商场空气污染对从业人员免疫功能及神经行为功能的影响

选择通风不良的商场进行了空气质量测定和从业人员的健康检查，发现其室内空气中ＣＯ２、ＩＰ、Ｈ２Ｓ、耗氧量、细菌总数等明显高于对照；从业人员末梢血Ｔ淋巴细胞数明显增多；唾液溶菌酶含量则明显低之；神经行为功能测试结果表明，数字广度、数字译码、目标追踪等项与对照组有显著差异，证明观察商场的空气质量较差，其从员人员神经行为功能受到一定影响。     

环境铅污染对儿童认知功能和神经行为的影响

铅是一种具有神经毒性的重金属元素。由于儿童正处于生长发育的阶段 ,其对铅的神经毒性有较强的敏感性。铅与儿童神经发育的关系问题 ,已有大量的研究和报道 ,且多数结论为 :当血铅水平大于1 0 0 μg/L时 ,儿童的神经行为或认知功能受到不同程度的影响。本研究以智商测定和行为测定为基础 ,探讨铅对儿童神经心理和行为的毒性效应关系。1　材料和方法1 1　研究现场 :本研究现场选自安徽省一个乡镇。该镇相传有数百年烧釉盆历史 ,居民中近 46%的家庭从事烧盆作业。近年来又有 2 0 %的家庭参与收购、拆卸废旧蓄电池 ,并进行熔铸铅锭加工。尤…     

泉州市机动车尾气污染对儿童神经行为功能影响初探

目的 初步探讨低浓度机动车尾气暴露对儿童神经行为功能的影响.方法 根据环境监测数据和道路机动车流量,于2005年5-6月在泉州市某区选择机动车尾气污染程度不同的2所小学作为研究现场.分别对2所小学的机动车尾气相关污染物浓度进行监测.选择2所学校共计289名三年级学生为研究对象,进行问卷调查并用计算机化神经行为评价系统中文第3版(NES-C3)进行儿童神经行为功能测试.结果 位于机动车尾气污染较严重地区的学校B的校园环境空气中NO2和CO浓度高于位于清洁区的学校A(P＜0.05).神经行为功能测试结果显示,在调整了有关混杂因素后,学校B的儿童的线条判断、视觉保留、简单视觉运动反应时、连续操作的神经行为能力指数(NAI)均低于学校A的儿童,并且2所小学儿童的连续操作NAI比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 长期低水平机动车尾气暴露可能对儿童的神经行为功能有不良影响.     

接触微波对神经行为功能的影响

采用世界卫生组织神经行为核心测试方法,对74名接触微波的科技人员及年龄、性别、文化程度与接触组相近的60名非微波接触科技人员的行为功能进行了测试。结果表朋,当每日接触微波剂量在300μW·h/cm~2左左时,接触者神经行为功能各指标与对照组比较无显著性差异。提示:就行为功能而言,现行的微波辐射卫生标准是安全的。     

高温对工人神经行为功能的影响

本文对某发电厂高温作业工人神经行为功能进行了测试。结果表明，与对照组相比工龄１年以上的受试者视简单反应时、听简单反应时、视选择反应时和听选择反应时明显延长，数字跟踪、数字记忆和行为指数明显低于对照组。工前与工中比较，视简单反应时、听简单反应时、视选择反应时、听选择反应时、动作反应时和指叩测验等差异有显著性意义。工中反应时明显延长，反应时减少，且选择反应时明显长于简单反应时，提示高温明显降低作业工人     

吉林市区小学生对空气污染健康危害的认知行为与需求

了解吉林市四~六年级小学生对空气污染危害呼吸系统健康的认知与需求,为相关部门构建适宜的健康教育内容提供依据.方法 采取随机抽样的方法,选取吉林市4所小学共457名四~六年级小学生作为研究对象,调查其对空气污染危害健康的认知与需求.结果 小学生对空气污染产生原因知晓率排在第1位的是煤炭燃烧(48.2%),最后一位的是吸烟(18.4%);空气污染知识获得渠道排在第1位的是广播与电视(69.3%),排在最后的是学校(4.9%);有55.0%的小学生采取戴口罩的方式预防空气污染,有39.8%的小学生参加过节能减排的公益活动,有16.9%的小学生参与过环保活动;空气污染知识需求报告率排在第1位的是空气污染防范措施(85.9%).在相关知识获取途径方面,男、女生报告率差异有统计学意义(x2=0.279,P<0.05).结论 四~六年级小学生对空气污染危害呼吸系统健康普遍存在低认知、高需求的现象,应根据小学生的现状及需求构建适宜的健康教育模式.     

电焊作业对工人神经行为功能的影响

目的：了解电焊工神经行为功能损伤的特点。方法：对125名电焊工和50名对照组人员进行问卷和应用WHO推荐的神经行为核心测试组合（NCTB）进行神经行为功能检测。结果：电焊工的神经行为功能总体上差于对照组，疲劳－惰性等7项指标得分显著性低于对照组，而错误打点、总打点数高于对照组。但没发现剂量－效应关系。回归分析显示，愤怒－敌意、最慢反应时与累积接触水平间有显著性负相关。结论：电焊作业可引起电焊工的神经行为功能损害；电焊工可能对低剂量职业接触有一定的耐受能力。影响因素主要有年龄、性别、文化水平、婚姻状况、吸烟量等。     

噪声和锰接触对职业人群神经行为功能影响的研究

目的 探讨噪声与锰作业对工人神经行为功能的影响.方法 应用计算机神经行为评价系统(NES-C3)对87名噪声与锰联舍接触组、85名单纯噪声组和55名对照组工人进行测试,并对工作场所的噪声水平与空气锰浓度进行检测.结果 噪声和锰接触组工人在符号译码、视简单反应时、复杂反应时目标追踪和情感表达中的紧张、愤怒、疲惫、忧郁的测试结果与噪声接触组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05),但血锰浓度、工龄与神经行为之间无明显相关关系.结论 噪声与锰对神经行为功能的联合作用效应比单一噪声所致的损害严重.     

铅对作业工人神经行为功能的影响

目的　了解铅对作业工人神经行为功能的影响。方法　使用WHO神经行为核心测验组合对1 2 8名铅作业者及不接触铅的 1 1 0名行政人员 (为对照组 )进行神经行为功能测试。结果　接触组的情感状态除有力 -好动项目外 ,积分均明显高于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1 ) ;各行为功能指标积分均明显低于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1 )。结论　铅对作业工人神经行为功能存在有害影响     

驾驶员神经行为功能对交通安全的影响

对事故组和对照组驾驶员神经行为功能的研究表明:事故组驾驶员在紧张和慌乱两项情感状态指标明显差于对照组;简单反应时、选择反应时和动作反应时的最大值或/和最小值明显大于对照组;速示反应时的正确率低于对照组,而错误率高于对照组。事故组驾驶员负性情绪得分高于对照组,反应速度较慢影响了交通安全。因此,反应速度较慢者从事驾驶作业时应特别谨慎。     

大气污染对血压影响研究进展

高血压是威胁人类健康的心血管疾病之一,遗传因素和环境因素均是诱发高血压的危险因素,近年来日益严重的大气污染对血压的影响已成为国际上的研究热点,但结论并不一致.该文对大气污染物对血压影响的研究进展进行综述,并提出未来研究方向,旨在为今后的研究提供相关资料.     

Environmental health indicators and a case study of air pollution in Latin American cities

Environmental health indicators (EHIs) are applied in a variety of research and decision-making settings to gauge the health consequences of environmental hazards, to summarize complex information, or to compare policy impacts across locations or time periods. While EHIs can provide a useful means of conveying information, they also can be misused. Additional research is needed to help researchers and policy-makers understand categories of indicators and their appropriate application. In this article, we review current frameworks for environmental health indicators and discuss the advantages and limitations of various forms. A case study EHI system was developed for air pollution and health for urban Latin American centers in order to explore how underlying assumptions affect indicator results. Sixteen cities were ranked according to five indicators that considered: population exposed, children exposed, comparison to health-based guidelines, and overall PM₁₀ levels. Results indicate that although some overall patterns in rankings were observed, cities’ relative rankings were highly dependent on the indicator used. In fact, a city that was ranked best under one indicator was ranked worst with another. The sensitivity of rankings, even when considering a simple case of a single pollutant, highlights the need for clear understanding of EHIs and how they may be affected by underlying assumptions. Careful consideration should be given to the purpose, assumptions, and limitations of EHIs used individually or in combination in order to minimize misinterpretation of their implications and enhance their usefulness.     

乙苯对职业人群神经行为的影响

目的 评价乙苯对职业人群神经行为的影响.方法 选择某石化公司苯乙烯合成原料车间246名乙苯上料工为接触组,相应的公司办公人员122名作为对照组,通过问卷调查,收集乙苯职业接触的基本信息.通过WHO神经行为核心测试组合(NCTB)法,测试对象的个体神经行为功能.结果 接触组和对照组的4项消极情绪状态(紧张、抑郁、愤怒、困惑)得分之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),接触组的积极情绪状态(有力)得分(16.29±8.61)明显低于对照组(18.46±9.52),疲劳得分(9.23±1.27)明显高于对照组(7.16±1.15),(P＜0.05).接触组的平均反应时、数字广度得分明显高于对照组,手提转敏捷度、视觉记忆、目标追踪-Ⅱ正确打点数得分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).按不同的工龄分段,接触组各工龄段间视觉记忆、目标追踪-Ⅱ正确打点数得分的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),3～、4～和5～年工龄段的5项消极情绪状态(紧张、抑郁、愤怒、疲劳、困惑)得分及平均反应时得分均明显高于0～和2～年工龄段.3～、4～年工龄段的数字广度和3～、4～和5～年工龄段的手提转敏捷度、数字译码得分皆明显低于0～和2～年工龄段,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 乙苯可降低接触工人神经行为功能,工人神经行为功能在工龄为3年时发生了明显变化,工龄3年左右工人为乙苯神经行为损害的易感人群.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the influence of ethylbenzene on the neurobehavior of occupationally exposed workers. Methods The exposure group consisted of 246 workers occupationally exposed to ethylbenzene and 172 staffs from the offices served as controls. The basic information on ethylbenzene exposure was collected by the questionnaire. The nervous behavior and function of workers were evaluated by Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery (NCTB). Results There were no differences of the scores for four emotional states (tension, depression, angry and bewilderment) between exposure group and control group (P＞0.05). The score of emotion (vigor) in exposure group was significantly lower than that in control group (P＜0.05), but the fatigue score in exposure group was significantly higher than that in control group (P＜0.05).The score of mean reaction time in exposure group was significantly higher than that in control group (P＜0.05), the scores of digital span, manual dexterity, visual retention and target tracking in exposure group were significantly lower than those in control group (P＜0.05). The exposure group was divided into 5 sub-groups,according to working duration. There were no differences for the scores of visual retention and target tracking among 5 sub-groups (P＞0.05). The scores of five emotional states (tension, depression, angry, fatigue and bewilderment) in 3 sub-groups exposed to ethylbenzene for 3～, 4～ and 5～ years were significantly higher than those in 2 sub-groups exposed to ethylbenzene for 0～ and 2 ～ years (P＜0.05). The scores of digital span in 2 sub-groups exposed to ethylbenzene for 3～ or 4～ years and the scores of manual dexterity and digital symbol in 3 sub-groups exposed to ethylbenzene for 3 ～, 4～ and 5～ years were significantly lower than those in 2 subgroups exposed to ethylbenzene for 0～ and 2 ～ years (P＜0.05). Conclusion Ethylbenzene can depress the neurobehavioral functions of exposed workers. The neurobehavioral functions of workers exposed to ethylbenzene for 3 years changed significantly. The workers exposed to ethylbenzene for 3 years may be the susceptible population of neurobehavioral function impairment.     

Effect of long-term outdoor air pollution and noise on cognitive and psychological functions in adults

It has been hypothesized that air pollution and ambient noise might impact neurocognitive function. Early studies mostly investigated the associations of air pollution and ambient noise exposure with cognitive development in children. More recently, several studies investigating associations with neurocognitive function, mood disorders, and neurodegenerative disease in adult populations were published, yielding inconsistent results. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence on air pollution and noise effects on mental health in adults. We included studies in adult populations (≥18 years old) published in English language in peer-reviewed journals. Fifteen articles related to long-term effects of air pollution and eight articles on long-term effects of ambient noise were extracted. Both exposures were separately shown to be associated with one or several measures of global cognitive function, verbal and nonverbal learning and memory, activities of daily living, depressive symptoms, elevated anxiety, and nuisance. No study considered both exposures simultaneously and few studies investigated progression of neurocognitive decline or psychological factors. The existing evidence generally supports associations of environmental factors with mental health, but does not suffice for an overall conclusion about the independent effect of air pollution and noise. There is a need for studies investigating simultaneously air pollution and noise exposures in association mental health, for longitudinal studies to corroborate findings from cross-sectional analyses, and for parallel toxicological and epidemiological studies to elucidate mechanisms and pathways of action.     

煤烟型大气污染对儿童免疫功能的影响

为了研究煤烟型大气污染对儿童免疫功能的影响 ,在煤烟型大气污染城市太原市的三个污染水平不同的研究区选取居住 3年以上 4 - 5年级的小学生测试T淋巴细胞亚群分类 (CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)、唾液溶菌酶含量和免疫球蛋白含量。结果发现小学生的唾液溶菌酶含量和免疫球蛋白 (IgG、IgA、IgM)均低于对照区 ,且有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5) ;T淋巴细胞亚群分类 (CD3+、CD4+、CD8+百分含量 )有同样的趋势 ,但差异不显著 (P >0 0 5)。结果表明太原市煤烟型大气污染对小学生的非特异性免疫、体液免疫产生一定的影响 ,对细胞免疫影响不显著     

Exposure to air pollution and pulmonary function in university students

Objectives: Exposure to air pollution has been reported to be associated with increase in pulmonary disease. The aims of the present study were to examine the use of personal nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) samplers as a means of measuring exposure to air pollution and to investigate the relationship between personal exposure to air pollution and pulmonary function. Methods: We measured individual exposures to NO₂ using passive personal NO₂ samplers for 298 healthy university students. Questionnaire interview was conducted for traffic-related factors, and spirometry was performed when the samplers were returned after 1 day. Results: Personal NO₂ concentrations varied, depending on the distance between residence and a main road (P=0.029). Students who used transportation for more than 1 h were exposed to higher levels of NO₂ than those using transportation for less than 1 h (P=0.032). In terms of transportation, riding in a bus or subway caused significantly higher exposure than not using them (P=0.046). NO₂ exposure was not significantly associated with forced vital capacity (FVC) or forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) but was associated with the ratio of FEV₁/FVC and mid-expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the forced vital capacity (FEF_25–75) (P<0.05). Conclusions: This study indicates that concentrations of personal exposure to NO₂ are significantly influenced by traffic-related air pollution and are associated with decreased pulmonary function.     

铅接触对工人神经行为功能的影响

目的评价铅接触对工人精神及神经行为功能的改变及其接触水平-效应关系.方法采用 SCL-90症状自评量表和计算机化神经行为评价系统(NES-C)对65名铅接触工人和65名对照工人进行精神及神经行为功能状况调查,同时测定铅接触工人血铅、尿铅浓度.结果 SCL-90症状自评量表结果显示,铅作业工人阳性项目数平均57.2,对照工人为15.0,两者差异有非常显著意义(P＜0.001);神经行为功能测试结果显示,与对照组相比,信息感知、记忆能力差异有非常显著意义(P＜0.001);尿铅浓度与躯体化、强迫、焦虑和偏执因子分间存在正相关.结论职业性铅接触可影响工人的精神和神经行为功能,尿铅浓度与心理卫生状态存在一定接触水平-效应关系.     

甲苯作业对工人神经行为功能的影响

对接触甲苯工人(暴露组)和对照组工人采用神经行为核心测试组合(NCTB)进行神经行为测试。结果暴露组在目标追踪、数字译码、数字跨度及视觉记忆测试等方面与对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。说明接触甲苯对作业工人的神经行为功能可产生一定的影响。     

大气污染对健康影响的疾病负担研究进展

大气污染对健康的影响已受到越来越多的关注,如何定量描述大气污染所造成的健康影响成为环境与健康领域的研究热点和难点,近年来已有学者采用疾病负担指标评价大气污染对健康的影响:全球疾病负担(GBD)2010研究中,归因于颗粒物污染造成的伤残调整寿命年(DALY)约为7 600万,归因于O3造成的DALY约为245万;欧洲国家每百万人因O3污染损失约30~140 DALY;2004—2008年期间,北京市PM10、PM2.5、NO2和SO2日均浓度每增加1个四分位间距,死亡寿命损失年(YLL)分别为15.8,15.8,15.1和16.2。采用疾病负担评价大气污染危害可为政府制定环境政策和健康干预措施提供更直接的依据。该文综述了大气主要污染物对健康影响疾病负担的研究进展。     

石油化工大气污染对儿童呼吸功能影响研究

本文研究石油化工大气污染对儿童肺功能影响，选择与石化厂不同距离的４所小学的９～１０岁儿童为观察对象，对大气污染水平与儿童呼吸功能进行动态观察，按不同季节监测大气中各种污染物并同时测定儿童呼吸功能，对影响儿童肺功能的其他因素进行多元回归分析。结果显示，石化厂周围大气污染物浓度随季节而变化；儿童肺功能与大气污染水平呈一定负相关，女童较男童敏感。呼吸功能各指标中以ＦＶＣ、ＰＥＦＲ和ＭＭＴ为敏感，提示在石化厂一定距离范围内大气污染对儿童肺功能已产生影响。