环境保护部发布中国人群环境暴露行为模式研究成果

正环境保护部近日公布中国人群环境暴露行为模式研究工作情况,这是我国在该领域首次开展的全国性、大规模研究。环境暴露行为模式包括四个方面,一是人体生理特征,如身高、体重、呼吸量等;二是人接触空气、水等环境介质中污染物的时间、频率、途径和方式;三是人居环境中污染源分布情况;四是人对暴露风险的防范行为。环境污染对健康影响不仅与环境污染物的浓度和毒性相关,还与人的环境暴露行为模式密切相关,了解我国人群环境暴露行为模式特点,对于提高环境健康风险评价准确性,引     

空气污染物暴露人群活动模式研究进展

目的人群活动模式是空气污染物健康风险评估中的重要基础参数,并被认为是暴露评估误差的最主要来源之一。目前,除美国外,各国对人群活动模式的研究起步相对较晚,该研究仍处于发展阶段。该文介绍了空气污染物暴露背景下的人群活动模式研究的起源及历史,以及各国最新研究进展,并对人群活动模式研究方法与内容进行归纳总结,对未来研究提出展望,即人群活动模式研究的未来趋势是参数设置统一化、新传感器技术的普及及大数据技术的应用。     

空气污染对人群认知功能和神经行为影响的研究进展

认知功能和神经行为的发育、发展受多种内外因素的综合影响。近年来,许多研究表明空气污染物暴露会对人群认知功能和神经行为产生不良影响。该文综述了空气污染的概念与分类、空气污染物暴露对人群认知功能和神经行为影响的可能机制及相关研究,为深入探讨空气污染对认知功能和神经行为的影响及公众健康防护提供科学依据。     

空气污染健康风险评价中暴露参数的研究进展

呼吸速率和行为活动模式是空气污染暴露和健康风险评价中的关键性参数。该文分析了呼吸速率的三种研究方法(直接测量法、心率-呼吸速率回归法、人体能量代谢法)以及与空气污染相关的行为活动模式调查方法的研究进展。在比较国内外呼吸暴露参数的基础上,提出了我国今后在呼吸暴露参数研究和发展方面的建议。     

Inhalation Exposure Factors in Health Risk Assessment

呼吸速率和行为活动模式是空气污染暴露和健康风险评价中的关键性参数.该文分析了呼吸速率的三种研究方法(直接测量法、心率-呼吸速率回归法、人体能量代谢法)以及与空气污染相关的行为活动模式调查方法的研究进展.在比较国内外呼吸暴露参数的基础上,提出了我国今后在呼吸暴露参数研究和发展方面的建议.     

我国成人室内外活动时间研究

目的了解我国成人的室内外活动时间,为估算人体对空气中污染物暴露健康风险评价提供重要参数。方法基于"我国居民(成人)环境暴露行为模式研究",于2011年11月—2012年5月通过问卷调查的方式获得了我国31个省、自治区、直辖市居民的室内外活动时间,分析其分布特征和影响因素。结果我国居民的平均室内活动时间为1 200 min/d,平均室外活动时间为221 min/d,室内外活动时间均存在着一定的地区、城乡、性别、年龄和季节差异,同时受气温、职业和住宅类型等因素的影响,与国外相比存在一定的差异,我国居民的室外活动时间长于美国、日本、韩国和澳大利亚;室内活动时间短于澳大利亚和韩国,但长于美国和日本。结论在进行我国居民空气暴露健康风险评价中,要考虑到居民地区、性别、年龄等差异,根据调查居民的实际情况,选择合适的室内外活动时间参数。     

室内生物源性污染物对健康影响的研究进展

室内空气质量与人体健康密切相关。随着空调普及导致室内空气循环减少以及家庭宠物的流行等,为室内微生物的生存和繁殖提供了条件。空气中的微生物及其产生的毒素、致敏原经常附着于飞沫及颗粒物上,降落地面或长时间漂浮空气中形成微生物气溶胶。长期暴露于生物源性污染物可能对人体造成健康危害,以呼吸系统病变(如慢性阻塞性肺部疾患,炎症等)和变态反应(如变应性鼻炎,肺炎及哮喘等)为主。本文对近十年来有关空气生物源性污染物的研究进展进行综述。     

“十二五”期间我国将首次组织开展中国人群暴露参数调查并发布手册北大核心CSCD

人体暴露污染物的风险的取决于两个方面,一是“客观存在”,即环境污染物的浓度及危害性;二是“主观行为”,包括人体对污染物的暴露方式、时间和频率等特征,也即暴露参数。在环境介质中污染物浓度准确定量和危害性很明确的前提下,暴露参数值的选取越接近于评价目标人群的实际暴露状况,则暴露剂量的评价越准确,相应健康风险评价的结果也越准确。美国是世界上最早发布暴露参数手册的国家,     

有机锡的人体暴露分析

人类活动导致环境中广泛存在各种有机锡化合物,因此,人体普遍暴露于这些污染物中。除皮肤吸收和肺部吸收外,人体主要通过膳食途径暴露于有机锡化合物。该文在总结人体对有机锡暴露途径(包括空气、饮用水、食物和生活用品)的基础上,概述了人体对有机锡的暴露水平以及有机锡对人类健康的危害,最后对有机锡的人体健康风险评价方法进行了简要介绍,并提出了评价中存在的主要问题。     

“十二五”期间我国将首次组织开展中国人群暴露参数调查并发布手册

人体暴露污染物的风险的取决于两个方面,一是"客观存在",即环境污染物的浓度及危害性;二是"主观行为",包括人体对污染物的暴露方式、时间和频率等特征,也即暴露参数。在环境介质中污染物浓度准确定量和危害性很明确的前提下,暴露     

Individual exposure estimates may be erroneous when spatiotemporal variability of air pollution and human mobility are ignored

This study aims to empirically demonstrate the necessity to consider both the spatiotemporal variability of air pollution and individual daily movement patterns in exposure and health risk assessment. It compares four different types of exposure estimates generated by using (1) individual movement data and hourly air pollution concentrations; (2) individual movement data and daily average air pollution data; (3) residential location and hourly pollution levels; and (4) residential location and daily average pollution data. These four estimates are significantly different, which supports the argument that ignoring the spatiotemporal variability of environmental risk factors and human mobility may lead to misleading results in exposure assessment. Additionally, three-dimensional (3D) geovisualization presented in the paper shows how person-specific space-time context is generated by the interactions between air pollution and an individual, and how the different individualized contexts place individuals at different levels of health risk.     

大气污染健康危险度评价的方法研究

目的 综合定量评价大气污染的健康危害。方法 以国际上通用的危险度评价方法为基础,结合大气污染物每增高一单位所产生的健康损失对大气污染物浓度变化所致的健康影响进行定量评估。结果 提出了大气污染物健康危险度评价流程图,以及估计由大气污染造成的超死亡数或超病例数的计算公式。结果 采用本方法可对我国大气污染的健康危害做出时空分布的比较分析,也可对大气污染改善措施的优先选用和效果作出健康效益的评定,并可在此基础上进一步进行经济损失－效益分析。     

Methods for assessing the extent of exposure and effects of air pollution.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In many places in Europe, the ambient air pollution exceeds the levels considered to be safe for health. The objective of the paper is to review and summarise the methods of assessment of its impact on health, and to indicate the contributions of various research disciplines, particularly environmental epidemiology. METHODS: The framework for assessment of impact is based on a four stage model: assessment of release of pollutant; assessment of exposure; assessment of the consequence; and risk estimation. RESULTS: Epidemiology is crucial in providing the data for the assessment of consequence. The criteria that determine the use of epidemiological studies for this task include lack of bias, correct control of confounding, and measured estimates of exposure. At present, those criteria are easier to satisfy for studies of short term effects on health than for the delayed consequences of exposure, or exposure accumulated over a prolonged period. Combinations of results from various populations through meta-analysis of existing studies or conducting multicentre studies is often necessary to increase the reliability of the consequence assessment stage. CONCLUSION: To assess the impact on health systematically helps to focus on actions to limit air pollutants with the greatest impacts on human health and on the most affected populations. This method allows identification of the most pertinent questions which have to be answered by studies on relations between pollution and health and on exposure of populations to air pollutants. Epidemiology has considerable potential to contribute to this research.     

Practical advancement of multipollutant scientific and risk assessment approaches for ambient air pollution

Objectives: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is working toward gaining a better understanding of the human health impacts of exposure to complex air pollutant mixtures and the key features that drive the toxicity of these mixtures, which can then be used for future scientific and risk assessments.Data sources: A public workshop was held in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 22-24 February 2011, to discuss scientific issues and data gaps related to adopting multipollutant science and risk assessment approaches, with a particular focus on the criteria air pollutants. Expert panelists in the fields of epidemiology, toxicology, and atmospheric and exposure sciences led open discussions to encourage workshop participants to think broadly about available and emerging scientific evidence related to multipollutant approaches to evaluating the health effects of air pollution.Synthesis: Although there is clearly a need for novel research and analytical approaches to better characterize the health effects of multipollutant exposures, much progress can be made by using existing scientific information and statistical methods to evaluate the effects of single pollutants in a multipollutant context. This work will have a direct impact on the development of a multipollutant science assessment and a conceptual framework for conducting multipollutant risk assessments.Conclusions: Transitioning to a multipollutant paradigm can be aided through the adoption of a framework for multipollutant science and risk assessment that encompasses well-studied and ubiquitous air pollutants. Successfully advancing methods for conducting these assessments will require collaborative and parallel efforts between the scientific and environmental regulatory and policy communities.     

Time-space modeling of journey-time exposure to traffic-related air pollution using GIS

Journey-time exposures represent an important, though as yet little-studied, component of human exposure to traffic-related air pollution, potentially with important health effects. Methods for assessing journey-time exposures, either as part of epidemiological studies or for policy assessment, are, however, poorly developed. This paper describes the development and testing of a GIS-based system for modeling human journey-time exposures to traffic-related air pollution: STEMS (Space-Time Exposure Modeling System). The model integrates data on source activity, pollutant dispersion, and travel behavior to derive individual- or group-level exposure measures to atmospheric pollution. The model, which is designed to simulate exposures of people as they move through a changing air pollution field, was developed, validated, and trialed in Northampton, UK. The system currently uses ArcInfo to couple four separate submodels: a source activity/emission model (SATURN), a proprietary atmospheric dispersion model (ADMS-Urban), an empirically derived background air pollution model, and a purposely designed time-activity-based exposure model (TOTEM). This paper describes the structure of the modeling system; presents results of field calibration, validation, and sensitivity analysis; and illustrates the use of the model to analyze journey-time exposures of schoolchildren.     

室内空气污染与人体健康关系研究进展

该文对近20年来室内空气污染与人体健康关系研究领域的进展进行了评述,着重讨论了环境污染危险度评价方法的研究,室内空气污染所致的重大健康影响,室内空气污染所致的轻微、有限的健康影响以及其他需要重点关注的问题。     

Air pollution and health: emerging information on susceptible populations

Outdoor air pollution poses risks to human health in communities around the world, and research on populations who are most susceptible continues to reveal new insights. Human susceptibility to adverse health effects from exposure to air pollution can be related to underlying disease; demographic or anthropometric characteristics; genetic profile; race and ethnicity; lifestyle, behaviors, and socioeconomic position; and location of residence or daily activities. In health research, an individual or group may have an enhanced responsiveness to a given, identical level of pollution exposure compared to those who are less susceptible. Or, people in these different groups may experience varying levels of exposure (for example, a theoretically homogeneous population whose members differ only by proximity to a road). Often the information available for health research may relate to both exposure and enhanced response to a given dose of pollution. This paper discusses the general direction of research on susceptibility to air pollution, with a general though not an exclusive focus on particulate matter, with specific examples of research on susceptibility related to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma, and genetic and epigenetic features. We conclude by commenting how emerging knowledge of susceptibility can inform policy for controlling pollution sources and exposures to yield maximal health benefit and discuss two areas of emerging interest: studying air pollution and its connection to perinatal health, as well as land use and urban infrastructure design.     

PM2.5暴露对儿童行为影响的系统综述

目的系统分析PM_2.5暴露对儿童行为的影响。方法以空气污染、细颗粒物、儿童、学生、儿童行为、神经行为、注意力、自闭症、孤独症谱系障碍、注意缺陷多动障碍、多动症、不良行为为中文关键词,以air pollution、fine particulate matter、particulate matter、PM2.5、children、student、behavior、autism、attention、inattention、neurobehavior、attention deficit hyperactivity disorder、ADHD、ASD为英文关键词,分别系统检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台和PubMed、Web of Science数据库发表的有关PM_2.5与儿童行为问题关联的相关文献。检索时段截至2019年11月,语种限定为中文和英文。纳入标准包括研究的暴露因素为PM2.5;研究结果包括行为障碍及相关疾病;纳入文献的语种为中文、英文;原创研究论文;病例对照、队列或横断面研究。排除标准包括动物实验;重复报告;综述类文章;研究暴露因素不包括PM_2.5;儿童自伤和违法等行为。最终纳入25篇文献。结果纳入的25篇文献中,12篇研究讨论PM_2.5暴露与儿童行为障碍疾病的关系,13篇探讨PM_2.5暴露与儿童异常行为之间的关系,基于中国人群的研究有5篇。根据研究设计分为出生队列研究(15个)、横断面研究(5个)、病例对照研究(5个),我国主要采用横断面研究和病例对照研究。研究结果提示,PM_2.5暴露会增加儿童行为问题的发生风险,既存在短期效应也存在长期效应。短期暴露于PM2.5易引起轻度的儿童异常行为,长期暴露可能加重儿童行为障碍疾病的发生风险。胎儿期和婴幼儿期可能是儿童行为问题发生的关键暴露窗口。结论PM_2.5暴露与儿童行为问题可能存在一定关联,在未来的研究中应开展纵向队列研究增强细颗粒物污染与儿童行为问题的因果关系论证。     

Assessing needs for youth health promotion

Children and adolescents recently have become a group targeted for health promotion efforts. It is argued that early behavioral intervention will alter patterns of behavior that might place young people at increased risk for chronic diseases later in life. The Minnesota Heart Health Program is a longitudinal, community-based research and demonstration project to improve cardiovascular health in three north central communities. Reductions in cigarette smoking, improved eating and exercise patterns, and hypertension management are targeted objectives. To design educational interventions for children and adolescents in these areas as part of this program, a behavioral needs assessment was conducted in the communities prior to program implementation. This needs assessment focused on existing behavior patterns, skills related to the targeted behaviors, and environmental influences. This article describes that needs assessment, the results from two of the communities, differences due to gender and age of student, and the implications of the results for designing intervention activities for children and adolescents.