肝肾联合移植1例报告

笔者对1例乙肝后肝硬化（失代偿期）、慢性肾衰竭（尿毒症期）的患者施行一期肝肾联合移植。采用背驮式肝移植及常规肾移植。术后免疫抑制方案采用达利珠单抗（赛尼哌）、他克莫司（FK506）、酶酚酸酯（MMF）及激素联合用药。患者顺利渡过围手术期，移植肝肾功能良好，现已存活15个月。提示完善的手术技术，围手术期合理治疗措施是肝肾联合移植成功的关键;移植肝对肾脏具有保护作用。     

腹部器官联合移植患者长期存活的临床观察

目的总结腹部器官联合移植患者长期存活的临床经验。方法我院从2001年10月至2005年1月共施行19例腹部器官联合移植术,其中胰肾联合移植6例,肝肾联合移植12例,肝胰十二指肠联合移植1例,术后随访10个月～3年8个月,分析总结腹部器官联合移植患者的原发疾病种类,长期存活的影响因素和器官联合移植的免疫学特点。结果19例患者手术均获成功,18例获随访,16例至今存活,2例肝肾联合移植患者死亡,其中1例术后1年6个月死于心肌梗死,1例术后1年1个月死于肺部巨细胞病毒感染。1例肝肾联合移植和2例胰肾联合移植患者各发生1次急性排斥反应,2例肝肾联合移植患者发生他克莫司中毒。18例患者中存活3年以上者4例,2年以上者7例,1年以上者6例,10个月以上者1例。结论腹部器官联合移植是治疗腹部两个器官衰竭的有效办法,影响患者术后长期存活的因素包括选择合适的受者,优质的供体器官,避免外科并发症,术前心肌梗死病史,免疫抑制方案和术后远期病毒感染等。腹部器官联合移植有不同于单器官移植的免疫学特点。     

肝肾联合移植的临床体会（附10例分析）

目的总结肝肾联合移植的治疗体会。方法收集接受肝肾联合移植的10例患者的临床资料,对其手术时间、供肝和供肾热缺血时间、术中出血量、术后并发症,受者和移植物功能等情况进行总结分析。结果 10例患者的原发病分别为乙型病毒性肝炎（乙肝）后肝硬化5例,其中合并药物性肾衰竭1例、移植肾失功1例、肝肾综合征3例;原发性肝细胞癌合并肾衰竭2例;酒精性肝硬化合并尿毒症1例;先天性多囊肝和多囊肾（polycystic liver and kidney disease,PCLKD）1例;肝移植术后缺血性胆管狭窄并肾衰竭1例。肝移植采用改良背驮术式,肾移植采用常规移植方法,将移植肾置于左髂窝或右髂窝。手术均获成功,肝移植手术时间（444±175）min,肾移植手术时间（184±36）min;移植肝和移植肾热缺血时间为8min以内;术中出血量（3367±1726）ml。术前严重感染的5例,术后1周内死于多器官功能衰竭。存活的5例患者中,其中1例患者术后反复肺部感染,给予呼吸机辅助支持治疗、积极抗感染后治愈,其余4例患者无明显并发症。5例患者均存活,生存12~32个月,受者和移植物功能良好。结论肝肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝、肾功能同时受损的有效的不可替代的治疗手段。选择合适病例,把握适当的手术时机,术中控制手术时间、热缺血时间和出血量,术后积极处理并发症是获得良好疗效的关键。     

肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植三例报告

目的 探讨肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植的手术适应证、术后并发症及存活情况.方法 对2003年10月至2008年12月施行的3例肝或肾移植术后再次行一期肝肾联合移植的受者进行随访,并进行文献复习.对其围手术期死亡率、术后并发症及存活情况进行总结.结果 围手术期死亡率为33.3%(1/3).术后并发症:1例因腹腔出血术后第29天死于肺部感染、急性移植肾功能衰竭和多器官功能衰竭;3例患者均发生了肺部感染;无急性排斥反应发生.2例存活患者,从首次移植计算,已经分别存活56个月和228个月;从一期肝肾联合移植计算,已经分别存活40个月和48个月.结论 肝肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝肾疾病的有效方法.肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植是可行的.     

临床肝肾移植三例体会

目的　探讨肝肾序贯移植和同期联合移植的手术难点及围手术期处理要点。方法　对2例肾移植术后发生药物性肝损害的病例实施肝移植 ,并对 1例巨大多囊肝、多囊肾的病例实施肝肾联合移植。结果　 2例肾移植术后实施肝移植的病例 ,其中 1例因术后肾功能衰竭导致多器官功能衰竭死亡 ;另 1例术后肝、肾功能良好 ,现已存活 1年。肝肾联合移植病例术中采用肝后腔静脉直接阻断法 ,使重达 10kg的巨大病肝得以顺利切除 ,并采用腔静脉成型术完成改良背驮式肝移植。术后免疫方案采用人源化单克隆抗体达利珠单抗免疫诱导下的以FK5 0 6、霉酚酸酯 (MMF)和激素的三联用药 ,肝、肾功能恢复良好 ,现为术后 6个月。结论　序贯性肝肾移植在术前应该准确评估移植肾功能 ,如果移植肾功能不良 ,应果断选择实施肝肾联合移植。肝后下腔静脉直接阻断法在实施巨大病肝切除时具有较大优势。肝肾联合移植术中及术后建议采用达利珠单抗免疫诱导下的免疫三联用药。     

肝肾联合移植 22 例报告

目的 对临床肝肾联合移植(CLKT)进行总结. 方法 为22例肝功能衰竭合并尿毒症患者实施CLKT,每例受者所移植的肝脏和肾脏来自同一供者,采取原位灌注、多器官联合快速切取.10例行经典式原位肝移植术,12例行背驮式肝移植术,均未行静脉转流,肾移植采用常规术式,均为一期移植.术后采用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白或(和)抗CD25单克隆抗体诱导治疗,采用他克莫司、吗替麦考酚酯和泼尼松预防排斥反应. 结果 22例手术全部成功,移植肝和移植肾功能恢复良好.术后发生移植肝急性排斥反应1例,移植肾急性排斥反应2例,他克莫司中毒1例,上消化道出血1例,腹腔继发性出血1例.胸腔积液6例,肺部感染2例,腹腔感染1例.本组随访6个月至7年11个月,死亡3例,其中2例患者分别在术后第7个月和第10个月死于肺部巨细胞病毒感染,1例患者在术后第9个月死于急性心肌梗死.受者术后1、3、5年存活率分别为86.4%、81.3%和72.7%. 结论 CLKT是治疗终末期肝病合并肾功能衰竭的有效方法.     

肝、肾联合移植治疗肾移植术后移植肾功能衰竭并肝硬化一例报告

目的 报告1例移植肾功能丧失并肝炎后肝硬化者再次接受肝，肾联合移植。方法 给1例肾移植术后移植肾功能丧失并肝炎皇肝硬化患者先行失功能移植肾的切除。针对患者群体反应抗体（PRA）较高（66%），切除术后第5d开始每天给予环磷酰胺50mg。连服3个半月，并行血浆置换2次。PRA降至23%。3个半月后施行一期肝，肾联合移植，肝移植采用原位背驮式肝移植术式。供肾移植于左髂窝，肝血流开放后每间隔30min检测PRA1次，术后免疫抑制治疗采用他克莫司（FK506）。霉酚酸酯（MMF）和激素。结果 术后移植肝，肾立即发挥功能。肝动，静脉血流开放后，，PRA由23%降至5%。并维持在8%左右。术后乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原转阴，丙型肝炎病毒抗体阴性，随访3个月，移植肝，肾功能正常。结论 对于移植肾功能丧失，且合并有肝硬化，肝功能不良者，再次施行肝，肾联合移植是可行的。     

肝肾联合移植36例的预后分析

目的 分析肝肾联合移植36例的治疗效果及存活情况.方法 回顾性分析20022011年单中心施行的36例肝肾联合移植的临床资料.受者的年龄为(47.4±13.1)岁,术前4例曾接受过肝移植,7例曾接受肾移植.统计术后并发症发生情况及受者和移植物的存活情况.结果 存活受者随访47.9个月(29.1～115.7个月).术后1、3和5年受者存活率分别为88.7％、85.4％和81.4％;1、3和5年移植肝存活率分别为79.8％、76.3％和72.3％;1、3和5年移植肾存活率分别为85.7％、82.4％和78.2％.3例受者因严重胆道并发症进行了再次肝移植,1例受者因移植肾功能丧失进行了再次肾移植.结论 肝肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝病伴肾功能衰竭的有效方法,受者和移植物可获得良好的预后.     

肝、肾联合移植13例临床总结

目的对肝、肾联合移植的病例进行临床总结。方法回顾性分析13例肝、肾联合移植患者的临床资料。结果肝、肾联合移植术后,4例肝硬化、肝功能衰竭合并肾功能衰竭患者,3例存活1年以上,1例于术后1年半死于乙型病毒性肝炎复发及肝功能衰竭,1例围手术期死于多器官功能衰竭;4例多囊肝、多囊肾合并肝、肾功能损害患者,全部存活1年以上,其中最长存活者已达4年,1例存活1年半后死于肝功能衰竭(慢性功能丧失);5例乙型病毒性肝炎(重型)合并肝肾综合征患者,2例存活1年以上,3例围手术期死于多器官功能衰竭及严重感染。结论肝、肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝、肾疾病的有效方法;对病情较为危重者应行体外静脉转流。     

肝肾联合移植治疗巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭

目的 总结巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭行肝肾联合移植的临床经验.方法 对8例巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭的患者进行肝肾联合移植,男性5例,女性3例;年龄41～67岁,平均52.8岁.先肝后肾采用经典非转流原位肝移植6例,先肾后肝并采用背驮式肝移植2例.术后对急性排斥反应、并发症、肝肾功能、人/肝/肾存活率等临床疗效进行长期随访.结果 随访28～65个月,8例患者均存活,肝肾功能正常.存活5年以上2例,4年以上2例,2年以上4例.围手术期并发胸腔积液2例,肺部金黄色葡萄球菌感染1例,均对症治疗后痊愈.截至随访终点,未发现移植物急性排斥反应.结论 巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭的患者,肝肾联合移植术是安全有效的治疗方法.     

肝肾联合移植15例报道

目的探讨肝肾联合移植的适应证和疗效。方法对2001年2月至2003年12月施行肝肾联合移植术的15例患者进行了随访。15例中,乙型肝炎后肝硬化合并肝肾综合征8例、合并尿毒症2例、合并糖尿病肾病1例;多囊肝和多囊肾2例;Caroli病合并多囊肾1例;酒精性肝硬化合并尿毒症1例。对肝肾联合移植患者的手术方式,围手术期并发症,术后急、慢性排斥反应和乙型肝炎复发情况及随访结果进行了分析。结果15例肝肾联合移植术后移植物功能均恢复良好,6个月和1年生存率为100%。1例术前有严重营养不良者,术后给与48d的呼吸机支持后康复。术后创面出血和消化道出血各1例,经非手术治疗后治愈。胆道吻合口狭窄1例,用内镜下球囊扩张术治愈。1例术后2周发生急性移植肝排斥反应,给予激素冲击治疗后得到控制。1例术后30个月时因停用拉米夫定后乙型肝炎复发死于移植肝功能丧失。结论肝肾联合移植是终末期肝病合并慢性肾功能衰竭或肾功能损害的安全有效方法。对乙型肝炎患者术后尽早应用拉米夫定和乙型肝炎病毒免疫球蛋白预防肝炎复发。     

Combined liver and kidney transplantation: analysis of Padova experience

BACKGROUND/AIM: The main indications for combined liver and kidney transplantation (CLKT) are as follows: (1) cirrhosis with renal damage dependent or not upon liver disease, (2) renal failure with dialysis and concomitant liver end-stage disease, (3) congenital diseases, and (4) enzymatic liver deficiency with concomitant renal failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate our results with CLKT both in adult and pediatric patients. METHODS: From September 1995 to September 2006, 15 CLKT (2.8%) among 541 liver transplantations included 4 pediatric patients (27%). The main indications for CLKT were hepatitis C virus (HCV) and polycystic diseases in adult patients, and primary hyperoxaluria in pediatric patients. RESULTS: The double transplantation was performed from the same donor in all cases. All adult patients received whole liver grafts, whereas 3 split transplants and 1 whole liver graft were transplanted in the pediatric patients. Median liver and kidney cold ischemia times were 468 and 675 minutes, respectively. After a median follow-up of 36 months (range, 1-125), the overall survival rate was 80%. Five-year patient and graft survival rates were 100% for adult CLKT, whereas they were 50% for pediatric patients. We observed only 2 cases (18%) of delayed renal function, requiring temporary hemodialysis with progressive graft improvement. There was only 1 case of kidney retransplantation due to early graft nonfunction in a pediatric patient. CONCLUSION: Although CLKT is related to major surgical risks, results after transplantation are satisfactory with an evident immunological advantage.     

重症肝炎行原位肝移植术及肝肾联合移植术的疗效比较

目的 总结重症肝炎患者行原位肝移植或肝肾联合移植的结果,探讨肝肾联合移植的手术适应证.方法 分析52例重症肝炎患者单纯行原位肝移植(orthotopic liver transplantation,OLT)和肝肾联合移植(combined liver-kidney transplantation,CLKT)两组患者死亡率、术后肾功能不全的发生率、ICU天数、住院天数等.结果 CLKT组患者术前肾功能明显差于OLT组,术后发生严重感染的患者明显多于OLT组.但OLT组中28例(70％)患者术后早期发生肾功能不良,其中11例需血液透析;而CLKT组患者中需血液透析仅2例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).CLKT组患者在围手术期2例(16.7％)死亡.OLT组围手术期死亡16例(40％),其中死于急性肾衰9例,两组死亡率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 重症肝炎患者若术前肾功能较差,术后易并发严重感染,肝移植后急性肾衰的发病率和死亡率较高,可考虑行CLKT术.     

原位肝移植治疗终末期肝病9例初步报告

１９９３年９月至１９９６年７月分别为９例终末期肝病病人施行了原位肝移植术。其中４例为原发性肝脏恶性肿瘤，５例为良性终末期肝病。移植术式除１例背肽式肝移植和１例减体积肝移植外，其余７例均为原位全肝移植，并为１例多囊肝，多囊肾，合并肝，肾功能损害闰人施行了肝，肾联合移植术。     

Kidney transplantation combined with other organs: experience of Bologna s. Orsola hospital

AIM: We report a series of patients who underwent combined heart-kidney transplantation (CHKT) and combines liver-kidney transplantation (CLKT) at a single center. METHODS: From January 1997 to October 2004, 13 CLKT and 2 CHKT were performed. The CLKT indications were as follows: polycystic disease (2), kidney polycystic disease associated with Caroli (1) and cirrhosis-hepatitis C virus (HCVs) (1), chronic glomerulonephritis with cirrhosis-HCV (4), and other diseases (5). From December 2003 to October 2004, 2 patients underwent CHKT for idiopathic cardiomyopathy plus glomerulonephritis and ischemic cardiomyopathy associated with vascular nephritis. RESULTS: In the CLKT group, 1 patient had acute rejection involving both liver and kidney grafts, whereas 1 patient had liver rejection and another 1 had kidney rejection alone. Of the 13 patients, 10 are alive with a mean survival of 583 days (range, 36-2688 days); 2 patients died within 1 month of transplantation (both with polycystic disease) due to ARDS and MOF. Another patient died 6 years and 9 months after CLKT of metastasis from a de novo tumor. In the CHKT group, no patient suffered heart-kidney rejection. They are all alive at 333 and 116 days, with heart and kidney allografts functioning well. CONCLUSION: In the CLKT group, the worst results were for patients with polycystic disease, in whom a more rigorous selection is necessary because of greater technical difficulties. For the remaining patients we had acceptable complications and excellent long-term results. In selected cases, CHKT can provide long-term graft function and patient survival. Our experience indicates that end-stage kidney failure combined with liver or heart failure does not necessarily preclude dual-organ transplantation.     

Renal Graft Outcome in Simultaneous Kidney Transplantation Combined With Other Organs: Experience of a Single Center

Aim

We report the renal graft outcomes among a series of patients who underwent simultaneous combined liver-kidney transplantations (CLKT) or heart-kidney transplantations (CHKT) at a single center.

Methods

From 1975 to December 31, 2007, we performed 1524 kidney transplantations, 427 liver transplantations, and 483 heart transplantations, including 7 simultaneous CLKT and 2 CHKT. We analysed the main patient characteristics, renal graft outcomes, and patient survivals.

Results

CLKT indications were as follows: alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 5) and hepatitis C virus (n = 2) with chronic glomerulonephritis (n = 5), hypertensive nephropathy (n = 1), and polycystic disease (n = 1). Cold renal ischemia time was 6.9 hours (range, 6-9). In 5 patients there were no kidney rejection episodes; 3 of these patients are alive with creatinine levels between 1.4 and 1.7 mg/dL with an average follow-up of 6.9 years (range, 10 months-8 years). One patient died of esophageal cancer at 13 years after transplantation with a serum creatinine level of 1.16 mg/dL and another died of breast cancer at 7 years after transplantation with a creatinine level of 1.1 mg/dL. One patient lost his renal graft just after the kidney transplantation due to renal vein thrombosis. The last patient suffered 1 episode of acute rejection and lost his kidney 5 years later due to chronic rejection. CHKT indications were as follow: dilated myocardiopathy (n = 2) and chronic glomerulonephritis (n = 1) or interstitial nephropathy (n = 1). The cold renal ischemia time was 4 hours. There were no acute rejection episodes. One patient is alive with a creatinine level of 2.05 mg/dL at 6 years after the transplantation; the other patient lost his kidney due to chronic rejection at 270 days after simultaneous CHKT, and 2 years later received a second kidney that is functioning normally.

Conclusions

Simultaneous CLKT and CHKT in selected cases provided satisfactory long-term outcomes in both graft function and patient survival with lesser number of acute rejection episodes than nonsimultaneous transplantations. They are worthy options for patients with liver or heart failure associated with renal failure.     

Simultaneous combined liver and kidney transplantation: a single center experience

Chava SP, Singh B, Stangou A, Battula N, Bowles M, O’Grady J, Rela M, Heaton ND. Simultaneous combined liver and kidney transplantation: a single center experience.
Clin Transplant 2010: 24: E62–E68. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract Renal dysfunction is common in patients awaiting liver transplantation (LT) and affects outcome following LT. Combined liver and kidney transplantation (CLKT) has been proposed as effective treatment for patients with chronic diseases of both organs, some with hepatorenal syndrome and for liver‐based metabolic diseases affecting kidney. This study is undertaken to analyze results of CLKT at a single center. Of 2690 LTs performed between 1992 and 2007, there were 39 CLKTs; most common indications were metabolic, cirrhosis and polycystic disease. With follow‐up of up to 170 months, 11 died (overall survival 71.8%); one‐, five‐, and 10‐yr patient and liver graft survival is 77%, 73.7%, and 73.7%, respectively, and kidney graft survival is 77%, 70%, and 70%, respectively. Survival among metabolic group (78.6%) appeared to be better than non‐metabolic group (68%); however, this difference was not significant (p = 0.39). Fifteen surviving patients (53.6%) have mild/moderate renal impairment (creatinine ≥125 μmol/L). None has severe renal failure (serum creatinine ≥250 μmol/L) or end‐stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. CLKT has good results in selected groups of patients. It provides protection to kidney allograft in liver‐based metabolic diseases affecting kidney. The rate of acute rejection episodes of kidney is low. Significant proportion develops long‐term mild/moderate renal dysfunction. Careful attention to immunosuppression to minimize nephrotoxicity may help.     

Combined Liver-Kidney Transplantation in Children: Single-Center Experiences and Long-Term Results

Combined liver-kidney transplantation (CLKT) is a rare procedure in pediatric patients in which liver and kidney from 1 donor are transplanted to a recipient during a single operation. The aim of our study was to analyze indications and results of CLKT in children.