弱视的基础与临床的研究进展

弱视是视觉发育敏感期异常视觉经验所导致的以空间视力损害为特征的一组视力不良综合征。据统计：弱视在人群中的发病率为2％-4％,大约40％～60％的儿童斜视、屈光参差因治疗不及时发展成弱视。近年来，随着分子生物学、神经科学、影像学和心理物理学的发展，弱视的基础和临床研究取得了明显的进步，笔者就近年来弱视的研究进展进行综述。     

沙眼的流行现状及防治的研究进展

沙眼是由沙眼衣原体感染所致的一种传染性角结膜炎,目前在世界57个国家流行。1998年世界卫生组织( World Health Organization,WHO)将2020年全球消灭致盲性沙眼(global alliance to eliminate blinding trachoma by 2020,GET 2020)列为其防盲工作的主要目标之一。世界卫生组织制定了辨认和命名沙眼的简化分级系统及以社区干预为基础的防治沙眼的SAFE策略,此后10余年各国对此策略进行了不断推广、执行,目前世界上沙眼的流行趋势较之此前有了一定的变化,我国也启动了“计划2016年前在中国根治致盲性沙眼”的防盲工作。本文就SAFE策略推广以来沙眼诊断、治疗及流行趋势等方面的进展做一综述。     

伴眩晕症状的突发性耳聋的预后

突发性耳聋是一种以急剧发展的感音神经性耳聋为主要特征的疾病.我科1997-2000年诊治突发性耳聋65例.对伴有眩晕症状的突发性耳聋听力损失及预后作一探讨.     

遗传相关的先天性白内障基因突变的研究进展

白内障是由于各种原因引起晶状体代谢紊乱,导致蛋白质变性而发生混浊的一种眼部疾病。先天性的白内障尤为严重,它是影响婴幼儿视力发育的常见眼病,可以抑制视觉通路的发育,造成永久性失明。大约1/3病例与遗传相关,其中常染色体显性遗传为最多见的遗传方式,其发生发展与参与晶状体发育的基因均可能有关系。迄今为止,已经发现40多个基因上百个突变位点与先天性白内障相关。本综述将对先天性白内障的基因学研究进展进行讨论。     

近视眼患者的裸眼视力表现虚高的现象

视力是眼科临床常规进行诊断和疗效评估的重要依据,了解近视眼的视力表现对于临床诊疗具有实际的意义.一些经典的论著对于近视眼和视力之间的关系都已有所论述[1-4].本文对近视眼的裸眼视力相对于其近视度数偏高的现象进行临床观察,并对这一现象的原因进行分析讨论.     

眼内散射光的临床意义及测量方法的研究进展

眼内散射光是由于光线在人眼内发生散射,降低了物像在视网膜的对比度,从而影响了视觉质量的物理现象。眼内散射光是失能性眩光的主要原因,可以引起各种不适症状。正常人眼的散射光由角膜、虹膜、巩膜、晶状体及视网膜组成,当这些屈光介质出现混浊或病理变化时,都可能引起相应散射光的增加。虽然目前存在多种测量手段及测量参数,但是仍然缺乏对散射光测量过程的统一化及散射参数定义的标准化,需要进行更为深入和广泛的研究。就眼内散射光的基本概念、来源、临床意义以及各种测量方法的研究进展进行综述。     

眼眶脑膜瘤的临床与组织病理学特征的研究

目的:总结分析眼眶脑膜瘤的特点.方法:对7例眼眶脑膜瘤的临床及病理活检进行分析.结果:原发眼眶脑膜瘤组织形态与颅内脑膜瘤相似,眼眶脑膜瘤的组织形态以内皮型、纤维型为主.结论:眼眶脑膜瘤的发病年龄较颅内脑膜瘤早,复发率较高,以手术切除为主,术后放射治疗可有效控制残留瘤体的生长.     

高度近视相关的环境因素和遗传因素的研究进展

高度近视是由多基因和环境因素相互作用引起的一种复杂性疾病,遗传因素似乎是一个主导因素,但其发病机制尚未完全阐明.全基因组关联分析以单核苷酸多态性为对象,是目前研究高度近视遗传基础较好的方法.研究表明341个基因位点与近视有关,其中,高度近视的可疑致病基因有OPN1LW、NYX、UHRF1BP1L、PTPRR、PPFIA2、IGF-1、LUMICAN、DECORIN、TGFβ1、RASGRF1、GJD2、LOXL3、APLP2、ZNF644,这为研究高度近视的遗传因素提供了依据.另外,人口研究表明,室内近距离工作或学习、社会经济地位、教育程度、家庭收入水平、血清25 (OH)D浓度、户外活动均在一定程度上影响近视的患病率.     

高度近视白内障Bigbag人工晶状体的植入的评价

目的 评价高度近视白内障行超声乳化联合Bigbag人工晶状体植入的有效性及安全性.方法 对42例（52眼）高度近视行超声乳化联合Bigbag人工晶状体植入术.观察术中术后并发症及手术效果.结果 52眼术后视力均有不同程度提高,术后未见后囊皱褶、视网膜脱离或黄斑水肿等并发症.结论 高度近视植入Bigbag人工晶状体是安全有效的.     

糖尿病视网膜病变的多焦视网膜电图的研究进展

糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)是糖尿病并发的一种严重的致盲性眼病,其复杂的病理变化破坏了视网膜的正常功能.多焦视网膜电图(mERG)作为一项新的视觉电生理检查技术,能在相对较短的时间内测量整个测视野中许多细小部位的ERG,其一阶反应可反映局部视网膜内层和外层的功能,目前这项技术在糖尿病视网膜病变的研究中得到了广泛的应用.本文就近年来糖尿病视网膜病变的多焦视网膜电图的研究进展做一综述.     

Strabisme Alternant - Etude clinique - traitement

The author defines motor and sensory alternation: the term alternation should not be used in isolation, it should always be accompanied by the name of the parameter concerned. Sensory alternation is always found together with motor alternation but the reverse is not true.The examining criteria for a diagnosis of sensory alternation are given, sensory alternation must not be confused with alternating inhibition. Working from clinical observations of cases of motor alternating strabismus, the author selects 2 types of binocular sensory relations which allow one to differentiate between:- cases of primary alternating strabismus- cases of secondary alternating strabismusThese forms will develop in different ways; in both cases a cure is possible providing that the right treatment is prescribed and once prescribed carefully followed, etc. It is always a case of serious forms of strabismus whose developmental period is spread over several years.According to the authors, the frequency of cases of true primary strabismus is from 1–3%, the frequency of cases of secondary alternating strabismus varies according to the type of therapy practised on cases of monocular strabismus with amblyopia. These latter will become cases of alternating strabismus under the influence of certain types of therapy carried out over several years (penalization, rocking, alternated occlusion, etc...).Experimental data on kittens confirm clinical data; kittens placed in abnormal environments during the sensitive period will show modification in the distribution of cortical cells and the absence of binocular cells (either because the excitation of the two eyes was not simultaneous, or not identical: artificial strabismus, occlusion, opaque glasses). This disturbances become irreversible after a certain period of exposure (a function of age, length of exposure, etc...).It is thus necessary to bear in mind: 1) the iatrogenic risks of certain orthoptic treatments, 2) the necessity for a binocular form of treatment as soon as possible, as once a certain stage is passed, cortical plasticity diminishes and the elaboration of normal binocular relations becomes impossible.

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Effects of Adenosine Agonists on Intraocular Pressure and Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Cynomolgus Monkeys

The effects of single or multiple topical doses of the relatively selective A₁adenosine receptor agonists (R)-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) and N⁶-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) on intraocular pressure (IOP), aqueous humor flow (AHF) and outflow facility were investigated in ocular normotensive cynomolgus monkeys. IOP and AHF were determined, under ketamine anesthesia, by Goldmann applanation tonometry and fluorophotometry, respectively. Total outflow facility was determined by anterior chamber perfusion under pentobarbital anesthesia. A single unilateral topical application of R-PIA (20–250 μg) or CHA (20–500 μg) produced ocular hypertension (maximum rise=4.9 or 3.5 mmHg) within 30 min, followed by ocular hypotension (maximum fall=2.1 or 3.6 mmHg) from 2–6 hr. The relatively selective adenosine A₂antagonist 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX, 320 μg) inhibited the early hypertension, without influencing the hypotension. Neither 100 μg R-PIA nor 500 μg CHA clearly altered AHF. Total outflow facility was increased by 71% 3 hr after 100 μg R-PIA. In conclusion, the early ocular hypertension produced by topical adenosine agonists in cynomolgus monkeys is associated with the activation of adenosine A₂receptors, while the subsequent hypotension appears to be mediated by adenosine A₁receptors and results primarily from increased outflow facility.