行鼻中隔矫正复位术,术后鼻外观及鼻通气良好;1例术后左鼻塞,检查见鼻中隔左偏,1个月后行中隔矫正后鼻塞消失。2例合并鼻泪管断裂,鼻内镜辅助下手术治愈。处理上颌窦（前、上壁）骨折4例、筛窦骨折2例、额筛窦骨折4例（2例伴脑脊液鼻漏）、上颌窦筛窦骨折合并眶纸板骨折4例（2例伴复视）、蝶筛窦骨折6例（1例伴脑脊液鼻漏）。鼻内镜手术后均对位生长愈合良好,无复视及视力障碍,眼球运动正常,外形尚好,窦口引流通畅,鼻腔鼻窦上皮化好。伴脑脊液鼻漏者已愈合。35例中1例鼻腔大出血,虽鼻出血停止但因合并严重脑挫裂伤死亡。结论在处理鼻颅底复杂性外伤中配合应用鼻内镜可以获得较满意疗效。     

鼻内镜下鼻前颅底恶性肿瘤的外科治疗

目的:探讨经鼻内镜外科技术在颅底肿瘤治疗中的应用。方法:回顾性分析2000-08-2009-02期间我院收治的21例侵犯前颅底占位性病变行内镜经鼻手术患者,其中脊索瘤3例,嗅神经母细胞瘤6例,恶性黑色素瘤5例,鳞状细胞癌4例,黏液表皮样癌1例,蝶筛窦腺癌2例。结果:术后复查肿瘤全部切除19例,次全切除2例。所有患者随访24～108个月,死亡5例,复发4例。术后出现1例脑膜炎,2例脑脊液鼻漏(1例经保守治疗痊愈,1例经鼻内镜手术修补成功)。结论:内镜经鼻治疗颅底肿瘤切实可行,是一种安全、有效、微创的外科治疗方法,但要掌握手术适应证。     

鼻内镜下鼻腔自体材料即时脑脊液鼻漏修补术（附11例报告）

目的探讨鼻内镜下采用鼻腔自体材料即时脑脊液鼻漏修补术的手术方法和治疗效果及应用价值。方法回顾分析2013年8月至2019年9月在我院住院行鼻内镜手术术中发生脑脊液鼻漏的11例患者临床资料,11例患者初始疾病:鼻息肉伴鼻窦炎3例,鼻腔乳头状瘤1例,鼻腔恶性淋巴瘤2例,鼻腔恶性黑色素瘤2例,鼻颅底肿瘤3例。脑脊液鼻漏病因均为医源性,漏出部位为筛板3例,筛顶5例(含双侧筛顶1例),蝶窦顶壁2例,蝶窦外侧壁1例。脑脊液鼻漏发生后均即时行带蒂鼻中隔或中鼻甲黏膜瓣、钩突黏膜、中鼻甲骨等自体材料修补手术。结果 11例患者均一次修补成功,术中及术后均未发生严重并发症。随访6月以上,未见再发脑脊液鼻漏。结论鼻内镜下鼻腔自体材料即行脑脊液鼻漏修补术,具有取材方便及便于固定,带蒂的移植组织血供丰富易存活,相同的组织结构保证腺体的分泌功能,能有效避免鼻腔干燥等不适症状发生等等优点,是一种安全有效和微创的手术方式,值得临床推广应用。     

神经内镜经双鼻孔入路在颅底外科中的应用

目的回顾性分析神经内镜经双鼻孔入路在颅底外科手术中的应用。方法收集70例颅底疾病患者神经内镜经双鼻孔入路行颅底手术治疗的临床资料。其中垂体腺瘤40例,鞍结节脑膜瘤11例,嗅沟脑膜瘤、脊索瘤、脑脊液鼻漏修补及视神经管减压各3例,颅咽管瘤、齿状突畸形各2例,眶内海绵状血管瘤、表皮样囊肿及鼻咽癌各1例。术后观察患者临床疗效。结果手术切除肿瘤62例,完全切除54例(87.1%),次全切除8例(12.9%);其中3例脑脊液鼻漏修补完全治愈,3例视神经管减压后视力好转,2例齿状突切除术后神经症状明显改善。结论神经内镜经双鼻孔入路能充分暴露鞍区等颅底结构,有效避免因空间狭窄所引起的操作不便,值得临床推广应用。     

Endoscopic reconstruction of the anterior skull base in cerebrospinal rhinorrhea

Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea is a discharge of cerebrospinal fluid caused by the break continuity in dura mater and by bone defect in the base of anterior skull base. The pathological connections appear mainly in the regions of the skull base with the weaker bone structure (the roof of the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid sinus and cribriform plate). The aim of the study was presenting the possibility of the endoscopic-surgical closing the fistula within the ethmoid roof. The E.N.T Department in Poznań treated 5 patients with cerebrospinal rhinorrhea. In four cases, cerebrospinal rhinorrhea was caused by operative trauma. In one case the rhinorrhea could not be established. All patients with traumatic rhinorrhea underwent operation treatment based on covering of the loss in dura mater with a piece of mucous membrane together with perichondrium of nasal septum or lyophilised dura. The material used for the plastic operation was sealed by tissue adhesive. In 2 cases rhinorrhea recurred. Using the endoscopic technique, after the identification the leak of the cerebrospinal fluid within ethmoid roof, the fistula has been reconstructed with use of the adipose tissue and temporal muscle fascia. Both cases led to complete recovery. Easy access, precision and accuracy of performance the surgery, the approach without external incision of the patient, makes the endoscopic technique very valuable method in treating rhinorrhea caused by the loss in ethmoid roof and cribriform plate.     

经鼻内窦镜手术关颅底外科的应用

为探讨经鼻内窥镜行颅底手术的可行性，笔者开展了经鼻内窥镜颅底外科手术５４例。结果显示：１０例脑脊液鼻漏修补术一次获得成功；１１例接受视神经管减压术，６例于术后１１ｄ－１个月伤侧恢复光感和眼前指数，余５例术后无明显改善；３例蝶鞍充填术的患者术后头痛症状消失；１７例垂体瘤、３例筛窥癌、８例鼻咽癌和１例造釉细胞瘤均获得完全切除；１例侵袭性垂体腺瘤大部切除。无严重并发症发生。提示：经鼻内窥镜颅底手术简便、     

经鼻内窥镜手术在颅底外科的应用

为探讨经鼻内窥镜行颅底手术的可行性，笔者开展了经易内窥镜颅底外科手术54例。结果显示：10例脑脊液鼻漏修补术均一次获得成功；11例接受视神经管减压术，6例于术后11d～1个月伤侧恢复光感和眼前指数，余5例术后无明显改善；3例蝶鞍充填术的患者术后者痛症状消失；17例垂体瘤、3例筛窦癌、8例鼻咽癌和1例造釉细胞瘤均获得完全切除；1例侵袭性垂体腺瘤大部切除。无严重并发症发生。提示：经鼻内窥镜颅底手术简便、安全、有效，是一项临床可以开展与应用的外科技术，但须掌握好此类手术的适应证。     

Salvage optic nerve decompression for traumatic blindness under nasal endoscopy: risk and benefit analysis

Objectives: Transnasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression was recommended to treat traumatic optic neuropathy as an effectively adjunctive procedure. The aim of this study was to assess the risks and benefits of salvage surgical decompression for complete vision loss (no light detection) after failure of mega‐dose steroid therapy. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Two hospitals in Guangzhou and Nanjing, China. Participants: Forty‐two patients of traumatic optic neuropathy with complete vision loss and failed to improve after steroid therapy for at least 3 days. Main outcome measures: All patients were treated by transnasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression and received follow‐up for at least 6 month. Vision improvement and complications were evaluated. Results: Transnasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression was performed successfully in 40 patients and was incomplete in two patients due to bleeding. Vision improved in four of 42 patients (9.5%) of traumatic optic neuropathy with complete vision loss and failed steroid therapy. Complications and sequelae included severe bleeding (two cases), cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (one case), nasal polyps (seven cases), chronic sinusitis (four cases) and nasal synechia (17 cases). Conclusion: Transnasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression was recommended as a minimally invasive, safe procedure, but complications and sequelae of the surgery should not be neglected. Based on the risk and benefit analysis, we conclude that the very poor surgical outcomes of this series do not support endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic blindness.     

Endoscopic sinus surgery for the management of orbital diseases

The indications for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) have been widely expanding since its introduction into sinus surgery. ESS has become an ideal method to manage certain orbital diseases and has the advantages of excellent visualization with minimal cosmetic and functional morbidity. In the Department of Otolaryngology of Taichung Veterans General Hospital from 1988 to 2005, 3,136 patients received ESS. Among them, a total of 108 patients received ESS for orbital diseases. These orbital diseases included orbital complications secondary to bacterial rhinosinusitis, fungal rhinosinusitis, skull base osteomyelitis and mucoceles, subperiosteal hematoma, Graves' disease, traumatic optic neuropathy and orbital blowout fracture. Our results showed that ESS is effective in the management of some of these orbital diseases.     

脑脊液鼻漏修补术成败的关键因素研究

目的：总结脑脊液鼻漏的治疗经验。方法：回顾性分析16例脑脊液鼻漏患者的临床资料,探讨脑脊液鼻漏的病因、影像学特点及漏口位置、大小、修复方法对疗效的影响。结果：16例患者中自发性脑脊液鼻漏10例,外伤性脑脊液鼻漏2例,感冒后出现脑脊液鼻漏3例,脑膜脑膨出伴脑脊液鼻漏1例。CT检查明确漏口位置11例,磁共振水成像检查明确漏口位置7例。漏口位于额窦3例,鼻腔顶部3例,筛顶6例,蝶窦4例。手术均在鼻内镜下完成,修补材料均采用自体材料;均一次修复成功,无手术并发症发生。随访10-42个月,无一例复发。结论：术前应用CT和磁共振水成像能准确判断脑脊液鼻漏漏口的位置、大小,术中修补材料的选择、漏口周围移植床的处理及修补材料与移植床的完全接触是确保手术成功的重要因素。     

Reconstruction of skull base defects after minimally invasive endoscopic resection of anterior skull base neoplasms

BACKGROUND: The endoscopic resection of the cribriform plate during minimally invasive endoscopic resection (MIER) of the anterior skull base neoplasms may result in large anterior skull base defects. The objective of this study is to describe techniques for the management of skull base defects after MIER. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed on patients undergoing MIER and skull base reconstruction between April 2000 and August 2005. RESULTS: Fourteen patients underwent endoscopic resection of anterior skull base tumors and reconstruction during the study period. The mean age was 57.4 years (range, 26-84 years). The sex distribution was eight men and six women. The specific indications for resection included 11 malignant and 3 benign neoplasms. Ten patients received adjuvant therapy, and in two instances this occurred before surgery. In all instances, the dura was exposed; however, only 10 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks were encountered intraoperatively. Reconstruction of the skull base was successfully performed, most commonly in a multilayer fashion, using an array of materials including cartilage, fat, acellular dermal graft, and mucosal free grafts. Lumbar drain placement was used in seven cases for an average of 5.6 days. No postoperative CSF leaks occurred. The mean follow-up was 18.0 months (range, 1-56 months). CONCLUSION: This report describes methods for the reconstruction of the skull base after MIER. Reconstitution of the skull base barrier can be achieved through application of principles for surgical repair of CSF rhinorrhea.