Osseointegration of 3D-printed titanium implants with surface and structure modifications

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to establish a mechanical and histological basis for the development of biocompatible maxillofacial reconstruction implants by combining 3D-printed porous titanium structures and surface treatment. Improved osseointegration of 3D-printed titanium implants for reconstruction of maxillofacial segmental bone defect could be advantageous in not only quick osseointegration into the bone tissue but also in stabilizing the reconstruction.MethodsVarious macro-mesh titanium scaffolds were fabricated by 3D-printing. Human mesenchymal stem cells were used for cell attachment and proliferation assays. Osteogenic differentiation was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The osseointegration rate was measured using micro computed tomography imaging and histological analysis.ResultsIn three dimensional-printed scaffold, globular microparticle shape was observed regardless of structure or surface modification. Cell attachment and proliferation rates increased according to the internal mesh structure and surface modification. However, osteogenic differentiation in vitro and osseointegration in vivo revealed that non-mesh structure/non-surface modified scaffolds showed the most appropriate treatment effect.Conclusion3D-printed solid structure is the most suitable option for maxillofacial reconstruction. Various mesh structures reduced osteogenesis of the mesenchymal stem cells and osseointegration compared with that by the solid structure. Surface modification by microarc oxidation induced cell proliferation and increased the expression of some osteogenic genes partially; however, most of the markers revealed that the non-anodized solid scaffold was the most suitable for maxillofacial reconstruction.     

不同比例的聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸共聚物与羟基磷灰石复合支架对人牙髓干细胞增殖及矿化能力影响研究

目的　探讨不同比例的聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸共聚物与羟基磷灰石（PLGA/HA）复合支架的降解速率及其对人牙髓干细胞（human dental pulp stem cells,hDPSCs）增殖及矿化能力的影响。方法    采用溶液浇筑/颗粒沥析技术构建含质量分数分别为10%、20%及30% HA的PLGA/HA复合支架的3个实验组,单纯PLGA支架作为对照组。采用降解实验检测支架的降解速率。将hDPSCs接种于不同比例的PLGA/HA复合支架进行培养,扫描电镜观察细胞形态,应用MTT法检测细胞增殖能力。hDPSCs接种于各组支架培养72 h后,将复合支架植入裸鼠体内,分别于饲养1个月及3个月后处死裸鼠取出支架,应用HE染色观察组织学形态,应用牙本质基质蛋白1（DMP1）免疫组化染色观察细胞的矿化程度。结果    10%HA组和20%HA组具有较适宜的降解速率。各组均具有较高的促hDPSCs增殖能力,促进效果随HA含量的增加而加强。HE染色和免疫组化染色结果显示,HA可促进hDPSCs在体内的成牙本质向分化,分化程度与HA含量成正比,20% HA组及30% HA组矿化程度均较佳。结论   含20%HA的PLGA/HA复合支架具有较佳的降解速率及促细胞增殖和矿化能力,是比较理想的细胞支架材料。     

不同比例的聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸共聚物与羟基磷灰石复合支架对人牙髓干细胞增殖及矿化能力影响研究

 目的　探讨不同比例的聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸共聚物与羟基磷灰石（PLGA/HA）复合支架的降解速率及其对人牙髓干细胞（human dental pulp stem cells，hDPSCs）增殖及矿化能力的影响。方法    采用溶液浇筑/颗粒沥析技术构建含质量分数分别为10%、20%及30% HA的PLGA/HA复合支架的3个实验组，单纯PLGA支架作为对照组。采用降解实验检测支架的降解速率。将hDPSCs接种于不同比例的PLGA/HA复合支架进行培养，扫描电镜观察细胞形态，应用MTT法检测细胞增殖能力。hDPSCs接种于各组支架培养72 h后，将复合支架植入裸鼠体内，分别于饲养1个月及3个月后处死裸鼠取出支架，应用HE染色观察组织学形态，应用牙本质基质蛋白1（DMP1）免疫组化染色观察细胞的矿化程度。结果    10%HA组和20%HA组具有较适宜的降解速率。各组均具有较高的促hDPSCs增殖能力，促进效果随HA含量的增加而加强。HE染色和免疫组化染色结果显示，HA可促进hDPSCs在体内的成牙本质向分化，分化程度与HA含量成正比，20% HA组及30% HA组矿化程度均较佳。结论   含20%HA的PLGA/HA复合支架具有较佳的降解速率及促细胞增殖和矿化能力，是比较理想的细胞支架材料。     

载他克莫司可注射温敏水凝胶促牙髓干细胞成骨向分化作用研究

目的:研究载他克莫司可注射温敏水凝胶(FK506-TH)对人牙髓干细胞(hDPSCs)成骨分化的影响.方法:酶消化法体外分离培养hDPSCs,CCK-8法检测不同浓度FK506FK506-TH对hDPSCs增殖的影响,采用Real-time PCR、茜素红S和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色检测各组细胞成骨分化能力的影响.结果...     

Collagenous matrix supported by a 3D-printed scaffold for osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp cells

Objective

A systematic characterization of hybrid scaffolds, fabricated based on combinatorial additive manufacturing technique and freeze-drying method, is presented as a new platform for osteoblastic differentiation of dental pulp cells (DPCs).

Insulin-like growth factor 1 promotes the proliferation and committed differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells through MAPK pathways

ObjectivesInsulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a broad-spectrum growth-promoting factor that plays a key role in natural tooth development. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are multipotent and can influence the reparative regeneration of dental pulp and dentin. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of IGF-1 on the proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells.MethodsHDPSCs were isolated and purified from human dental pulps. The proliferation and osteo/odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs treated with 100 ng/ml exogenous IGF-1 were subsequently investigated.ResultsMTT assays revealed that IGF-1 enhanced the proliferation of hDPSCs. ALP activity in IGF-1-treated group was obviously enhanced compared to the control group from days 3 to 9. Alizarin red staining revealed that the IGF-1-treated cells contained a greater number of mineralization nodules and had higher calcium concentrations. Moreover, western blot and qRT-PCR analyses demonstrated that the expression levels of several osteogenic genes (e.g., RUNX2, OSX, and OCN) and an odontoblast-specific marker (DSPP) were significantly up-regulated in IGF-1-treated hDPSCs as compared with untreated cells (P < 0.01). Interestingly, the expression of phospho-ERK and phospho-p38 were also up-regulated, indicating that the MAPK signaling pathway is activated during the differentiation of hDPSCs.ConclusionsIGF-1 can promote the proliferation and osteo/odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs by activating MAPK pathways.     

小分子鹰嘴豆芽素A对人牙髓干细胞成骨分化的影响

目的:探讨不同浓度鹰嘴豆芽素A (biochanin A,BCA)对人牙髓干细胞(human dental pulp stem cells,hDPSCs)成骨分化的影响及相关分子机制.方法:通过组织块法分离培养原代人牙髓干细胞,流式细胞术鉴定其细胞表型.通过CCK-8法检测不同浓度BCA对hDPSCs增殖活性的影响,通...     

The Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Lipopolysaccharide-preconditioned Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Dental Pulp Regeneration

IntroductionRegenerative endodontics has created a desirable shift in the treatment paradigm despite current limitations of regenerative outcomes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) facilitate tissue regeneration and repair in a mild inflammatory environment. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from MSCs play an imperative role in the paracrine modulation of regenerative responses modulated by MSCs. However, it remains unknown whether MSCs enhance dental pulp regeneration or whether this enhancement is mediated by sEVs in a mild inflammatory environment. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of sEVs originated from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-preconditioned human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) on dental pulp regeneration.MethodsAll sEVs were isolated from hDPSCs cultured with or without LPS (ie, N-sEVs and L-sEVs, respectively). The effect of N-sEVs and L-sEVs on proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and differentiation of rat bone marrow MSCs was identified in vitro. Moreover, N-sEVs or L-sEVs were implanted into rat pulpless root canal models, and the regenerated tissue in root canals was assessed via hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson staining, and immunohistochemistry after 30 days of transplantation.ResultsBoth N-sEVs and L-sEVs could modulate BMSC proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and differentiation. Both kinds of sEVs enhanced the structure of the regenerated tissue closer to that of a normal dental pulp in vivo. L-sEVs had a more significant effect than N-sEVs.ConclusionssEVs released by hDPSCs in a mild inflammatory microenvironment are capable of facilitating the regeneration of dental pulp through functional healing instead of scar healing, which has potential applications in regenerative endodontics.     

Chitosan in association with osteogenic factors as a cell-homing platform for dentin regeneration: Analysis in a pulp-in-a-chip model

ObjectiveIn this paper we propose the association of β-glycerophosphate (βGP) and calcium-hydroxide with chitosan (CH) to formulate a porous bioactive scaffold suitable as a cell-homing platform for dentin regeneration.MethodsCalcium hydroxide and βGP solutions were incorporated into chitosan to modulate scaffold architecture and composition by a phase separation technique. Architecture, chemical composition, and degradability were evaluated, and biological characterizations were performed by the seeding of dental pulp cells (DPCs) onto scaffolds, or by cultivating them in contact with leachable components (extracts), to determine cytocompatibility and odontoblastic differentiation. Cell-free scaffolds were then positioned in intimate contact with a 3D culture of DPCs in a pulp-in-a-chip platform under simulated pulp pressure. Cell mobilization and odontoblastic marker expression were evaluated. Deposition of mineralized matrix was assessed in direct contact with dentin, in the absence of osteogenic factors.ResultsIncorporation of calcium hydroxide and βGP generated a stable porous chitosan scaffold containing Ca-P nanoglobule topography (CH-Ca-βGP), which favored cell viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralized matrix deposition by cells seeded onto the scaffold structure and at a distance. The pulp-in-a-chip assay denoted its chemotactic and bioactive potential, since dentin sialoprotein-positive DPCs from 3D culture adhered to CH-Ca-βGP more than to plain chitosan. The higher deposition of mineralized matrix onto the scaffold and surrounding dentin was also observed.SignificanceA CH-Ca-βGP scaffold creates a microenvironment capable of mobilizing DPC migration toward its structure, harnessing the odontogenic potential and culminating in the expression of a highly mineralizing phenotype, key factors for a cell-homing strategy.     

模拟微重力环境对人牙髓干细胞体内增殖能力的影响

目的：研究模拟微重力环境对聚乳酸-羟基乙酸（PLGA）支架上人牙髓干细胞（hDPSCs）体内增殖能力的影响。方法：分离、培养hDPSCs并进行鉴定。以PLGA作为支架材料培养人牙髓干细胞,将hDPSCs-PLGA复合物分别在模拟微重力环境和普通重力环境下培养72h,然后移植到裸鼠背部皮下。植入4周后取出组织块,分别进行HE染色、Masson染色、Ki67和I型胶原免疫组化检测。结果：模拟微重力环境下细胞密度、胶原生成量、I型胶原表达量和Ki67阳性细胞数量明显高于普通环境（P〈0.01）。结论：模拟微重力环境培养的hDPSCs的体内增殖能力高于普通重力组。     

瘦素对人牙髓干细胞增殖及分化的影响

目的 探讨瘦素(leptin)对体外培养的牙髓干细胞增殖、分化的影响.方法 体外培养牙髓干细胞,采用MTT法及流式细胞技术检测不同浓度瘦素对牙髓干细胞增殖作用的影响,通过碱性磷酸酶、Yon Kossa染色及矿化相关蛋白(DSP、OCN)的免疫组化染色来检测瘦素对牙髓干细胞分化的影响.结果 瘦素对牙髓干细胞增殖没有显著作用,但是对牙髓干细胞的ALP活性呈浓度依赖性促进.Von Kossa染色可见矿化结节形成,DSP及OCN表达阳性.结论 瘦素可促进牙髓干细胞向成牙本质细胞分化.     

模拟微重力环境对人牙髓干细胞体外增殖能力的影响

目的：研究模拟微重力环境对人牙髓干细胞（human dental pulp stem cells,hDPSCs）在PLGA支架上体外增殖能力的影响。方法：将分离、鉴定后的人牙髓干细胞接种在PLGA支架上,采用MTT法检测普通环境和模拟微重力环境中培养24、48、72h的人牙髓干细胞在PLGA支架上的细胞活性。DAPI荧光染色和流式细胞术比较牙髓干细胞在两种环境培养3d的细胞数量以及细胞周期分布情况。结果：MTT显示模拟微重力组中各时间点的A值均高于普通环境培养组;DAPI荧光染色显示在模拟微重力下培养3d的人牙髓干细胞数量明显多于普通环境培养组;细胞周期分析结果表明模拟微重力组中S期细胞比例明显高于普通环境培养组（P〈0.05）。结论：接种在PLGA支架上的人牙髓干细胞在模拟微重力环境下较普通环境具有更高的体外增殖能力。     

The Role of Integrin-α5 in the Proliferation and Odontogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells

Introduction

It has been reported that integrin-α5 (ITGA5) activity is related to cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and organ development. However, the involvement of ITGA5 in the biological functions of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) has not been explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ITGA5 in the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs.

Methods

We knocked down ITGA5 in hDPSCs using lentivirus-mediated ITGA5 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Changes in the proliferation in hDPSCs infected with lentiviruses expressing ITGA5-specific shRNA or negative control shRNA were examined using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine labeling. Both ITGA5 knockdown cells and shMock cells were cultured in mineralization medium for 3 weeks, and the differentiation of cells was detected with alizarin red S staining. The expression of odontogenic differentiation-related molecular markers was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays.

Results

The knockdown of ITGA5 decreased the proliferation capacity of hDPSCs. ITGA5 shRNA promoted odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs with the enhanced formation of mineralized nodules. It also up-regulated the messenger RNA expression of multiple markers of odontogenesis and the expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein protein.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that ITGA5 plays an important role in maintaining hDPSCs in a proliferative state. The inhibition of ITGA5 signaling promotes the odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs.     

Rho激酶抑制剂Y-27632对人牙髓干细胞增殖能力的影响

目的: 初步研究Rho激酶抑制剂Y-27632对人牙髓干细胞(human dental pulp stem cells,hDPSCs)增殖能力的影响。方法: 采用体外贴壁式培养法培养人牙髓干细胞,应用Rho激酶抑制剂Y-27632,根据培养条件,分为普通培养液培养组(Con)及普通培养液+抑制剂Y-27632培养组(Con+Y),采用MTT法检测两种培养条件下人牙髓干细胞培养24、48、72、96 h细胞活性;采用DAPI染色法及流式细胞定量检测技术(FCM)比较两组在培养48 h的细胞数量及细胞周期分布情况。结果: MTT结果显示,实验组hDPSCs细胞增殖曲线较对照组明显上移,且增殖高峰期提前;培养48 h,DAPI染色结果显示,实验组细胞总数量明显多于对照组;FCM结果显示,对照组G₀/G₁期细胞比例为(66.8±6.84)%,S期细胞比例为(25.17±0.62)%,实验组G0/G1期细胞比例为(58.59±1.76)%,S期细胞比例为(31.34±1.16)%,实验组S期细胞比例明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。 结论: Rho激酶抑制剂Y-27632促进人牙髓干细胞DNA合成、细胞分裂及增殖。