糖尿病心肌病的CMR诊断及研究进展

心脏磁共振（CMR）成像技术具有多参数、多成像序列的特点,可以对糖尿病心肌病（DbCM）进行早期诊断,评价DbCM存在的心脏结构重塑、心脏整体和局部的收缩和舒张功能障碍、心肌灌注受损、心脏局部及弥漫性纤维化及心脏能量代谢和脂质异常,为病人的早期治疗及预后评估提供重要信息。就CMR对DbCM的心脏组织特征、风险评估和远期预后方面的诊断予以综述。     

CMR在法洛四联症术后评估中的应用

心脏磁共振（CMR）是法洛四联症（TOF）术后评估的一站式影像诊断工具。随着四维血流CMR技术、CMR-特征追踪技术和纵向弛豫时间定量成像等新技术的发展和应用,CMR可以同时实现心肌运动、血流动力学及心肌组织定量评估,特别对于评价术后TOF（rTOF）早期的血流动力学改变,早期预判rTOF的功能异常,以及反映心肌纤维化与rTOF心律失常的关系是非常有价值的。就上述CMR新技术及其在TOF术后的应用进行综述。     

CMR对扩张性心肌病的应用价值

扩张性心肌病（DCM）的早期诊断及病情监测对其预后非常重要。心脏磁共振（CMR）可以无创性评估心肌的形态、功能及组织特性,有利于DCM的诊断和管理。就延迟钆增强、T₁ mapping、T₂ mapping及CMR特征追踪等CMR技术在DCM的早期诊断、病情监测与评估、预后预测以及鉴别诊断方面的应用价值进行综述。     

CMR在心房结构和功能评估中的应用进展

心房的结构和功能的改变对心血管疾病的诊断和预后具有重要意义。心脏磁共振（CMR）是定量评估心腔大小和功能的金标准,可以早期发现心力衰竭、房颤、缺血性心脏病以及先天性心脏病等疾病所致的心房结构和功能的异常。就CMR对心房结构和功能评估的临床应用及其研究进展进行综述。     

心脏淀粉样变性的CMR评估及研究进展

心脏淀粉样变性（CA）是系统性淀粉样变性累及心脏引起心脏损害的一种严重的疾病。心脏磁共振（CMR）具有多方位、多参数、无创、无辐射、高软组织分辨力的检查优势,在CA的早期诊断及不同亚型的鉴别、临床风险分层、治疗后的心肌反应监测、心肌淀粉样蛋白负荷评估和预后评估中具有重要价值。就CMR在CA的心脏形态结构和功能、心肌应变、组织特征评估方面的应用研究进展进行综述。     

儿童心脏良性肿瘤的CMR影像特征分析

目的 研究儿童心脏良性肿瘤的心脏MR（CMR）特征及其对儿童良性肿瘤的诊断价值。方法 回顾性收集2006年9月-2018年3月于我院进行CMR检查的心脏肿瘤病例资料,共38例心脏良性肿瘤患儿纳入研究,其中男21例,女17例,年龄0.2~153.3个月,中位年龄13个月。分析各病理类型肿瘤在CMR上的特征,包括累及部位、大小、信号特点、血流动力学改变等,以及是否伴发心包和胸腔积液。通过与病理结果对照,计算CMR对心脏良性肿瘤诊断的敏感度和准确度。结果 肿瘤累及心肌、心腔、心包、心室流出道及纵隔,形态大小不一,临床症状与肿瘤发生部位有一定相关性而不具有特异性,但各类肿瘤具有一定的影像特征。所有的心脏肿瘤均被CMR清晰显示,CMR的诊断与病理结果相符的有32例,诊断的敏感度及准确度分别为100%（38/38）和84.21%（32/38）。结论 CMR能够同时提供心脏良性肿瘤的形态学特征及组织学信号特征,对心脏良性肿瘤诊断的敏感性及准确性均较高,是评估心脏肿瘤的重要检查方法。     

心脏磁共振延迟强化技术进展

心脏磁共振（CMR）延迟强化是诊断心肌梗死、心肌病及评估病变范围最重要的检查技术。目前临床应用的单次激发相位敏感反转恢复（SS-PSIR）序列、自由呼吸运动伪影校正PSIR（MOCO-PSIR）序列和非血流依赖黑血延迟强化（FIDDLE）序列,相比常规采用的PSIR序列能够实现呼吸、心脏运动伪影及血池信号抑制,可明显改善影像质量,有利于更好地指导治疗并进行预后评价。就多种CMR延迟强化技术原理及应用作一综述。     

CMR参数及相关纹理分析预测肥厚型心肌病患者主要心脏不良事件研究进展

【摘要】肥厚型心肌病（HCM）是最常见的遗传性心肌病之一,轻者可无任何症状,重者可发生心脏猝死（SCD）。临床上需要评估SCD风险,进而指导植入式心率转复除颤器（ICD）的应用。目前临床上常用的风险预测指南不能很好地评估患者预后,因此需要探索更准确的指标来提供预后信息。心脏磁共振（CMR）已成为评估HCM的金标准成像方式,其多参数成像可识别HCM中高危SCD人群,从而及时接受治疗,改善预后。本文就目前国内外有关CMR参数评价HCM患者预后的研究进行综述。     

心脏MR在新型冠状病毒肺炎心脏受累评估中的研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）属于重大公共卫生事件,大量研究显示COVID-19在损伤呼吸系统同时也存在心血管系统受累,心脏MR（CMR）在无创性心血管检查中发挥重要的作用。笔者就COVID-19常见的心脏受累表现及其CMR特征、特殊人群CMR的运用和CMR在随访中应用价值进行综述。     

重视MR组织学特征在心力衰竭中的临床价值

心脏MR（CMR）不仅是评估心脏结构及功能的金标准,而且其独特的组织特征成像（如钆对比剂延迟强化等）能够在体动态显示心肌充血、水肿、坏死和纤维化等病理学改变,特别是近年发展起来的参数定量技术能在心脏大体结构及功能改变之前更早地识别心肌微观结构重构。CMR这些特征对于心力衰竭病人的病因学诊断和预后风险评估有重要价值,对于临床前期心力衰竭高危病人的筛查也有巨大潜能。     

Cardiac causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension: assessment with multidetector CT

The causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are diverse and include multiple congenital and acquired cardiac diseases as well as diseases primarily affecting the pulmonary vasculature, lung, pleura and chest wall. The traditional role of CT in evaluating PAH includes assessment of pulmonary vasculature and lung parenchyma with limited assessment of the heart. Advances in multidetector CT technology with improved spatial and temporal resolution now permit accurate delineation of cardiac morphology. CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is widely utilised in the workup of patients with suspected pulmonary vascular disease and can identify both pulmonary and cardiac causes. As the initial presentation for CTPA is often precipitated by nonspecific, unexplained symptoms and therefore undertaken by a general radiologist, it is important that a systematic approach to the interpretation of these studies, including cardiac evaluation, is routinely adopted. This paper reviews the CT evaluation in pulmonary hypertension with a particular focus on the cardiac causes, their subclassification into congenital systemic to pulmonary shunts and secondary to left heart disease, and their imaging features. It emphasises the use of a systematic approach to interpretation of CTPA examinations both in patients with known PAH and those with previously unsuspected disease.     

Magnetic resonance imaging in valvular heart disease: clinical application and current role for patient management

Noninvasive imaging provides important information on cardiac anatomy and function and is a key element in clinical management of valvular heart disease (VHD). Beside echocardiography, which is still considered the first-line modality for assessment of valvular anatomy and longitudinal evaluation of VHD, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has evolved during the last two decades as an essential tool for evaluation of cardiac diseases. Today, CMR not only represents the reference standard for measuring cardiac volumes, function, and mass, but also enables accurate assessment of morphology and function of cardiac valves. It can play an important role in clinical decision-making for patients with VHD. This review addresses current applications and limitations of CMR imaging techniques that are used in VHD including cine-balanced steady-state free precession (b-SSFP), phase contrast MR (pcMR), gradient-recalled echo (GRE), and turbo-spin echo (TSE) sequences. Moreover, it describes their application for evaluation of valvular pathologies and gives an overview on the current role of valvular CMR in patient management.     

Clinical indications for the use of cardiac MRI. By the SIRM Study Group on Cardiac Imaging

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is considered an useful method in the evaluation of many cardiac disorders. Based on our experience and available literature, we wrote a document as a guiding tool in the clinical use of CMR. Synthetically we describe different cardiac disorders and express for each one a classification, I to IV, depending on the significance of diagnostic information expected.     

Cardiac MR Imaging of Muscular Dystrophies

Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a group of inherited disorders caused by mutations that interfere with muscular structure, contraction, or relaxation. As the cardiac sarcomeric unit shares multiple proteins with the skeletal muscle unit, the heart is affected in several MDs, sometimes without apparent musculoskeletal involvement. Early detection of MD-related cardiomyopathy is crucial as timely initiation of cardioprotective therapy can slow adverse cardiac remodeling. Although transthoracic echocardiography is widely used for the evaluation of cardiac morphology and function, it has limitations in terms of reproducibility and image quality. The need for an optimal acoustic window may be particularly challenging to obtain in patients with MDs given their body habitus and position. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has emerged as a useful tool in the evaluation of patients with MDs. Its superb tissue characterization capability through late gadolinium enhancement, T1 mapping, extracellular volume fraction quantification, and edema imaging detects early cardiac involvement, even when echocardiography and electrocardiogram are unremarkable. MDs that frequently present with cardiac involvement include Duchenne MD, Becker MD, Emery Dreifuss MD, Limb-Girdle MDs, and myotonic dystrophy. The purpose of this review article is to briefly describe the pathophysiology of these entities, discuss their clinical presentation and expected evolution, explain the role of CMR in the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients, and portray the different CMR findings present in MD patients.     

Multimodality imaging of left atrium in patients with atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide associated with significant morbidity and mortality and represents a significant health care burden. Goals of AF treatment include prevention of cardioembolic stroke using anticoagulation and device therapy and restoration of sinus rhythm using antiarrhythmic drugs or catheter ablation techniques. A comprehensive assessment of cardiac chamber size and function is often started with echocardiography as a first line diagnostic imaging strategy. Recently, innovations in advanced imaging using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and cardiac computed tomography (CCT) provide a detailed characterization of atrial anatomy and have been shown to accurately exclude thrombus and guide left atrial appendage (LAA) closure or catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation. Compared to echocardiography, CCT offers an uncompromised spatial resolution and a fast dataset acquisition, with the disadvantages of the need of iodine contrast agent and radiation exposure. CMR, conversely, can rely on very high temporal resolution, the unique feature of tissue characterization and the absence of radiation exposure. However, the main drawbacks of this diagnostic tool are long scan times and low availability. This review will illustrate the vital role of multimodality cardiac imaging in the accurate identification of left atrial, pulmonary vein and LAA size and function, discuss advanced imaging techniques to rule out thrombus and highlight novel CMR and CCT techniques to guide catheter ablation of AF and LAA occlusion.     

Central thrombi in pulmonary arterial hypertension detected by MR imaging

Differentiation of thrombi from slow flow in the pulmonary arteries, sometimes observed in the presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension, can be equivocal. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in a patient with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism and pulmonary arterial hypertension using an electrocardiographically gated technique that allowed visualization of the pulmonary arteries at the end of diastole and multiple times during systole. These images were compared with those of a patient with primary pulmonary hypertension and those of healthy subjects. Thrombi were discrete structures, seen throughout the cardiac cycle on both the first and second spin-echo images, and decreased in signal intensity on the second image. Slow flow increased in signal intensity and changed in structure during the cardiac cycle and was seen best on the second image. MR may play an important role in excluding large central thrombi as the cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is a noninvasive method for defining pulmonary arterial wall thickness and for direct visualization of chronic pulmonary thrombus.     

Spectrum of changes on cardiac magnetic resonance in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: Imaging according to surgical considerations

Imaging of repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the common indications for cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) examinations. With advances in CMR imaging techniques like phase contrast imaging and functional imaging, it has superseded investigations like echocardiography for anatomical and functional assessment of the pathophysiological changes in repaired TOF. Common repair procedures for TOF include infundibulectomy, transannular patch repair and right ventricle to pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduit. While each of these procedures cause dynamic changes in heart and pulmonary arteries resulting in some expected imaging findings, CMR also helps in diagnosing the complications associated with these repair procedures like pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular outflow tract aneurysm, pulmonary regurgitation, RV-PA conduit stenosis, tricuspid regurgitation, right ventricular failure, and residual ventricular septal defects. Hence, it is imperative for a radiologist to be familiar with the expected changes on CMR in repaired TOF along with some of the common complications that may be encountered on imaging in such patients.