Regeneration of periodontal bone defects with mesenchymal stem cells in animal models. Systematic review and meta-analysis

Odontology - The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the regeneration of periodontal bone defects in animal models. A systematic review and...     

糖尿病兔骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化能力探讨

目的 观察糖尿病兔骨髓间充质干细胞（bone arrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs）以成骨分化为主的生物学特性。方法 通过静脉注射水合四氧嘧啶,建立糖尿病模型,以注射等量生理盐水作为对照组。在无菌条件下,局麻后抽取兔髂骨骨髓,获取BMSCs。采用全骨髓贴壁培养法对细胞进行纯化及培养,分别对2组细胞行MTT检测、实时定量PCR检测、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性检测,以及ERK、AKT信号通路表达检测。采用SPSS 13.0软件包对数据进行单因素方差分析（ANOVA）和SNK post hoc分析。结果 与正常组比较,实验组糖尿病兔BMSCs细胞增殖活性、成骨基因表达、ALP活性及成血管基因表达均显著下降（P<0.05）。结论 糖尿病兔BMSCs的增殖活性、成骨分化能力及成血管基因表达能力均受到损害。     

人骨髓间质干细胞的培养及成骨功能研究

目的　体外扩增人骨髓间质干细胞 (humanbonemarrow derivedmesonchymalstemcells,hBMMSCs) ,研究其生物学特征及体内、外成骨功能。方法　分离培养hBMMSCs,并对其形态、增殖动力学、碱性磷酸酶 (alkalinephosphatase,ALP)表达及体内、外成骨功能进行研究。结果　hBMMSCs可在体外培养扩增 ,群体倍增时间约为 3 5d。ALP检测表明 ,未经矿化诱导的hBMMSCs可表达少量ALP ,诱导后其表达量明显增高。vonkossa染色证实在矿化诱导液作用下hBMMSCs在体外可形成钙结节。体内成骨实验证实 ,1× 10 5个hBMMSCs接种到 30mm3 块状HA/TCP载体移植BALB/C裸小鼠皮下 3个月 ,可观察到层板状骨组织生成。结论　hBMMSCs是一种具有成骨潜能的前体细胞 ,经培养、扩增、诱导后 ,在体外可形成矿化结节 ,体内可在载体表面形成骨组织。     

兔骨髓间充质干细胞的体外分离培养、低温冻存及复苏研究

目的寻求体外培养、冻存、复苏兔骨髓间充质十细胞（bone marrow mesenehymal stein cell,BMMSC）的方法,观察体外培养BMMSC的形态及生长特性,研究低温冻存对兔BMMSC生长的影响,为兔BMMSC进一步的实验研究打下基础。方法取新西兰白兔胫骨穿刺获取骨髓液,密度梯度离心法联合贴壁培养法体外纯化扩增,并行液氮冻存3个月。通过倒置显微镜观察其生物学表现,并进行细胞增殖活性分析．绘制生长曲线。结果兔BMMSC为贴壁生长,形态为均匀成纤维细胞样,增殖能力强,传代及冻存后细胞仍然保持其生物学特性。结论兔BMMSC可采取密度梯度离心法联合贴壁培养法进行较好地纯化和扩增,并町长期保存于液氮中,在一定的条件下可复苏存活,冻存不影响细胞的增殖能力。     

Osteogenic potential of cryopreserved human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured with autologous serum

Secondary bone grafting in the alveolar cleft is one of the most important therapeutic modalities for patients with cleft lip and palate. However, in children, harvesting a sufficient amount of bone is difficult, and repeated operations are often required because deformation of the alveolar cleft may occur because of the grafted bone absorption and bone growth, which imposes a heavy burden on the patients. The burden may be reduced if the banking of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be made possible, that is, if cryopreserved autologous MSCs, those that have been harvested from the patient's own bone marrow, could be cultured and expanded with the patient's own serum and can be thawed and cultivated for grafting at a later date. In the current study, a hybrid-type bone substitute was prepared by thawing and cultivating MSCs that have been cryopreserved for more than 3 months. The hybrid-type bone substitute was implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. At 6 and 9 weeks after grafting, the bone graft was removed, and the osteogenic potential of the cells cultured with autologous serum, as determined by alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red S staining, was compared with those cultured with fetal bovine serum. There was no significant difference in the osteogenic potential between MSCs cultured with autologous serum and those cultured with fetal bovine serum. The results suggest the possibility of artificial bone grafting using MSCs cultured with autologous serum and the banking of the cells.     

Enhancement of periodontal tissue regeneration by transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

BACKGROUND: The use of suitable cells transplanted into periodontal osseous defects appears to be a powerful strategy to promote periodontal tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow have the potential for multilineage differentiation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether auto-transplantation of MSCs into periodontal osseous defects would be useful for periodontal tissue regeneration. METHODS: Bone marrow MSCs were isolated from beagle dogs and expanded in vitro. The expanded MSCs were mixed with atelocollagen (2% type I collagen) at final concentrations of 2 x 10(6), 5 x 10(6), 1 x 10(7), or 2 x 10(7) cells/ml, and auto-transplanted into experimental Class III defects. Atelocollagen alone was implanted into the defects as a control. Periodontal tissue healing was evaluated by histological and morphometric analyses 1 month after transplantation. RESULTS: The defects were regenerated with cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone in the MSC-atelocollagen groups. Less periodontal tissue regeneration was observed in the control group compared to the MSC-atelocollagen groups. Morphometric analysis revealed that the percentage of new cementum length in the 5 x 10(6) and 2 x 10(7) cells/ml groups and the percentage of new bone area in the 2 x 10(7) cells/ml group were significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that auto-transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is a novel option for periodontal tissue regeneration.     

骨髓间充质干细胞复合PLGA对牙周组织再生的影响

目的 探讨骨髓来源间充质干细胞(bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)复合PLGA膜支架对牙周组织再生的影响.方法 体外分离培养比格犬BMSCs,CCK8检测BMSCs细胞生长曲线,流式细胞术检测BMSCs细胞纯度;溶剂浇铸法制备PLGA膜,检测PLGA膜的吸...     

Osteoanagenesis after transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells using polyvinylidene chloride film as a scaffold

The aim of this study was to develop a new cell transplantation technique for osteoanagenesis at bone defect sites. Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) film was evaluated because of its good biocompatibility and flexibility. We used this film as both a cell scaffold and a barrier membrane. Initially, the cell compatibility of the PVDC film for fibroblast-like cells and osteoblast-like cells was confirmed. Subsequently, bone marrow cells were obtained from rats and cultured on PVDC films in two kinds of medium. The PVDC films with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were then applied to critical-sized bone defects in the calvarial bone of rats. After the transplantation, the surgical sites were dissected out and evaluated by soft X-ray radiography, micro-CT analysis and histological examinations. The bone marrow-derived MSC-transplanted rats showed greater bone regeneration than the control rats. Therefore, PVDC film is considered to be useful as a scaffold for bone regeneration.     

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine in craniofacial region

The craniofacial region contains many specified tissues including bone, cartilage, muscle, blood vessels and neurons. Defect or dysfunction of the craniofacial tissue after post-cancer ablative surgery, trauma, congenital malformations and progressive deforming skeletal diseases has a huge influence on the patient's life. Therefore, functional reconstruction of damaged tissues is highly expected. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are one of the most well characterized postnatal stem cell populations, and considered to be utilized for cell-based clinical therapies. Here, the current understanding and the potential applications in craniofacial tissue regeneration of BMMSCs are reviewed, and the current limitations and drawbacks are also discussed.     

人脐带Wharton's Jelly来源间充质干细胞与人牙周膜干细胞成骨分化能力的对比研究

目的:比较人脐带Wharton's Jelly来源间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord Wharton's Jelly-derived mesechymal stem ceils,hUCWJMSCs)与人牙周膜干细胞(periodontal mesenchymal stem cells,hPDLSCs)成骨分化能力.方法:体外培养hUC-WJMSCs和hPDLSCs.MTT法检测细胞增殖情况;成骨诱导后测定细胞的ALP活性,茜素红染色检测细胞矿化能力,Real-timePCR分析OPN和Runx2基因的表达.结果:hUCWJMSCs增殖能力高于hPDLSCs;经矿化诱导后hPDLSCs ALP表达、矿化结节形成高于hUCWJMSCs(P＜0.05);Runx2在hPDLSCs中表达高于hUCWJMSCs(P ＜0.05);而hUCWJMSCs中OPN表达高于hPDLSCs(P＜0.05).结论:hUCWJMSCs、hPDLSCs均具有成骨分化能力,hPDLSCs成骨分化能力较强.     

外泌体在骨髓间充质干细胞骨向分化及其在牙周再生中的研究进展

外泌体是多种细胞在生理或病理状态下分泌到细胞外的纳米级囊泡,富含蛋白质、核酸、脂质等生物活性物质,是细胞间信息交流传递和物质交换转移的重要介质。研究证实,外泌体可通过蛋白、miRNAs等调控干细胞的增殖、分化,在免疫应答、炎症反应等过程中均发挥重要的调节作用。本文就炎性环境下不同细胞来源的外泌体生物学性能及其在成骨分化中的作用作一综述,以期为牙周炎所致骨缺损的治疗方法提供参考。     

鼻阻塞对幼年大鼠髁突骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化的作用

目的 通过幼年大鼠开口呼吸动物模型探讨鼻阻塞对髁突骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）成软骨向分化的作用。方法 40只4周龄SD大鼠随机分为2组,双侧鼻阻塞组28只,阻塞时间为8：00-16：00,至8周;对照组12只,不作处理。在建模初始、2周末、4周末分别取2组双侧髁突BMSCs体外培养并鉴定,CCK-8法比较2组细胞的增殖差异,RT-PCR法检测2组BMSCs成软骨标志基因（Agg、COL-Ⅱ、SOX-9）表达的差异。采用 SPSS19.0软件包对实验数据进行统计学分析。结果 鼻阻塞组髁突BMSCs的细胞增殖曲线与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）,但成软骨标志基因的表达显著下降（P<0.05）。结论 幼年大鼠双侧间歇性鼻阻塞致其生长发育期开口呼吸,出现下颌骨发育不足,与髁突BMSCs软骨向分化受到抑制有关。     

硫化氢信号系统在张应力下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化过程中的变化

目的 探讨张应力作用下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMMSCs)成骨向分化过程中硫化氢(H2S)信号系统的表达改变.方法 应用四点弯曲加力系统,对体外分离培养的大鼠BMMSCs施加不同大小的周期单一张应力40min,2h后检测检测H2S信号系统中重要的H2S和胱硫醚-.y-裂解酶的表达量,同时检测碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素表达量并进行成骨细胞转录因子-2mRNA定量分析.结果 随着张应力的增大,H2S信号系统的表达逐渐增强,同时成骨能力亦增强,但2000μstrain以后H2S信号系统的表达与成骨能力均下降.结论 适当的张应力可促进H2S信号系统表达和BMMSCs骨向分化,硫化氢信号系统可能在这一过程中起重要作用.     

人骨髓基质干细胞对人牙周膜干细胞膜片再生牙周膜样组织的影响

目的:研究人骨髓基质干细胞(human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,HBMMSCs)对人牙周膜干细胞(human periodontal ligament stem cells,HPDLSCs)膜片再生牙周膜样组织的影响。方法:利用Transwell共培养HBMMSCs和HPDLSCs,通过ALP和MTT的方法检测共培养HPDLSCs的ALP活性和增殖活性。将共培养的HPDLSCs制成膜片与煅烧的陶瓷牛骨(ce-ramic bovine bone,CBB)复合,行裸鼠体内异位移植。结果:体外结果显示,HBMMSCs可以提高HPDLSCs的ALP活性,促进细胞增殖。体内结果显示,共培养的HPDLSCs膜片不仅可以再生含矿化结构的牙周膜样组织,而且再生出丰富的血管。结论:HBMMSCs促进HPDLSCs膜片再生血管化的牙周膜样组织。     

间接共培养诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向牙周膜成纤维样细胞分化

目的：探讨通过间接共培养诱导骨髓间充质干细胞（Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs）向牙周膜成纤维细胞（Periodontal ligament fibroblasts,PDLFs）分化的可行性。方法：将大鼠BMSCs与PDLFs间接共培养,分别于不同时间段检测碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline phosphatase,ALP）活性以及骨钙素（Osteocalcin,OCN）、Ⅲ型胶原（Collagen typeIII,COLⅢ）mRNA表达的变化。结果：间接共培养后的BMSCs表现出类似PDLFs的性质,各检测指标与单独培养的PDLFs无统计学差异,与单独培养的BMSCs有统计学差异。结论：牙周膜成纤维细胞通过旁分泌机制可以诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向其分化。     

Wnt和Notch通路在老龄个体骨髓间充质干细胞成骨中的调控

社会老龄化的加剧使老年个体骨损伤修复问题愈发突出,骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)是一种与骨代谢再生密切相关的骨髓细胞,其生物学特性(形态、表面特征、细胞周期、端粒酶以及细胞内活性氧簇水平等)以及增殖分化能力在生物体年龄影响下均发生了改变,成骨能力下降,影响了骨损伤的修复速度和质量.探索其中分子机制对改善老龄个体骨损伤康复有至关重要作用.参与调控的信号中,Wnt和Notch近年日益受到关注,二者对老龄BMSC成骨的调控有交互作用.老龄机体的氧化应激反应增加而生长因子生成减少,Wnt通路的转录因子β-catenin与叉头家族转录因子的亲和力增加,不再与T细胞因子和淋巴增强因子结合,故BMSC成骨减弱.同时老龄个体骨髓中BMSC数量减少,Notch抑制BMSC成骨来维持祖细胞池中BMSC的数量.Wnt和Notch之间还存在相互作用,如Notch过表达能够削弱Wnt的影响等.此外,BMP-Smad转录因子活性下降,Hedgehog信号通路下调,亦影响着BMSC的成骨分化.本文对老龄个体BMSC生物学性能变化及其成骨分化过程中信号通路的调控作用进行综述,为老龄个体骨相关性疾病的治疗提供新思路.     

Optimization of growth inducing factors for colony forming and attachment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells regarding bioengineering application

PURPOSE

These days, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have received worldwide attention because of their potentiality in tissue engineering for implant dentistry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate various growth inducing factors in media for improvement of acquisition of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) and colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The mouse BMMSCs were freshly obtained from female C3H mouse femur and tibia. The cells seeded at the density of 10⁶/dish in media supplemented with different density of fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin (VD3) and recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF). After 14 days, CFU-F assay was conducted to analyze the cell attachment and proliferation, and moreover for VD3, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay was additionally conducted.

RESULTS

The cell proliferation was increased with the increase of FBS concentration (P<.05). The cell proliferation was highest at the density of 20 ng/mL rhEGF compared with 0 ng/mL and 200 ng/mL rhEGF (P<.05). For VD3, although the colony number was increased with the increase of its concentration, the difference was not statistically significant (P>.05).

CONCLUSION

FBS played the main role in cell attachment and growth, and the growth factor like rhEGF played the additional effect. However, VD3 did not have much efficacy compare with the other two factors. Improvement of the conditions could be adopted to acquire more functional MSCs to apply into bony defect around implants easily.