DTC患者经 131I治疗后唾液腺损伤的评价及预防

131I治疗是分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）患者术后常规的辅助治疗,可有效降低疾病的复发率,延长患者的生存期,并对预后起到积极作用。但 131I在治疗原发病灶的同时,也会对人体的局部正常组织（如唾液腺）造成损伤,影响患者的生活质量。目前,DTC患者经 131I治疗后的唾液腺损伤已经引起了临床上的广泛关注,...     

减轻131I致分化型甲状腺癌患者唾液腺损伤的措施

131I治疗可显著改善分化型甲状腺癌（differentiatedthyroidcarcinoma,DTC）患者的预后,但131I可致DTC患者唾液腺的损伤,现将减轻131I致DTC患者唾液腺损伤的措施介绍如下。     

分化型甲状腺癌术后患者131I治疗的辐射剂量与防护

监测分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）患者术后131I治疗的辐射剂量并规范其辐射防护对DTC患者131I治疗后自身及周围人群的健康有重要意义.目前研究表明,131I治疗的DTC患者自身的辐射不良反应大多都能得到较有效地缓解和控制.只要能严格规范地遵守131I治疗DTC的辐射防护相关法规和建议,加强辐射剂量监测,并对患者、工作人员和患者家属进行适当的教育和指导,其对周围人群的辐射剂量都能达到和符合国际上的辐射防护规定.     

131I SPECT/CT在分化型甲状腺癌术后淋巴结转移中应用价值的研究进展

分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）是最常见的内分泌系统恶性肿瘤,早期易发生淋巴结转移。131I全身显像联合SPECT/CT（简称131I SPECT/CT）常可发现残留和（或）漏诊的淋巴结转移灶,可能会改变患者的术后再分期及危险度分层,从而影响后续的手术或131I治疗的方式选择。131I治疗是DTC术后颈部淋巴结转移的有效治疗方法之一,而131I SPECT/CT可以诊断淋巴结转移灶。笔者对131I SPECT/CT在DTC术后淋巴结转移的诊断及治疗中的应用价值进行综述。     

综合干预措施下评估首次131I清甲治疗对分化型甲状腺癌患者唾液腺的慢性损伤

目的研究探讨分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）患者在采取综合干预措施后首次131I清甲治疗对唾液腺功能的慢性损伤情况。方法选取2016年8月至2017年9月在攀枝花市中心医院核医学科首次行131I（4200.24±604.21）MBq清甲治疗的DTC患者52例,所有患者均在131I清甲治疗后立即采取综合干预措施（饮食护理、心理护理、物理护理、口腔卫生护理、健康宣教及药物治疗等）,并分别于131I清甲前和治疗后6个月行99TcmO₄-唾液腺动态显像,计算其摄取峰值和排泌分数,所得数据采用自身配对t检验分析,同时联合口干评分法评估唾液腺功能的损伤情况。结果（1）左侧腮腺摄取峰值在131I清甲前为45.157±19.421,治疗后6个月为52.600±21.716,差异有统计学意义（t=2.470,P=0.018）。（2）右侧腮腺、双侧颌下腺的摄取峰值及双侧腮腺、双侧颌下腺的排泌分数之间的差异均无统计学意义（t=0.784、0.524、0.514、0.362、0.731、0.596、0.507,均P>0.05）。（3）对52例患者行问卷调查和口干评分法分析,其中,50例（96.2%）患者无口干症状,仅有2例（3.8%）出现轻度口干症状。结论（1）首次131I清甲治疗可引起DTC患者唾液腺功能受损,损伤主要以单侧腮腺摄取功能为主,呈非对称性损伤。双侧颌下腺的摄取和排泌功能则未受到明显影响。（2）症状上,在综合干预保护措施下,绝大部分患者在接受首次131I清甲治疗后6个月无明显口干情况,生活质量无明显影响。     

诊断量与治疗量^131I全身显像检测分化型甲状腺癌术后病灶的比较

^131I治疗分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）前小剂量的诊断性^131I全身显像（WBS）可以判定残留甲状腺组织情况和有无功能性转移灶,治疗后1周左右应再进行WBS,可观察病灶对药物的吸收情况。笔者回顾分析了33例DTC术后行^131I治疗的患者,比较其诊断性和治疗量^131I WBS病灶的变化情况,现报道如下。     

131Ⅰ治疗分化型甲状腺癌的不良反应

131I治疗DTC已有50余年历史,其可降低疾病的复发率及病死率,目前已成为DTC的主要治疗手段之一.然而大剂量131I对身体有辐射损伤风险,越来越多的研究集中于131I治疗后的近期和远期不良反应.尽管尚有许多问题存在争议,但随着临床循证医学证据的增加,人们关于131I治疗后的不良反应认识逐渐清晰.笔者就目前131I治疗DTC对患者各系统的不良影响进行综述.大剂量131I治疗引起的严重不良反应十分罕见,但是对各系统仍存在不同程度损害.临床医师应掌握循证医学证据,采取积极措施使治疗后不良反应发生率及严重程度降到最低.     

减轻131Ⅰ致分化型甲状腺癌患者唾液腺损伤的措施

131Ⅰ治疗可显著改善分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC)患者的预后,但131Ⅰ可致DTC患者唾液腺的损伤,现将减轻131Ⅰ致DTC患者唾液腺损伤的措施介绍如下.     

减轻131Ⅰ致分化型甲状腺癌患者唾液腺损伤的措施

131Ⅰ治疗可显著改善分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC)患者的预后,但131Ⅰ可致DTC患者唾液腺的损伤,现将减轻131Ⅰ致DTC患者唾液腺损伤的措施介绍如下.     

分化型甲状腺癌患者131I治疗后唾液腺损伤的相关因素分析

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)患者131I治疗后唾液腺损伤的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2022年7月于山西医科大学第一医院行131I治疗的107例DTC患者的临床资料, 其中男性35例、女性72例, 年龄(42.8±1.0)岁。比较唾液腺损伤患者与唾液腺正常患者年龄、身体质量指数、收缩压、舒张压、原发肿瘤的组织病理学分型及分期、是否有淋巴结转移、是否并发糖尿病、131I治疗前促甲状腺素(TSH)水平、停用左甲状腺素钠片(L-T4)时间、131I治疗剂量、131I全身显像(WBS)等临床资料的差异。符合正态分布的计量资料的组间比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA), 计数资料的组间比较采用χ2检验, 期望频数<5时采用Fisher确切概率法。通过单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析明确唾液腺损伤的相关因素。结果 107例DTC患者中, 37例患者发生唾液腺损伤, 唾液腺损伤的发生率为34.6%。单因素分析结果显示, 唾液腺损伤患者的年龄、收缩压大于唾液腺正常患者[(45.84±2.10)岁对(41.11±0.97)岁, (127.59±3.10) mm Hg对(...     

Semi-quantitative assessment of salivary gland function in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma after radioiodine-131 treatment

Sialadenitis and xerostomia are well-known side effects of high-dose radioactive iodine ((131)Iota) treatment in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). This study was undertaken to determine salivary gland function semi-quantitatively in patients with DTC given (131)I for the treatment of the thyroid remnant and/or metastases. Thirty-six patients, 11 males and 25 females, mean age 53.5 years, range 22-73 years, were studied. Scintigraphy of the salivary glands was performed with (99m)Tc-pertechnetate and the salivary excretion fraction (SEF) of the parotid and the submandibular glands was calculated as a measure of their function. Measurements were performed before (131)I treatment as a baseline study, and three weeks and three months later. The patients were clinically evaluated by a standardized subjective questionnaire. Results were as follows: Mean SEF at three weeks and three months after (131)I treatment was reduced as compared to baseline measurements. The total mean baseline measurements, those of three weeks and those of three months later were: 54.9%, 47.2% and 46% respectively; P<0.05 for both measurements (Table 1). The SEF decrease of the parotid glands was greater than that of the submandibular glands (P<0.05 as compared for both salivary glands before and three weeks and three months after (131)I treatment). This confirmed the higher radiosensitivity of the parotid glands as compared to the submandibular glands. In 12 patients (33%) there was no significant decrease of SEF in the salivary glands after (131)I treatment. The relation between the decrease of SEF after three weeks and after three months and the dose of (131)I administered, was for the right and left submandibular glands significant (P=0.016 and P=0.002), while for the parotid glands it was insignificant (P=0.22 and P=0.27 respectively) (Table 4). Reduction of SEF in the parotid glands three months after (131)I treatment was greater than after three weeks. This difference, as regards the submandibular glands, was not significant. Our results show that high dose (131)I treatment in DTC patients induces a significant effect on salivary gland function, which is dose-related in the submandibular glands, and more prominent in the parotid glands.     

The sodium-iodine symporter and the proton-pump inhibitors in - related to the side effects of- the treatment of thyroid cancer with iodine-131

Iodine-131 ((131)I) administered to patients for imaging or treatment, concentrates in the gastrointestinal tract, including the salivary glands, stomach and bowel. In Nuclear Medicine practice this biological property of iodine causes side effects when the therapeutic dose of (131)I is large. This occurs during the treatment of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). During this clinical application, the dose of (131)I is higher than 3.7 GBq. Side effects of this treatment with respect to the stomach, include gastritis as an inflammatory reaction to radiation, anorexia due to gastric atrophy and rarely megaloblastic anemia due to lack of the endogenous factor. Side effects can also include xerostomia. We have recently tried to prevent gastric side effects by prescribing proton pump inhibitors (PPI) for patients with DTC prior to treatment with (131)I. PPI block the excretion of hydrochloric acid from the gastric mucosa and are utilized for the prevention and treatment of gastritis, gastric ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux. Whole body scans before or after the administration of PPI, showed that PPI do not interfere with the biologic distribution of (131)I. These findings were not surprising. Recent studies in animals and humans have shown that the accumulation and concentration of iodine by the thyroid gland is the result of the selective action of sodium iodine symporter (Na+I+symporter, NIS). Furthermore, it was shown that the accumulation and concentration of (131)I in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa, the ductal cells of the salivary glands and the alveolar epithelial cells of the mammary glands, is analogous to the biologic action of NIS in the thyroid cells. The gastric mucosa accumulates iodine from the capillaries via the extracellular/extravascular space and finally excretes it into the lumen of the stomach, from where it is passively transferred into the bowel, where it is partially reabsorbed to once again enter its metabolic cycle. On the contrary, as it is now known, the PPI have an entirely different metabolic action, which is unrelated to that of the NIS, although both mechanisms coexist in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. Thus, during the application of (131)I for imaging or for the treatment of DTC patients, except for the short period of time immediately after the oral administration, when the radionuclide passes through the stomach, the concentration of (131)I in the gastrointestinal tract is due to its active accumulation and excretion by the gastric mucosa. PPI act only on the hydrochloric acid secretion not affecting the biologic properties of iodine.     

分化型甲状腺癌患者131I治疗后唾液腺功能变化的诊疗进展

唾液腺功能受损是头颈部肿瘤患者放化疗中常见的不良反应,其对患者的生活质量及治疗效果产生严重影响,唾液腺功能受损发生率随着头颈部疾病发病率的增高而增高,亟需明确的防治手段。目前已有大量国内外研究结果揭示了唾液腺功能放射性损伤的部分机理并提供了一些防治措施予以临床参考。笔者重点综述由131I治疗引起的唾液腺功能损伤的机制、症状、诊断及防治措施。     

^131ISPECT／CT用于^131I平面显像不能定性摄碘灶的临床价值

目的探讨^131ISPECT／CT对^131I全身平面显像（WBS）不能确定性质的摄碘灶的鉴别诊断价值。方法DTC患者56例,男19例,女37例,年龄20～85（45±15）岁。于^131I治疗后第5天行^131IWBS,对^131IWBS不确定的摄碘灶进行^131ISPECT／CT显像。采用四格表,检验对比分析2种显像的差异。结果”。IWBS共显示摄碘灶288处,其中不能明确诊断的摄碘灶108处（37．5％）。经^131ISPECT／CT显像后,108处中27处摄碘灶被明确诊断为DTC转移灶（25．O％）,71处被确定为非DTC转移灶（65．7％）,分别为鼻、口腔、唾液腺、上颌窦囊肿、残留甲状腺组织、胸腺、胆囊炎、胃肠道、子宫、体表污染等非特异性摄取;其余10处^131ISPECT／CT也不能明确定性（9．3％）。与^131IWBS相比,^131ISPECT／CT提高了对DTC转移灶和非转移灶的鉴别能力（X2=102．35,P〈0．01）。结论对DTC患者^131IWBS难以判别的摄碘灶,^131ISPECT／CT可提高临床鉴别诊断率。     

The importance of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone in the follow-up and treatment of disseminated thyroid cancer after thyroidectomy

In patients operated for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), before thyroid remnant ablation and treatment of metastatic disease, thyroid hormones are withdrawn four to six weeks in order to induce an increase in serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of more than 25-30 microU/mL and thus to stimulate thyroid gland uptake and retention of iodine-131 ((131)I), given therapeutically. Secretion of thyroglobulin (Taug) is also increased. However, thyroid hormone withdrawal frequently causes clinical hypothyroidism. Recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) can provide TSH stimulation without withdrawal of thyroid hormones. The primary clinical utility of rhTSH has been for the post-surgical monitoring in patients with DTC but is currently an aid in thyroid remnant ablation and treatment of thyroid tumors with encouraging results. In this review we have briefly described the findings reported during the period 1994-2006 concerning the diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness of rhTSH in patients with DTC after total or near total thyroidectomy.     

131I治疗分化型甲状腺癌术后患者体内剂量测定方法的临床应用进展

根据分化型甲状腺癌（DTC)患者术后不同危险度分层结果，部分患者可能需要进一步行131I治疗，但131I可对周围人群产生辐射，因此正确评估患者体内的辐射剂量，对辐射防护个体化及131I治疗流程的优化至关重要。DTC患者术后131I治疗期间辐射剂量的测量方法主要分为体内和体外测量两大类，体外测量包括尿液测量法和血液剂量测定法；体内测量主要包括局部测量法和全身测量法，笔者就辐射剂量相关测定方法及其临床应用进行综述。     

Pre-therapeutic 124I PET(/CT) dosimetry confirms low average absorbed doses per administered 131I activity to the salivary glands in radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer

Purpose  

Salivary gland impairment following high activity radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is a severe side effect. Dosimetric calculations using planar gamma camera scintigraphy (GCS) with ¹³¹I and ultrasonography (US) provided evidence that the average organ dose per administered ¹³¹I activity (ODpA) is too low to account for observed radiation damages to the salivary glands. The objective of this work was to re-estimate the ODpA using ¹²⁴I PET(/CT) as a more reliable approach than ¹³¹I GCS/US.