中国环境保护重点城市空气质量指数时空变化特征

目的分析中国113个环境保护重点城市空气质量指数(AQI)的季节变化和区域分布特征。方法收集2014年中国113个环境保护重点城市AQI和首要污染物的日报监测数据,分析其时空变化特征。结果2014年中国研究城市的空气质量呈现"冬劣夏优"的特点。春季华北、东北和西北地区以PM10为首要空气污染物的城市比例分别为60.0%、81.8%和100.0%;夏季东北、华东、华南及西南地区以O3为首要空气污染物的城市比例分别为54.6%、68.8%、27.3%和40.0%;秋季以PM2.5为首要空气污染物的城市在华中地区和东北地区比例最高,分别为93.8%和81.8%,冬季以PM2.5为首要空气污染物的城市在东北地区和华东地区比例最高,分别为100.0%和96.9%;研究城市的区域性空气质量呈现以京津冀地区、河南省和山东省为中心向周边逐渐变好的特点。全年空气质量优劣排序为:华南西南东北西北华东华中华北,其优良率依次为83.74%、78.56%、68.24%、67.23%、65.06%、55.34%和52.47%。结论 2014年,PM2.5依然是中国主要的空气污染物,应重视防控各季节PM2.5污染,同时也应重视防控春季北方城市的PM10污染和夏季东北、华东、华南和西南地区城市的O3污染。     

2014—2016年深圳市空气污染时空分布特征

目的分析深圳市空气质量指数(AQI)的时间变化和空间分布特征,为空气污染治理提供科学依据。方法收集覆盖深圳市10个行政区的19个空气质量监测点2014—2016年AQI和首要污染物的日报监测数据,汇总得到监测点小时均值、日均值、季度均值和年均值,采用空间自相关分析研究AQI空间自相关性的强弱与集聚模式。结果研究期间深圳市AQI中位数为50.0,空气质量级别为二级。2014年深圳空气首要污染物以PM_(2.5)为主,2015年和2016年空气首要污染物以O_3为主;从时间分布看,深圳空气质量呈现"冬劣夏优"的特点,但夜间空气污染程度与白天无差异;空间自相关分析表明,研究期间AQI存在正空间自相关性,AQI全局moran's I指数为0.167(Z=2.000,P<0.05),greary系数为0.801(Z=1.711,P<0.05),光明新区AQI局部moran's I指数为1.027(P<0.05)。光明新区AQI moran散点图处于第一象限,属于高值-高值分布特点,而盐田区moran散点图处于第三象限,属于低值-低值分布特点。结论深圳市空气质量总体状况较好,PM_(2.5)和O_3是深圳主要的空气污染物,冬季应重视与加强防控空气污染,尤其在深圳的西北部几个行政区。     

自贡市环境空气污染动态监测

目的了解自贡市城市环境空气污染的动态情况,评价其空气质量,为预防控制空气污染提供参考依据。方法按国家城市空气污染监测的规范选择3个监测点,每点每日采用自动分析方法对SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3-8 h、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)进行实时自动在线监测;利用国家和省监测平台进行数据传输、汇总和处理;用描述性的统计分析方法进行监测结果分析。结果 PM_(2.5)等是首要污染物和超标污染物。冬、春、秋季以PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染为主,夏季以O_3-8 h污染为主。空气质量指数(AQI)一级(优)的天数从2014年25 d上升到2018年73 d。结论 2014—2018年自贡市城市环境空气存在PM_(2.5)、O_3-8 h、PM_(10)、NO_2污染,但其空气质量逐年改善。     

2003-2010年西南地区省会城市空气污染指数的动态变化

目的 分析2003-2010年西南地区省会城市(成都、重庆、昆明、贵阳和拉萨)的空气污染指数(API)的动态变化.方法 基于环境保护部网站数据中心和国家统计局发布的成都、重庆、昆明、贵阳和拉萨API值、空气质量等级、首要污染物及PM10、SO2、NO2年均浓度值,分析上述城市API年均值、季均值及主要污染物浓度.结果 2003-2010年上述5个城市的API年均值均呈下降趋势,重庆市API年均值由2003年的102逐年降至2010年的75,成都、昆明、贵阳和拉萨API年均值分别在89～77、71～58、69～63和59～44之间波动.研究年限内5个城市API季均值的变化特点均为“冬高夏低”.拉萨市的空气首要污染物仅为PM10,其他4个城市空气首要污染物均以PM10为主,其次为SO2.成都、重庆和贵阳PM10年均浓度均超过GB 3095-2012二级标准.成都、昆明和贵阳NO2年均浓度均呈缓慢上升趋势.结论 2003-2010年重庆市的空气质量明显好转,其他4个城市空气质量基本稳定.控制PM10排放是进一步改善5个城市空气质量的重要环节.     

三明市大气空气质量状况与气象条件的关系

目的研究三明市大气空气质量与气象条件的关系。方法2002-2006年三明市大气污染物PMIO、NO2、SO2的日监测数据来源于三元区政府、三明二中、三明钢铁厂、洋溪（对照点）4个环境监测站;气象资料取自相应8：00的850hPa高空天气图,分析三明市大气空气质量的时空分布特征、变化趋势及其与气象条件的关系。结果三明市空气污染比较严重,空气质量状况较差,PM10是首要污染物;10月至次年4月,3种污染物浓度较高,5至9月较低;郊区各种污染物浓度远低于市区。暖式切变天气系统控制下的空气质量最好,其次是低压;暖区辐合天气系统控制下的空气质量最差,其次是大陆高压。偏东类风向时空气质量较好,偏西类风向时空气质量较差。结论天气系统和低空风向对三明市空气质量有一定的影响。     

大气污染与儿童急性中耳炎、急性扁桃体炎就诊人数的相关性调查

目的探讨空气污染与解放军第306医院儿童急性中耳炎、急性扁桃体炎就诊人数之间的相关性。方法收集2015年1月1日-2015年12月31日期间该院所有儿童急性中耳炎、急性扁桃体炎的门诊与急诊病例及此期间的空气质量指数(air quality index,AQI)及6项大气污染物空气质量指标(由北京市环境监测中心提供),并进行相关性分析。结果儿童急性中耳炎、急性扁桃体炎与PM2.5、PM10、SO_2、CO、NO_2间具有相关性。对于全年数据分析儿童急性中耳炎相关性以SO_2、CO、NO_2较明显,对于儿童急性扁桃体炎相关性以CO、PM10、NO_2、PM2.5较明显。结论冬春季儿童急性中耳炎、急性扁桃体炎日就诊人数与AQI、PM2.5、SO_2、CO、NO_2的相关性远高于夏秋季,以累积3日相关性最好,从而推测大气污染与两种疾病的发生密切相关。     

邯郸市区空气污染现状及其防治措施

目的了解邯郸市区空气污染现状并提出防治措施。方法调查邯郸市近几年来的产业结构状况,对邯郸市区2006—2012年的空气主要污染物SO2、NO2、PM10进行分析。结果 2006—2012年期间邯郸市区空气SO2均值为0.050 mg/m3,2006年和2007年超过了国家二级标准;PM10年平均值为0.099 mg/m3,2006—2009年均超过国家二级标准,2010—2012年符合国家二级标准;2006—2012年期间,邯郸市区NO2年均质量浓度值最大为2006年的0.038 mg/m3,最小为2011年的0.025 mg/m3,7年来均符合国家标准。2006—2012年各污染物的最大浓度均出现于冬季,表现出冬季浓度大于夏季浓度的特点。结论 PM10是影响邯郸市区空气质量的首要污染物,市区工业企业排放的废气、烟尘以及煤炭燃烧、交通、城市扬尘等是主要污染源。针对空气污染原因提出一系列防治措施,为邯郸市空气污染防治提供依据。     

北方沙尘天气过程对遂宁市环境空气质量的影响

目的探讨北方沙尘天气过程对遂宁市环境空气质量的影响。方法利用遂宁市国控空气质量自动监测站监测数据和气象资料,分析2013年3月外来沙尘对该市大气颗粒物粒径分布及其浓度和空气质量的影响。结果外来沙尘的输入导致遂宁市出现11 d污染天气,空气污染指数(API)最高达187。沙尘天气时段大气中PM10浓度为非沙尘时段的1.98倍,小时浓度最高达0.772 mg/m3,是沙尘到来前的5.4倍,而气态污染物SO2和NO2浓度不受外来沙尘的影响。在沙尘时段,大气PM2.5在PM10中所占比例下降,PM2.5-10浓度及其在PM10中所占比例升高。结论此次沙尘天气过程导致遂宁市大气呈现以PM2.5-10为主要特征的空气污染。     

2017—2020年西安市大气污染物时空变化特征

目的 分析西安市6种常见大气污染物的时空变化特征,为环保部门有针对性的进行防控提供科学依据.方法 以高时间分辨率的大气污染监测数据为基础,对西安市6种常见大气污染物的时空分布特征进行分析,并对各污染物间的相关性进行研究.结果 除O3_8h外,其余5种大气污染物年平均浓度均呈现逐年下降.截至2020年,PM2.5和PM1...     

淄博市城区采暖期PM_(2.5)污染水平的GIS分析

目的分析淄博市城区采暖期PM2.5质量浓度的区域分布,评估PM2.5污染水平,为环保决策和疾病预防提供技术依据。方法根据山东省环境信息与监控中心发布的城市空气质量数据,选取采暖期2013年11月—2014年3月的数据,基于GIS进行空间描述分析。结果淄博市城区采暖期PM2.5的平均质量浓度和最高质量浓度分别为126和525μg/m3,超标1.68倍和7倍;PM2.5作为首要污染物的构成达69.89%,且PM2.5作为首要污染物的构成均有随着环境空气质量的恶化而升高的趋势;周村区和张店区为PM2.5日均质量浓度和首要污染物构成的较高区域。结论淄博市城区采暖期PM2.5污染较为严重,周村区和张店区是重点关注区域,具有潜在的健康风险,应引起政府相关部门的重视。     

Spatiotemporal pattern of air quality index and its associated factors in 31 Chinese provincial capital cities

Understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of ambient air quality and identifying the associated factors are helpful to develop integrated interventions to prevent and control air pollution. Based on daily data of air quality index (AQI) in 31 Chinese provincial capital cities in 2014, this study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of ambient air pollution and the influencing factors. The spatial and temporal patterns of AQI were presented using GIS map and heat map, respectively. We constructed a hierarchical linear model to quantify the effects of meteorological and socioeconomic factors on AQI. In 2014, the air quality nonattainment (AQI >100) rate was 34.6% on average (1.9 to 74.4%). Air pollution levels were highest in winters and lowest in summers. We found substantial spatial variations of AQI, with the highest values in the middle-east area of the North China Plain. The city-level AQI was positively associated with vehicle population, industrial dust emission, and GDP per capital, which cumulatively explained 67.5% of spatial variations of AQI. The city-level AQI also increased with city’s annual atmospheric pressure but decreased with annual mean temperature. Daily AQI within a city decreased with daily temperature, sunshine duration, wind speed, precipitation, and relative humidity. The national analyses indicate that the ambient air quality in China exhibits significant geographical and seasonal variations which were mainly driven by socioeconomic and meteorological factors. The findings would help to understand the underlying reasons for spatial health disparities and would provide important information to guide targeted policy response to ambient air pollution.     

安阳市空气质量健康指数构建及分析——基于空气污染与呼吸系统疾病间暴露–反应关系

目的 基于空气污染对呼吸系统疾病影响构建安阳市空气质量健康指数(AQHI)并分析可能影响因素。方法 建立2018—2020年安阳市大气污染与医院呼吸系统疾病门诊量时间序列数据库,利用多污染物广义相加模型(GAM)所得暴露–反应关系系数计算AQHI,并与环境质量指数(AQI)对比。结果 2018—2020年安阳市大气PM2.5、NO₂当日浓度(PM2.5lag0、NO₂lag0)及SO₂滞后2日浓度(SO₂lag2)纳入多污染物模型。AQHI公式为AQHIt=(((exp (0.000 39×PM2.5lag0t+0.001 51×NO₂lag0_t+0.001 79×SO₂lag2_t)-1)×100)/49.70)×10,AQHI低风险日期比例(73.54%)低于AQI三级以下风险等级日期比例(79.01%),P<0.05,且逐年上升,非采暖季高,每年10月至次年1月份下降。AQHI每上升一个四分位间距(IQ...     

Towards an improved air quality index

Air quality indices (AQI) are commonly used to indicate the level of severity of air pollution to the public. A number of methods were developed in the past by various researchers/environmental agencies for the calculation of AQI, but there is no universally accepted method, appropriate for all situations. An updated review of the major air quality indices developed worldwide is presented in this paper. These methods differentiate mainly in the number of pollutants included, its sampling period and air quality classes and breakpoints. When applying different AQI to a common case study, important differences are found in terms of the classification of the quality of the air. The purposes of this research are to identify weaknesses of the current AQI and to discuss possible changes and updates with Portugal as case study. A survey, with 10 questions about the calculation and use of the AQI and its dissemination to public, was delivered to the five regional environmental agencies in Portugal and, based on results, modifications to the current AQI are proposed. Two main changes—inclusion of PM2.5 and specific urban/industrial AQI—were tested, comparing the current and the proposed AQI along the 2014 year. It is observed that a significant difference exists when specific urban and industrial sites are considered when calculating the AQI. On the other hand, and contrarily to other regional studies, the results show that the inclusion of fine suspended particulate (PM2.5) does not impact the final AQI value.     

合肥市区不同区域大气污染时空演化特征及防污染对策

目的 分析合肥市区不同区域2012-2014年空气污染状况,为城市规划者和居民出行提供污染控制建议。方法 利用合肥市环境保护局网站数据库中主要空气污染指标的相关数据,应用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析。描述2012-2014年合肥市区不同区域空气质量指数的时空分布特征,分析合肥市区不同区域空气环境污染的现状及其可能的原因。结果 2012-2014年间,合肥市空气污染状况在平均水平上呈现先增长后减少的趋势。在此期间合肥市区三里街子站、长江中路、庐阳区子站、瑶海区子站以及包河区子站的空气质量指数平均值均高于全市平均水平,并且冬季是合肥市区空气污染最严重的季节。结论 合肥市区空气污染状况与地理区域和季节变化有关。     

气象因素对汉中市城区空气污染的影响

目的探讨气象因素对汉中市城区空气污染的影响。方法以汉中市城区2015年1—12月空气质量监测数据和气象资料为基础,分析温度(T)、露点温度(T_d)、平均海平面大气压(P)等气象因素对空气质量的影响及其空气污染特征。结果 AQI及各污染物浓度可用二次函数很好地拟合,拟合曲线的拐点横坐标出现在6月上旬至7月上旬。相关性分析表明,汉中市城区空气质量主要与PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度有关,且PM_(10)大多由PM_(2.5)贡献;PM_(2.5)浓度受到T、水平大气压(P_0)、P、Td的影响较明显,而受气压趋势(P_a)、湿度(U)的影响较小。T_d对PM_(10)浓度的影响高于PM_(2.5)。对于同一大气污染物而言,P的影响高于P0和Pa。各污染物浓度和气象因素之间存在明显的共线性,PM_(2.5)与其他大气污染物及T、P、T_d所构建的主成分回归模型拟合优度较好且无多重共线性。结论汉中市城区气象因素与空气污染存在一定的关联。     

大气PM_(2.5)中重金属研究进展

近年来大气PM_(2.5)污染及其危害受到全球关注,我国污染现状尤其严重。作为重要的大气污染物成分,PM_(2.5)富集的重金属对生态环境和人体健康有较大威胁。该文分析总结了我国大气PM_(2.5)中重金属的研究现状,包括污染水平、时空分布特征、来源解析、化学形态、生物有效性和毒理健康效应等方面,提出了现阶段研究的不足,并对今后大气颗粒物污染及其成分研究进行展望,以利于环境空气质量的合理评价及其标准完善,为大气污染防治决策提供科学依据。     

Particulate matter pollution in the megacities of the Pearl River Delta, China - a systematic literature review and health risk assessment

The exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution is a major threat to public health. Chinese megacities are coined by high levels of PM. Our aims were to examine the concentration levels of PM in megacities (Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Shenzhen) of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China; to compare the results with international and national air quality guidelines; and to assess the health impact in terms of possible reductions in premature deaths due to PM reduction. The Medline(?) data base was used to identify published studies (systematic literature search). Based on our appraisal criteria 13 studies remained in the analysis. Additionally, publicly available data were extracted from data sources provided by municipal authorities of the cities under study. PM data reported in μg/m(3) were abstracted from single studies and municipal reports. If possible, the PM data were stratified for season of data collection (summer/winter half-year) and simple means were calculated for cities, seasons and months. Based on the abstracted data, a health impact assessment (HIA) was done in order to estimate potential preventable premature deaths due to PM pollution in the cities. Almost all PM data exceeded national and international air quality guidelines. Our HIA showed that in Guangzhou ten thousands of premature deaths could be prevented if the PM burden was reduced to these air quality limit values. We identified no suitable epidemiological study reporting PM according to our study protocol. Further epidemiological studies should be carried out to more precisely determine the spatial distribution of PM-related health risks in PRD. Environmental protection measures and public health interventions are required to reduce burden of PM-related diseases in PRD.     

Long-term ambient air pollution levels in four Chinese cities: inter-city and intra-city concentration gradients for epidemiological studies.

The field data collection of an air pollution epidemiologic study was carried out from 1993 to 1996 in four Chinese cities of Lanzhou, Chongqing, Wuhan, and Guangzhou. In each city, an urban district and a suburban district were selected. Ambient concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP), size-fractionated particulate matter including PM2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were measured in these districts. The results indicate the presence of wide inter-city and intra-city gradients in long-term ambient levels of these measured pollutants. Across the eight districts, the 1993-1996 4-year means of TSP, SO2, and NOx ranged from 198 to 659 microg/m3, from 14.6 to 331 microg/m3, and from 31.5 to 239 microg/m3, respectively, and the 1995-1996 2-year means of PM2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10 ranged from 51.5 to 142 microg/m3, from 29.2 to 107 microg/m3, and from 80.7 to 232 microg/m3, respectively. These pollution ranges substantially extended the upper end of the pollution ranges of previous air pollution epidemiologic studies conducted in North America and Europe. In each district, significant correlations among the measured pollutants were observed for daily concentrations. However, the gradient patterns in long-term means of different pollutants were different across the eight districts. (e.g., PM2.5-10 and TSP were highest in the Lanzhou urban district, PM2.5 and PM10 were highest in the Guangzhou urban district, SO2 was highest in the Chongqing urban district, and NOx was highest in the Guangzhou urban district). In general, seasonal variations were present in the ambient concentrations with high levels often occurring in winter months. The eight districts may be classified into four district clusters based on integrated levels of all measured pollutants. These features of the ambient air pollution have important implications for epidemiological studies and may provide unique opportunities to study exposure-effects relationships in the four Chinese cities.     

Effect of long-range transport on local PM 10 concentrations in the UK

This study describes the effects of long-range transport of secondary airborne particles on local PM 10 levels in Edinburgh (UK) during the period 1 January to 31 March 1996. Air mass back trajectories for each day were grouped into six atmospheric transport patterns to examine their influences on local PM 10 concentrations. Significant differences in receptor PM 10 concentrations were observed between the trajectory patterns ( p = 0.1%). Air masses from Eastern Europe resulted in higher daily PM 10 averages than any of the other patterns ( p = 1.0%). Median PM 10 concentrations in Edinburgh increased by 10-15 w g m- 3 when air mass trajectories were from these regions. This effect should be considered by local authorities to acknowledge that not all PM 10 sources are possible to control in local air quality management areas. Further evidence of the influence of long-range transport was found by detailed examination of the concurrent development of a pollution episode in Edinburgh, London and Belfast. Differences in the temporal development of the episode in the three cities were attributed to trajectory variations in the proximity of frontal weather systems.     

山西省主要恶性肿瘤发病情况与大气主要污染物的相关性研究

目的 探讨环境中大气主要污染物与山西省主要恶性肿瘤发生的相关性.方法 收集2014年1-12月山西省肿瘤医院诊治的10种主要恶性肿瘤患者资料,以及各月大气中空气动力学直径＜2.5 μm的细颗粒物(PM2.5)、空气动力学直径在2.5～10 μm的粗颗粒(PM10)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、一氧化碳(CO)、臭氧(O3)浓度和空气质量指数(AQI).运用SPSS 17.0和SAS 9.2进行相关分析及回归分析曲线拟合.结果 恶性肿瘤发病与PM2.5 (r=0.55)、PM10(r=0.49)、SO2(r=0.56)、O3(r=0.56)均显著相关(P均＜0.05),与AQI呈负相关(r=-0.65,P＜0.05).肺癌与PM2.5 (r=0.54)呈正相关,宫颈癌和肠癌与PM25(r=0.55、0.61)、PM10(r=0.61、0.57)、SO2(r=0.68、0.59)、O3(r=0.65、0.59)均呈正相关,胃癌与PM2.5(r=0.54)、PM10(r=0.52)、SO2(r=0.52)呈正相关,淋巴癌与PM2.5(r=0.57)、SO2(r=0.74)、O3(r=0.54)呈正相关,肝癌与PM2.5 (r=0.62)、PM10(r=0.59)呈正相关,卵巢癌与PM10(r=0.64)呈正相关,乳腺癌和食管癌与O3 (r=0.71、0.53)呈正相关.AQI除了与乳腺癌和膀胱癌未表现出显著相关性,与其他肿瘤均呈现出显著负相关.恶性肿瘤发病与AQI呈二次曲线相关.结论 大气污染可能会导致恶性肿瘤发病增加,对健康的潜在危害不容忽视.