支气管镜下小儿气道异物取出术中2种肌松药疗效观察

目的观察罗库溴铵和维库溴铵用于支气管镜下小儿气道异物取出术的肌松效果。方法将气管、支气管异物患儿120例随机分为A1组、A2组、W1组和W2组,每组30例。所有患儿常规麻醉后,各组静脉注射相应剂量的肌松药（A1组注射罗库溴铵0.075mg/kg,A2组注射罗库溴铵0.15mg/kg,W1组注射维库溴铵0.05mg/kg,W2组注射维库溴铵0.1mg/kg）。术后比较各组手术时间及苏醒时间。结果各组手术时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。A1组苏醒时间最短为（27.3±6.7）min,其次为A2组、W1组和W2组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论罗库溴铵用于小儿气管支气管异物取出术起效快,安全性高,是一种较好的肌松药。     

纤维支气管镜下支气管异物取出术的临床应用

目的探讨支气管异物的临床特征并总结诊疗经验,综合评价纤维支气管镜在诊治支气管异物中的价值。方法回顾性分析经纤维支气管镜诊治的支气管异物28例。结果支气管异物右侧多见,且大部分为非金属异物,纤维支气管镜钳取支气管异物成功率达96％,术后咳嗽及胸痛缓解。结论无明确异物吸人史或异物吸入史不详者易误诊,应详细询问病史并重视胸部X线检查结果。纤维支气管镜是目前诊治支气管异物的最有效手段。     

小儿气管异物取出术并发症的防治

气管异物是耳鼻喉科常见的急症之一，异物吸入后常有不同程度的呼吸困难，若异物完全阻塞呼吸道可致突然死亡，因此，均需急诊异物取出，否则后果极为严重。我院１９８６年８月～１９９６年８月，共行小儿气管异物取出术１６４例，发生意外和并发症５３例，占３２３％，...     

气道异物取出术SpO2的临床观察

应用无创脉搏氧监测仪对６４例小儿气管、支气管异物取出术脉搏氧饱和度进行连续监测，结果表明：小儿气道异物取出术后，由于麻醉和手术等因素，使５９．４％的患儿存在不同程度的低氧血症。     

气管异物硬支气管镜取出术患儿围手术期肺部感染的危险因素

气管异物是急诊科常见急危重症,常发生于3岁以下幼儿,病情凶险,若处理不当,死亡率极高[1].目前常用的气管异物治疗方案为全麻下经硬支气管镜取出异物,在术中通过气管镜侧孔实施高频通气[2].上述方法的应用极大的减低了气管异物患儿的死亡率,但围手术期肺部感染直接影响患儿的预后[3].本研究将筛选气管异物患儿硬支气管镜围手术期发生肺部感染的危险因素,为制定有效的预防措施提供参考.     

胃十二指肠术后并发呼吸系统并发症的危险因素探讨

目的探讨胃十二指肠术后并发呼吸系统并发症的危险因素。方法通过对我院2005年6月至2010年12月行胃、十二指肠手术的254例患者进行回顾分析。结果 65例患者并发PPC,分析与并发PPC有关的危险因素有年龄、吸烟、呼吸系统疾病、血清白蛋白。留置鼻胃管时间等。结论对于高龄、有呼吸系统疾病、吸烟、ASA分级>2、血清白蛋白低下、留置鼻胃管时间较长的患者行胃十二指肠术后易并发PPC。     

骨科患者围手术期呼吸系统并发症危险因素分析及护理方法

目的：针对骨科患者围手术期呼吸系统并发症的危险因素,采取有效减少呼吸系统并发症的护理措施。方法2009年转入 ICU 的105例发生呼吸系统并发症的骨科患者作为研究对象,对患者采用术前做好评估、保持呼吸道通畅、加强预防误吸的宣教、进行有效呼吸训练及咳嗽指导,术后采用加强麻醉后护理、观察异常呼吸、改善体位、控制疼痛、促进有效呼吸和咳嗽。观察患者围术期的危险因素和患者转归。结果患者危险因素有：（1）高龄：本组患者60岁以上老年人51例,占48．6％;（2）卧床：本组105例患者卧床时间4～187 d,平均11．3 d,并发症发生时间在卧床后3～15 d;（3）呼吸系统基础疾病：本组25例伴有肺部疾患,占23．8％;（4）手术及麻醉：本组105例中,手术88例,其中67例接受全身麻醉。经过针对性的系统护理患者均康复出院。结论术前术后采取呼吸系统评估、体位、预防误吸、呼吸功能训练、疼痛护理等措施对预防或减少呼吸系统并发症。     

支气管内异物经纤维支气管镜取出3例

目的总结笔者所在科室用纤维支气管镜治疗支气管内异物的经验。方法在纤维支气管镜下,辨明异物位置,通过活检钳取出异物。结果 3例患者的疗效安全可靠,术后予常规抗炎治疗均痊愈。结论经纤维支气管镜取出异物临床疗效确切,是一种高效、安全可行的简便方法,值得进一步推广应用。     

呼吸道异物取出术围术期护理要点

呼吸道异物是耳鼻喉科常见急症。2002年1月至2010年6月,我院共收治呼吸道异物患儿68例,均取得了良好的预后。现将围术期护理要点简述如下：     

小儿气管支气管异物取出术围手术期护理

呼吸道异物以1～3岁幼儿多见,因不能自诉病史容易误诊,如未及时治疗,可产生严重并发症,甚至危及生命[1].我院耳鼻喉科于1998年1月～2005年3月共收治小儿气管异物49例,均在全麻下行气管异物取出术,取得良好的效果,现报道如下.     

小儿支气管异物取出术的护理

目的：探讨支气管镜异物取出术术前、术中及术后护理操作在减少术中、术后并发症发生中的重要作用。方法：通过对本院35例支气管镜异物取出术的患儿加强术前准备、在术中密切配合手术操作医生、术后有针对性地重点护理,统计患儿术中、术后并发症发生情况。结果：35例患儿中,支气管异物全部取出,术中无一例出现低氧血症或出血症状;术后均未见喉头水肿或痉挛、气胸及出血等症状发生。结论：采用支气管镜诊断及取出支气管异物的技术是安全、有效的,而加强其术前、术中及术后的护理,对减少术中、术后并发症有重要意义。     

个体化护理在小儿支气管异物摘取术中的应用

目的探讨个体化护理在小儿支气管异物摘取术护理中的应用效果。方法将行支气管异物摘取术患儿116例随机分成观察组和对照组,各58例。观察组根据不同个体采用个体化护理,对照组采用常规护理。护理后比较2组1次性异物取出成功率及并发症情况。结果观察组1次性异物取出成功率为96.6%高于对照组的81.0%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。观察组并发症总发生率为3.4%低于对照组的20.7%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论个体化护理能提高支气管异物摘取术患儿的护理质量。     

七氟醚复合丙泊酚在小儿气道异物取出术中的麻醉效果

Objective To observe the anesthetic effect of sevoflurane combined with propofol total general anaesthesia in children undergoing tracheal foreign body removal. Methods Sixty patients aged from 1 to 4 years admitted for tracheal foreign body removal were randomly divided into two groups : sevoflurane group (n = 30) and ketamine group (n = 30). In the sevoflurane group, anaesthesia was induced and maintained with inhalation of sevoflurane and propofol [1.5 mg/(kg · h)] was administered continuously for anesthesia maintenance by micro-pump during operation. The ketamine group were pre-medicated with ketamine 6 mg/kg i. m for sedation, then an-aesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.1 mg/kg and ketamine 1.5 mg/kg i. v and was maintained with intravenous bolus of ketamine. Systolic blood pressure(SBP), Diastolic blood pressure(DBP) ,heart rate(HR) and saturation of percutaneous oxygen(SPO2) were monitored in both groups before anaesthesia inducation (T0) , after anaesthesia inducation and before operation (T1), at the time point of bronchial endoscopy(T2) ,endoscope remoral (T3) ,con-sciousness recovery(T4). The operation condition was evaluated by surgeons, and the incidence of bronchial spasm, glossal drop, nausea and vomiting were recorded both during operation and after operation. Results The SBP and HR increased at the time point of bronchial endoscopy in two groups and decreased after anaesthesia inducation in aevoflurane group. The SPO2 increased in two group after anaesthesia inducation. Compared with ketamine group, the time of consciousness recovery was shorter markedly in sevoflurane group. The occurrence of postoperative glossal drop was higher in ketamine group. Conclusion Sevoflurane combined with propofol is safe and effective during general anaesthesia of children undergoing tracheal foreign body removal.     

七氟醚复合丙泊酚在小儿气道异物取出术中的麻醉效果

Objective To observe the anesthetic effect of sevoflurane combined with propofol total general anaesthesia in children undergoing tracheal foreign body removal. Methods Sixty patients aged from 1 to 4 years admitted for tracheal foreign body removal were randomly divided into two groups : sevoflurane group (n = 30) and ketamine group (n = 30). In the sevoflurane group, anaesthesia was induced and maintained with inhalation of sevoflurane and propofol [1.5 mg/(kg · h)] was administered continuously for anesthesia maintenance by micro-pump during operation. The ketamine group were pre-medicated with ketamine 6 mg/kg i. m for sedation, then an-aesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.1 mg/kg and ketamine 1.5 mg/kg i. v and was maintained with intravenous bolus of ketamine. Systolic blood pressure(SBP), Diastolic blood pressure(DBP) ,heart rate(HR) and saturation of percutaneous oxygen(SPO2) were monitored in both groups before anaesthesia inducation (T0) , after anaesthesia inducation and before operation (T1), at the time point of bronchial endoscopy(T2) ,endoscope remoral (T3) ,con-sciousness recovery(T4). The operation condition was evaluated by surgeons, and the incidence of bronchial spasm, glossal drop, nausea and vomiting were recorded both during operation and after operation. Results The SBP and HR increased at the time point of bronchial endoscopy in two groups and decreased after anaesthesia inducation in aevoflurane group. The SPO2 increased in two group after anaesthesia inducation. Compared with ketamine group, the time of consciousness recovery was shorter markedly in sevoflurane group. The occurrence of postoperative glossal drop was higher in ketamine group. Conclusion Sevoflurane combined with propofol is safe and effective during general anaesthesia of children undergoing tracheal foreign body removal.     

七氟醚复合丙泊酚在小儿气道异物取出术中的麻醉效果

Objective To observe the anesthetic effect of sevoflurane combined with propofol total general anaesthesia in children undergoing tracheal foreign body removal. Methods Sixty patients aged from 1 to 4 years admitted for tracheal foreign body removal were randomly divided into two groups : sevoflurane group (n = 30) and ketamine group (n = 30). In the sevoflurane group, anaesthesia was induced and maintained with inhalation of sevoflurane and propofol [1.5 mg/(kg · h)] was administered continuously for anesthesia maintenance by micro-pump during operation. The ketamine group were pre-medicated with ketamine 6 mg/kg i. m for sedation, then an-aesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.1 mg/kg and ketamine 1.5 mg/kg i. v and was maintained with intravenous bolus of ketamine. Systolic blood pressure(SBP), Diastolic blood pressure(DBP) ,heart rate(HR) and saturation of percutaneous oxygen(SPO2) were monitored in both groups before anaesthesia inducation (T0) , after anaesthesia inducation and before operation (T1), at the time point of bronchial endoscopy(T2) ,endoscope remoral (T3) ,con-sciousness recovery(T4). The operation condition was evaluated by surgeons, and the incidence of bronchial spasm, glossal drop, nausea and vomiting were recorded both during operation and after operation. Results The SBP and HR increased at the time point of bronchial endoscopy in two groups and decreased after anaesthesia inducation in aevoflurane group. The SPO2 increased in two group after anaesthesia inducation. Compared with ketamine group, the time of consciousness recovery was shorter markedly in sevoflurane group. The occurrence of postoperative glossal drop was higher in ketamine group. Conclusion Sevoflurane combined with propofol is safe and effective during general anaesthesia of children undergoing tracheal foreign body removal.     

七氟醚复合丙泊酚在小儿气道异物取出术中的麻醉效果

Objective To observe the anesthetic effect of sevoflurane combined with propofol total general anaesthesia in children undergoing tracheal foreign body removal. Methods Sixty patients aged from 1 to 4 years admitted for tracheal foreign body removal were randomly divided into two groups : sevoflurane group (n = 30) and ketamine group (n = 30). In the sevoflurane group, anaesthesia was induced and maintained with inhalation of sevoflurane and propofol [1.5 mg/(kg · h)] was administered continuously for anesthesia maintenance by micro-pump during operation. The ketamine group were pre-medicated with ketamine 6 mg/kg i. m for sedation, then an-aesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.1 mg/kg and ketamine 1.5 mg/kg i. v and was maintained with intravenous bolus of ketamine. Systolic blood pressure(SBP), Diastolic blood pressure(DBP) ,heart rate(HR) and saturation of percutaneous oxygen(SPO2) were monitored in both groups before anaesthesia inducation (T0) , after anaesthesia inducation and before operation (T1), at the time point of bronchial endoscopy(T2) ,endoscope remoral (T3) ,con-sciousness recovery(T4). The operation condition was evaluated by surgeons, and the incidence of bronchial spasm, glossal drop, nausea and vomiting were recorded both during operation and after operation. Results The SBP and HR increased at the time point of bronchial endoscopy in two groups and decreased after anaesthesia inducation in aevoflurane group. The SPO2 increased in two group after anaesthesia inducation. Compared with ketamine group, the time of consciousness recovery was shorter markedly in sevoflurane group. The occurrence of postoperative glossal drop was higher in ketamine group. Conclusion Sevoflurane combined with propofol is safe and effective during general anaesthesia of children undergoing tracheal foreign body removal.     

74例气道异物X线分析

目的：研究透Ｘ线异物的Ｘ线诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析７４例气道异物的Ｘ线透视及胸片表现,全部病例经气管镜,手术取出或咯出异物证实。结果：气管２３例,左支气管１９例,右支气管３２例,主要Ｘ线表现：阻塞性肺气肿４１例,肺不张８例,肺通气不良１５例,阻塞性肺炎６例,肺脓肿２例,吸气性心脏增大１５例,纵隔摆动或移位３７例,肺野静止征４０例。结论：Ｘ线表现取决于异物的大小,形态及与气道的关系,在病变早期;,     

七氟醚复合丙泊酚在小儿气道异物取出术中的麻醉效果

目的观察七氟醚复合丙泊酚在小儿气道异物取出术中的麻醉效果。方法选择符合美国麻醉学会制定的Ⅰ-Ⅱ级标准、年龄1—4岁、行气管异物取出术小儿60例,随机数字表法分为七氟醚组和氯胺酮组,每组30例。七氟醚组采用吸入七氟醚诱导麻醉,术中维持药物选用丙泊酚1．5mg／（kg·h）微泵持续注入。间断吸入七氟醚;氯胺酮组静脉注射咪达唑仑0．1mg／kg和氯胺酮1．5mg／kg诱导麻醉,术中麻醉深度不足时分次静脉注射氯胺酮1．5mg／kg至麻醉满意。记录诱导前（T0）、麻醉诱导后术前1min（T2）、插入支气管镜时（T2）、拔支气管镜时（T3）、清醒时（T4）血压、心率及血氧饱和度。记录手术时间、苏醒时间和术中医生满意度,观察术中和术后患儿是否有支气管痉挛、呕吐、呼吸道梗阻、舌后坠等并发症。结果2组患儿T2时收缩压、心率较T0时明显升高。七氟醚组患儿T1时收缩压、心率较T0时明显降低;2组患儿血氧饱和度T1-T4各时段均较T0时明显升高;七氟醚组患儿苏醒时间显著快于氯胺酮组;七氟醚组患儿医生满意度较氯胺酮组高;术后氯胺酮组患儿舌后坠发生率明显高于七氟醚组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。2组患儿T0～T4各时段舒张压、血氧饱和度差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论七氟醚复合丙泊酚在小儿气道异物取出术中能提供良好的手术条件,术中麻醉平稳,术后患儿苏醒快且苏醒质量较高。     

小儿支气管异物取出手术麻醉方式的选择

目的:探讨小儿支气管异物取出手术安全可靠的麻醉方式.方法:回顾性分析481例小儿支气管异物患儿分别使用全身麻醉和咽部黏膜表面麻醉进行异物取出术的治疗效果.结果:全身麻醉下行支气管异物取出术296例中1次成功取出异物295例,失败率为0.34%;1%丁卡因咽部黏膜表面麻醉下行支气管异物取出术185例中1次成功取出异物175例,失败率为5.40%,2次成功取出异物8例,术后并发喉头水肿10例,其中使用全身麻醉2例,1%丁卡因咽部黏膜表面麻醉8例;术后并发喉痉挛12例,其中使用全身麻醉1例;行气管切开4例,窒息死亡2例,死亡率为0.42%,皆为使用1%丁卡因咽部黏膜表面麻醉者.结论:全身麻醉下行支气管异物取出术1次成功与失败率明显低于黏膜表面麻醉下行支气管异物取出术,术后并发症少,值得临床推广应用.     

儿童急性下呼吸道感染相关危险因素的meta分析

摘要： 目的 探讨儿童急性下呼吸道感染 （ALRI） 的相关危险因素, 为其防治提供科学依据。方法 计算机检索 Med、 Databases-Medline (Ovid)、 Embase、 CINAHL 和 Global Health Library、 中国知网 （CNKI）、 维普 （VIP） 和万方数库, 查找有关儿童急性下呼吸道感染的危险因素的期刊与论文, 检索时限均为 1990 年 1 月-2014 年 12 月。根据献纳入与排除标准, 由 2 位评价员独立进行文献资料的筛选与提取并质量评价后, 采用 Stata 11.0 软件进行 Meta 析。结果 对纳入的 27 篇文献进行 Meta 分析, 结果显示, 低出生体质量、 缺乏充足的母乳喂养、 房间拥挤、 室内空污染、 营养不良、 处于吸烟环境 （或孕妇吸烟） 和 HIV 接触史 （未感染情况） 与 ALRI 密切相关。结论 上述 7 种危因素在ALRI 进程中起重要作用, 还需进一步研究发现其他潜在的危险因素, 以降低儿童 ALRI 的可能性。关键词： 呼吸道感染; 急性病; 危险因素; Meta 分析; 儿童