A-T形推进皮瓣在颜面部创面修复中的应用

目的：探讨应用A-T形推进皮瓣修复颜面部创面的效果和意义。方法：设计A-T形推进皮瓣来修复位于面部自然轮廓线周围的创面。将自然轮廓线的一侧作为A-T形推进皮瓣中三角形的底边de边,将病灶设计在三角形abc内。将三角形abc及病灶切除。将游离后的皮瓣abd和ace向创面推进,关闭创面并形成倒置的T形外观。结果：修复的各种颜面部创面共计28例,皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣色泽正常,对周围自然轮廓线无明显影响。结论：A-T形推进皮瓣在修复颜面部创面时,能够避免自然轮廓线的牵拉变形,减少了手术对面部容貌的影响。     

A-T皮瓣在眼周皮肤缺损修复中的应用

目的:探讨A-T皮瓣修复眼周皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法:本组28例患者眼周肿物手术切除后均行A-T皮瓣修复缺损。在肿物周围设计A-T皮瓣,切除肿物组织的同时将缺损创面修剪成等腰三角形,底边线向两侧延长,在延长线上至三角形尖端点面积分离皮瓣,将两侧皮瓣向中间推进游离闭合缺损,如果张力大可在延长线下两边各设计一个等边三角形切除。结果:全部患者A-T皮瓣均成活,创面一期愈合,无并发症发生,无明显瘢痕遗留,美容效果满意。结论:应用A-T皮瓣修复眼周皮肤缺损简单可行,效果满意。     

Burow's楔形皮瓣联合A-T皮瓣在头面部修复重建中的应用

目的 探讨联合应用Burow's楔形皮瓣和A-T皮瓣修复头面部皮肤缺损的方法和疗效.方法 将面部肿瘤切除后的病灶修整成规则的三角形,设计邻近A-T皮瓣及发际线前Burow's楔形皮瓣,并使切口线顺应面部分区自然轮廓线,联合修复创面.自2006年8月至2009年10月,共修复头面部皮肤缺损39例.结果 本组39例患者,术后皮瓣全部成活,无明显并发症发生,术后随访29例患者3个月至3 年,面部外形良好,肿瘤无复发.结论 将A-T皮瓣与Burow's楔形皮瓣联合应用修复头面部皮肤缺损有利于皮瓣推进并保持蒂部平整,两种皮瓣可以互补,提高修复效果.     

A-T皮瓣在修复面部皮肤缺损中的应用

目的评价应用A-T皮瓣修复面部皮肤缺损的效果.方法自1998年以来,应用A-T皮瓣修复面部色素痣、瘢痕、基底细胞癌等切除后皮肤缺损的患者158例,术中将病变组织行圆形或椭圆形切除,再修整成三角形缺损,于缺损邻近处设计、形成A-T皮瓣,将缺损两侧的皮肤向中间推进闭合缺损.结果皮瓣全部成活,切口Ⅰ期愈合,美容效果满意.结论应用A-T皮瓣修复面部皮肤缺损其方法简单易行,效果可靠.     

A-T皮瓣在修复面部皮肤缺损中的应用

目的评价应用A-T皮瓣修复面部皮肤缺损的效果。方法自1998年以来，应用A-T皮瓣修复面部色素痣、瘢痕、基底细胞癌等切除后皮肤缺损的患者158例，术中将病变组织行圆形或椭圆形切除，再修整成三角形缺损。于缺损邻近处设计、形成A-T皮瓣，将缺损两侧的皮肤向中间推进闭合缺损。结果皮瓣全部成活，切口期愈合，美容效果满意。结论应用A-T皮瓣修复面部皮肤缺损其方法简单易行，效果可靠。     

A-T推进皮瓣修复产妇腹部直线切口瘢痕

目的:探讨A-T推进皮瓣修复腹直肌切口瘢痕的临床效果。方法:将下腹部瘢痕切除,形成长三角形创面,在创面邻近处设计A-T皮瓣,将两侧缺损松弛的腹直肌收紧缝合;A-T皮瓣向中间推进修复创面。自2006年6月～2011年6月共成形腹部瘢痕36例。结果:本组36例患者,术后皮瓣全部成活,无并发症发生。术后随访1～2年,切口纹理走向和腹部外形近似横切口,瘢痕轻微,腹部平整,效果满意。结论:A-T推进皮瓣是修复腹直肌切口瘢痕理想方法之一,术后腹部收紧,外形平整,基本达到横切口的外形。     

各种皮瓣在面部美容手术中的应用

自2005年10月,我们采用局部皮瓣对120例面部缺损进行修复,取得满意效果.现报道如下. 1 临床资料 本组共97例患者,男性45例,女性52例;年龄18～6D岁.其中:皮肤色素痣29例,黑毛痣23例,基底细胞癌14例,瘢痕31例.缺损面积:1.0 cm×2.0 cm～3.0cm×5.0cm.2 手术方法 ①A-T皮瓣(28例):皮瓣外形在创面设计上像英文字母"A",闭合后的切口线,像英文字母"T",为使创面闭合平整,可在T线两侧端各加一个小三角形切口以利推进和防止形成"猫耳"(图2)[1].     

A-T形皮瓣修复头皮缺损

目的：介绍头皮缺损修复的一种方法。方法：先将缺损修剪成梯形或等腰锐角三角形创面。沿底边向两侧做切口线,长度分别为底边边长的1～2倍;切口线末端各做一个顶与创面方向相反,边长为1～1．5cm的等腰三角形,以利于皮瓣向创面移动。在帽状腱膜层与颅骨骨膜之间形成皮瓣,向受区推进修复创面。结果：14例头皮缺损中,面积最小为3cm×3cm,最大为6cmc4cm,全部皮瓣存活良好,创面得以Ⅰ期修复。结论：A-T形皮瓣制作简单,因该皮瓣的剥离范围广泛,对于皮肤缺乏弹性和活动性的头部来讲,是修复该部位缺损的一种良好方法。     

A-T推进皮瓣修复眼周基底细胞癌皮肤缺损

目的 探讨A-T推进皮瓣修复眼周基底细胞癌切除后缺损的临床效果.方法 将基底细胞癌病灶行椭圆形切除,并修建成三角形创面,在缺损邻近处设计A-T皮瓣,将缺损两侧皮肤向中间推进修复缺损.自2002年9月至2010年9月,共修复眼周基底细胞癌切除后缺损36例.结果 本组36例患者,术后皮瓣全部成活,无明显并发症发生,术后随访1～2年,瘢痕轻微,肿瘤无复发,效果满意.结论 A-T推进皮瓣是修复眼周基底细胞癌切除后缺损较理想的方式之一,不仅可以彻底根除病灶,也可兼顾术后功能和外形的完善统一.     

遵循解剖特点的A-T皮瓣在面部软组织缺损修复中的应用

目的：探讨遵循解剖特点的A-T皮瓣在面部软组织缺损修复中的应用效果。方法：笔者对22例面部软组织缺损患者行A-T皮瓣修复，根据患者各个区域软组织缺损情况、周边相连组织特点、解剖纹理及langer线走向综合设计遵循解剖特点的A瓣的底边。唇周、鼻翼缘设计在皮肤黏膜交界区；眼周设计线多位于睑缘；眉区设计线多位于眉上或者眉下眉毛和皮肤交界处；睑袋区设计线可在泪沟线；额部近发际线可设计在发际线。根据各区解剖特点，皮瓣切口线可呈弧形、对应线长短不一定相等。将外伤创面或者需切除物设计包含在A瓣内，根据创面或者需切除物大小，沿轮廓线或自然交界线向两侧延长底边至合适长度。沿设计线切开皮肤和皮下组织，掀开皮瓣，对合A瓣底边两点并缝合成T瓣，各对应边对位缝合。结果：22例患者A-T皮瓣修复术后，术区未见明显缺血、瘀血和皮瓣收缩，皮瓣全部存活，切口瘢痕形成不明显。结论：遵循解剖特点的A-T皮瓣在修复面部相关区域软组织缺损时效果较好，对周边形态影响小，瘢痕形成少，值得临床推广应用。     

Waveform-arranged multiple skin paddles: A novel design to reconstruct complex soft tissue defects of the extremities with a modified multi-lobed perforator flap

BackgroundMulti-lobed perforator flap was one of popular approaches for one-stage reconstruction of complex soft tissue defects because of its minimal donor-site morbidity. However, the area of skin island that can be harvested on the donor site is limited on the angiosome distribution, Moreover, large defects require more than the conventional skin island provided by a traditional multi-lobed perforator flap. For further extended skin paddles, this study presented a novel design of waveform-arranged skin paddles to elevated a modified multi-lobed perforator flap for the reconstruction of complex soft tissue defects in the extremities.MethodsFrom March of 2015 to March of 2020, fifteen patients underwent complex soft tissue defects reconstruction with waveform-arranged multi-lobed perforator flaps. According the size, shape and localization of the defects, two strategies were performed to design this modified multi-lobed flap.ResultsA total of fifteen waveform-arranged multi-lobed perforator flaps were successfully harvested to reconstruct complex soft tissue defects of the extremities. Among of them, Waveform–arranged dual skin paddles perforator flap were performed in eleven cases, and the waveform–arranged tripaddle perforator flaps were used in four cases. All the flaps survived and no flap related complication was observed postoperatively. The donor sites were closed directly in all cases. The mean follow-up time was 15.6 months. Most of the cases showed satisfactory contour.ConclusionThe waveform design of multi-lobed perforator flap was an alternative approach for reconstruction of complex soft tissue defects; it can maximize the harvested skin area of the donor site to provide extended skin island.     

Trilobed Skin Flap on the Face: For Reconstruction of Full-Thickness or Commissural Defects

BACKGROUND: Although many local skin flaps have been described for reconstruction of defects on the face, there are still some difficulties in reconstruction of full-thickness defects of alar and ear region and commissural defects in periorbital and perioral region. OBJECTIVE: A trilobed skin flap can offer single-stage reconstruction of difficult full-thickness or commissural defects. We performed trilobed skin flaps in reconstruction of the defects on the face. The design of the flap and outcomes of the procedures are presented. METHODS: Twelve patients with skin cancer on the face were operated under general or local anesthesia. After tumor resection, defects were closed with a trilobed skin flap. Patients were followed-up for a minimum 6 months. RESULTS: There was no early or late complication in all patients. Oral competence was achieved in reconstruction of the oral commissure. A new lateral canthus with angles as in the original one was created. Alar and ear reconstructions were performed at one session using the same flap without a graft. The outcome was satisfactory. CONCLUSION: Because it is easy to obtain a trilobed skin flap, it can be used for reconstruction of canthal, oral, and commissural defects, and the new canthus, mouth, and commissures with angles as in the original ones can be created. In addition, the flap can be used for reconstruction of full-thickness defects in the alar region and the ear.     

Bilobed fibula flap for reconstruction of through-and-through oromandibular defects

BACKGROUND: The role of fibula free flaps for reconstruction of through-and-through oromandibular defects is examined. METHODS: Thirty-four patients underwent reconstruction of through-and-through oromandibular defects using fibula free flaps that contain large, bilobed skin paddles for simultaneous reconstruction of intraoral mucosa and external skin. We examined the incidence of wound healing complications, the need for revision reconstructive surgery, and factors affecting the incidence of complications. RESULTS: Wound healing complications occurred in 50% of patients. There was a relatively high incidence of partial flap necrosis (26%) and revision surgery (41%). The area of the flap skin paddle was significantly associated with the risk of partial flap necrosis and the need for revision surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Many through-and-through oromandibular defects can be successfully reconstructed using a fibula free flap that contains a large, bilobed skin paddle. However, wound healing complications are increased when the flap skin paddle area exceeds 300 cm2.     

Closure of craniofacial defects after cancer resection

Resection of malignancies of the upper face and skull base may result in complex bone and soft tissue defects. To better define the optimal management of these defects, we conducted a retrospective review of 75 consecutive patients who underwent closure of 76 craniofacial defects after malignant tumor excision from 1966 to 1990. Wound complications requiring further surgery occurred in 30% of the defects (23 of 76). Wound complications at anterior, temporal, or combined sites were correlated with each method of reconstruction (scalp flap or split thickness skin graft, pedicled myocutaneous flap, and free flap). The presence of a large combined defect involving both frontal and temporal areas was the only significant risk factor for development of a wound complication requiring secondary surgery. These data suggest that anterior or temporal craniofacial defects may be closed with either scalp flaps and split thickness skin grafts or pedicled myocutaneous flaps with reasonable wound complication rates of 16% to 22%. Large combined defects have high wound complication rates (90%) when local tissue is used; therefore, other methods of closure such as free tissue transfer should be strongly considered in these patients.     

Reconstruction of elbow region defects using radial collateral artery perforator (RCAP)-based propeller flaps

Perforator-based propeller flaps permit flap rotation up to 180°. This ability to transfer skin from one longitudinal axis to another has led to the increasing use of perforator-based propeller flaps in extremity reconstruction, especially lower-extremity reconstruction. However, the application of perforator-based propeller flaps to upper-extremity reconstruction is still limited. This article reports two cases of successful reconstruction of elbow region defects with radial collateral artery perforator (RCAP)-based propeller flaps. The elbow region has a variety of perforators available for perforator-based propeller flap reconstruction. Among them, the RCAP seems to be one of the most reliable options. This is because there are less anatomical variations of perforators' location on the lateral upper arm than on the medial upper arm. By using an RCAP perforator as a flap pedicle, the small-to-medium sized defects (<6?cm in diameter) around elbow regions can be closed primarily without skin grafts.     

A Case of Postmastectomy Defect Reconstructed Using a Laterothoracic Bilaterally Pedicled V-Y Advancement Flap

BACKGROUND: The reconstruction of major defects of the trunk is generally achieved by means of pedicled or free musculocutaneous flaps, but for less extensive defects, local flaps or skin grafts are currently used. The bilaterally pedicled V-Y advancement flap differs from the traditional V-Y advancement flap and was described for soft tissue reconstruction in the face. In our unit, the bilaterally pedicled V-Y advancement flap is the most used local flap for face reconstruction, and our aim was to use it in a different location. METHODS: In this case report we present a postmastectomy defect reconstructed with good results using the bilaterally pedicled V-Y advancement flap. RESULTS: The flap healed without further problems, and a good aesthetic result was obtained. CONCLUSION: The bilaterally pedicled V-Y advancement flap is reliable and easy to harvest, and not only for face reconstruction. Its versatility and plasticity allow its use for the reconstruction of many defects at varying locations.     

股前外侧皮瓣修复伴有骨外露的四肢皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣修复伴有骨外露的四肢皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对62例伴有骨外露的四肢皮肤软组织缺损患者进行皮瓣移植,缺损面积6 cm×4 cm~25 cm×15 cm。术前、术中彻底清创受区,切取股前外侧皮瓣修复创面,处理血管危象。结果 62例均获得随访,时间6~12个月。出现血管危象6例,经及时处理后皮瓣恢复血液循环5例,皮瓣坏死1例,成功率为98.39%。结论股前外侧皮瓣供区隐蔽,简便实用,可用于伴有骨外露的四肢皮肤软组织缺损修复。     

Segmental Reconstruction of the Face

BACKGROUND: Aesthetic facial reconstruction requires understanding regional anatomy and tissue movement and the ability to use innovatively the tissue adjacent to the defect to create a reconstruction that preserves the function of the area and the cosmetic facial units. OBJECTIVE: Facial reconstruction after Mohs micrographic resection of nonmelanoma skin cancer confined to one cosmetic unit was compared with reconstruction of two or more units using techniques to place scars at the junction of cosmetic units with combinations of local flaps and grafts. Acute complications, function, and final appearance of the reconstruction were evaluated. METHODS: During a 10-year period, 500 cases acquired prospectively had facial surgical defects repaired. Tissue was removed to place the closure line at the junction of cosmetic units and was mobilized from within one cosmetic unit with primary closure or local advancement, rotation, or transposition flaps. When the defect bridged cosmetic units, segmental repair was performed with combinations of flaps and grafts placing scars at the junction of cosmetic units. Segmental repair often combined advancement flaps to restore contours with full-thickness skin grafts to prevent distortion in areas with minimal loss of contour. Scars were more often unfavorably placed with single flap repair within a cosmetic unit. There was more flap loss with single flap repair of a single unit than with segmental facial repair using a combination of flaps and/or grafts. CONCLUSION: Segmenting the wound into smaller units reflecting the underlying cosmetic units of the face was useful to develop a reconstruction plan to replace tissue with similar tissue and to provide consistently satisfying aesthetic results. Facial contours were restored without distorting surrounding structures.     

The optimum method for reconstruction of complex lateral oromandibular-cutaneous defects

BACKGROUND: Ablation of large intraoral cancers can create extensive through-and-through defects of the lateral face, resulting in loss of external facial skin, the lateral and anterior mandible, and the lateral mouth. Repair requires reconstruction of the lips, mandible, and full-thickness cheek defects. Ideal reconstruction with vascularized composite free flaps requires adequate bone and sufficiently large, yet versatile, skin flaps capable of resurfacing extensive intraoral and external defects. METHODS: A series of 12 patients with large lateral facial-mandibular defects is reviewed. All patients were treated for squamous cell carcinoma except for 1 patient with osteoblastic sarcoma of the mandible. All patients underwent primary reconstruction with various free flap techniques, including 6 scapular free flaps, 2 iliac crest free flaps, 3 free fibula flaps, and 1 radial forearm flap. Attainment of reconstructive goals, free flap survival, and complication rates were assessed. RESULTS: All defects were successfully reconstructed in the primary setting. No flap failures occurred. One venous occlusion was successfully salvaged. No orocutaneous fistulas or postoperative hematomas were noted. CONCLUSION: The reconstructive options for extensive defects of the lateral face and jaw are reviewed with attention to the complex three-dimensional soft tissue requirements. The superiority of the scapular composite flap is emphasized because this single free flap provides two independent and versatile skin paddles of optimal thickness in addition to adequate bone stock.