双苯氟嗪对豚鼠心室肌细胞膜钠电流的影响(英文)

目的观察双苯氟嗪对豚鼠心室肌细胞膜钠电流的影响。方法用酶解方法分离豚鼠心室肌细胞,全细胞膜片钳技术记录钠电流。结果将细胞钳制在-80mV,给(-80～+50)mV,50ms和步阶10mV的去极化脉冲,记录到的电流被河豚毒素10μmol·L-1完全抑制。在该刺激条件下,该电流最大激活电压在-20mV左右,翻转电压在+30mV左右,提示该电流为钠电流。双苯氟嗪可以浓度依赖性地抑制钠电流。双苯氟嗪对钠电流的抑制作用在冲洗后可部分恢复,表明其对钠通道的抑制作用具有可逆性。双苯氟嗪可使钠电流I-V曲线上移,但对钠电流的电压依赖性特征、最大激活电压和翻转电压无明显影响。在双苯氟嗪40μmol·L-1存在下,最大激活电压下的峰值电流下降约46%;双苯氟嗪可明显使钠电流稳态失活曲线左移,但不影响曲线的斜率因子。双苯氟嗪40μmol·L-1可使钠电流半数失活电压从(-73.0±4.6)mV减少到(-82.8±7.2)mV。但双苯氟嗪对钠电流稳态激活无明显影响,在双苯氟嗪40μmol·L-1存在下,半数激活电压(-33.7±3.6)mV和斜率因子(5.6±2.4)mV与对照组激活电压(-34.9±5.1)mV和斜率因子(6.0±4.8)mV相比无显著性差异。双苯氟嗪可以使钠电流从失活状态下恢复明显减慢,双苯氟嗪40μmo·lL-1可使恢复时间常数延长(79±28)vs(36±11)ms。结论双苯氟嗪可以浓度依赖性、使用依赖性和频率依赖性地抑制心肌钠电流,并且主要作用于钠电流的失活状态。     

神经病理性疼痛小鼠背根神经节河豚毒素敏感型钠电流的变化特征

目的 在小鼠坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤(CCI)模型上,观察背根神经节(DRG)细胞河豚毒素敏感型(TTX-S)钠电流的变化特征。方法 采用全细胞膜片钳技术分别记录CCI模型及正常小鼠DRG细胞TTX-S钠电流,比较其电流变化特征。结果 CCI 模型小鼠热疼痛阈值较正常小鼠下降约50%。在CCI小鼠DRG细胞上,TTX-S钠电流较正常组明显增加,最大激活电压由-10 mV左移为-20 mV,最大激活电流也由正常组的-(96.3±7.7)pA/pF增加至-(146.6±12.7)pA/pF,其稳态激活和失活曲线分别向较负和较正电压方向偏移14.9和5.1 mV,但通道失活后恢复动力学特征不变。结论 CCI小鼠增加TTX-S钠电流。     

蛋白丝/苏氨酸磷酸酶1和2A抑制药对大鼠三叉神经元电压依赖性钠通道的影响(英文)

目的通过研究蛋白丝/苏氨酸磷酸酶1和2A特异性抑制药冈田酸对大鼠三叉神经元电压依赖性钠电流的影响,探讨磷酸酶在细胞信号转导中的作用。方法在成年大鼠三叉神经元上进行全细胞膜片钳记录。结果1μmol·L-1冈田酸显著抑制总钠电流(INa-T) ,仅轻微抑制毒素不敏感型钠电流(INa-TTX-R) ,其抑制率分别为(20±13) %(n=9,P<0 .05)和(4±3) %(n=6, P<0 .05)。冈田酸对INa-T的激活曲线产生明显的超极化位移,半激活电压从给药前的-(13±8)mV升至给药后的-(16±7)mV(P<0 .05) ,但是对INa-TTX-R的激活曲线没有影响。结论①蛋白丝/苏氨酸磷酸酶参与了大鼠三叉神经元电压依赖性钠通道的调节。②大鼠三叉神经元存在多种电压依赖性钠通道,它们对冈田酸具有不同的敏感性。     

咪唑安定对交感神经元全细胞钠通道电流的抑制作用

目的研究咪唑安定对交感神经元全细胞钠通道电流的影响,探讨其循环抑制机制。方法酶消化法急性分离SD大鼠(8～12d)颈上交感神经节细胞 ,全细胞膜片钳技术记录咪唑安定对钠通道电流的影响。结果在钳制电压 -80mV,刺激电压0mV条件下 ,临床相关浓度的咪唑安定(0.3μmol·L -1)使钠通道电流峰值降低19.98 %(P<0.05) ,随浓度增加 ,抑制作用逐渐增强 ,50 %的钠通道电流峰值受抑制时的咪唑安定浓度 (IC50)约为18.35μmol·L-1;3μmol·L -1 的咪唑安定使钠电流稳态失活曲线产生明显的超极化方向移动(7.75mV ,P<0.05) ,用药前、后50 %的通道灭活时的条件脉冲电压 (V1/2)分别为 :-40.39mV、-48.14mV ;3μmol·L -1 的咪唑安定对钠电流的激活曲线几乎无影响。结论临床相关浓度的咪唑安定对交感神经节全细胞钠通道电流有明显的抑制作用,且主要与钠通道的失活有关。提示咪唑安定的循环抑制作用可能与其直接抑制交感神经有关。     

苄普地尔抑制大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞钠电流(英文)

目的:研究苄普地尔对大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞钠电流的影响。方法:膜片箝全细胞记录技术。结果:苄普地尔显著降低大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞钠电流,作用呈时间及浓度依赖关系。苄普地尔10μmol·L~(-1)的半阻断时间约为10min。IC_(50)为2.6(2.3-2.9)μmol·L~(-1)。苄普地尔10μmol·L~(-1)右移最大电流的激活电位10mV,左移半失活膜电位18mV,表明其电压依赖地影响钠通道的激活和失活过程。结论:苄普地尔阻断大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞钠电流,可能是其抗脑缺血机制之一。     

异丙酚对大鼠脊髓背角神经元TTX敏感型钠通道失活和去失活效应的影响

目的：观察异丙酚对急性分离的大鼠脊髓背角神经元TTX敏感型钠通道电流的影响及相关机制。方法：取出生后7d的雄性SD大鼠,击昏后断头取脊髓腰膨大部位,分离背角神经元,应用全细胞膜片钳记录模式记录钠电流。距离神经细胞100μm施加0.3-30μmol/L不同浓度的异丙酚,应用-10mV（持续30 ms）刺激电压诱发钠电流,求出异丙酚对钠电流的半效抑制浓度（IC50）。观察异丙酚对钠通道失活效应的影响时,应用从-80mV至-20mV的预刺激电压（阶差为10mV,持续30ms）,再应用0mV刺激电压（持续30ms）诱发钠电流产生,向神经细胞施加IC50水平的异丙酚。观察异丙酚对钠通道去失活效应的影响时,应用-10mV的预刺激电压（持续30ms）,再给予-10mV、持续30 ms的刺激电压诱发钠电流产生,两刺激电压的间隔时间为2-24ms。结果：异丙酚可浓度依赖性地抑制TTX敏感型钠电流,其IC50为（5.35±0.25）μmol/L。钠通道失活实验中,预刺激电压在-60mV到-40mV范围内,IC50水平的异丙酚可显著抑制由刺激电压（0mV）诱发的钠电流（P〈0.05）。钠通道去失活实验中,两刺激的间隔时间在2-6ms之间时,IC50水平的异丙酚可显著性抑制由刺激电压（-10mV）诱发的钠电流（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。结论：异丙酚可抑制大鼠脊髓背角电压依赖性钠通道电流,这一作用与促进钠通道的失活和抑制钠通道的去失活有关。     

蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化参与调控主动脉平滑肌细胞容积调节性氯通道电流

目的　探讨蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化在胚胎鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞系A10细胞容积调节性氯通道电流中的调控作用。方法　膜片钳全细胞记录技术。结果　①在A10细胞 ,低渗溶液激活一外向整流电流 ,该电流在正电位 (≥ 6 0mV)时缓慢失活。其反转电位为 (- 1 5± 3 4 )mV ,接近Cl-平衡电位 (Ecl=0mV)。降低胞外Cl-浓度其反转电位随之变化。高渗溶液可抑制该电流。②DIDS(10 0 μmol·L-1)电压依赖性抑制容积调节性氯通道电流 ,在 +80mV和 - 80mV的抑制率分别为 5 3 7%± 6 2 %和 2 9 8%± 4 9%。③酪氨酸激酶抑制剂genistein (30 μmol·L-1)抑制该电流 ,在 +80mV和 - 80mV对其抑制率分别为6 2 3%± 11 3%和 6 6 9%± 10 5 % ,其抑制作用无电压依赖性。④酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂sodiumorthovanadate(Na3 VO4,5 0 0 μmol·L-1)增强该电流 ,其作用无电压依赖性 ,在 +80mV和 - 80mV电流幅度分别增加了 4 4 8%±14 5 %和 4 7 1%± 13 6 %。结论　A10细胞上存在有容积调节性氯通道。蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化参与调节A10细胞容积调节性氯电流的激活     

咪达唑仑对大鼠颈上交感神经节细胞乙酰胆碱受体通道的影响

目的:研究咪达唑仑(Midazolam)对SD大鼠颈上交感神经节细胞乙酰胆碱受体(AChR)通道的影响,以探讨其循环抑制机制。方法:酶消化法急性分离SD大鼠(7~10 d)颈上交感神经节细胞,全细胞膜片钳技术记录咪达唑仑对AChR通道电流的影响。结果:在钳制电压(Vh)-60 mV条件下,氯化乙酰胆碱可激发一快速激活且快速衰减的内向电流即AChR通道电流,其半数有效剂量(EC50)为39.65μmol/L;临床相关浓度的咪达唑仑(0.3μmol/L)使200μmol/L氯化乙酰胆碱激发的AChR通道电流峰值降低23.41%(P<0.05,n=6),而通道的脱敏感衰减速率却由45.59%±14.21%增加至57.93%±13.74%(P<0.01,n=6)。随浓度增加,咪达唑仑抑制AChR通道电流和加速AChR通道脱敏感的作用也逐渐增强。咪达唑仑抑制AChR通道电流,但并不改变AChR通道的反转电位,且在膜电位-20 mV至-70 mV之间,其抑制作用为电压非依赖性。结论:临床相关浓度的咪达唑仑对交感神经节全细胞AChR通道电流有明显的抑制作用,呈浓度依赖性和电压非依赖性;其抑制作用主要与加快AChR通道的脱敏感衰减速率有关。     

胍丁胺对大鼠心室肌细胞L—钙通道电流的影响

目的:观察胍丁胺(Agm)对大鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙通道电流(I_(Ca-L))的影响.方法:以酶解法制备单个心室肌细胞.应用全细胞膜片箝技术记录大鼠单个心室肌细胞钙通道电流.结果:(1)Agm(0.5,1,2mmol/L)可浓度依赖性地降低电压依赖性激活I_(Ca-L)(pA)峰值,其值从1451±236 (对照组)到937±105(n=8,P<0.05),585±74(n=8,P<0.01),和301±156(n=8,P<0.01).(2)Agm 1 mmol/L使用依赖性地阻滞I_(Ca-L)·1 Hz时抑制率为53％±12％(P<0.05),3Hz时为69％±11％(P<0.01).(3)Agm使I-V曲线上移,但对I_(Ca-L)的电压依赖特征、最大激活电压以及I_(Ca-L)稳态激活无明显影响.在Agm 1 mmol/L作用下,半数激活电压(V_(0.5)和斜率参数(k)与对照组相比均无显著性差异.V_(0.5)分别为(-20.2±2.5)mV和(-20.5±2.7)mV,k分别为(3.2±0.4)mV和(3.0±0.5)mV.(4)Agm 1 mmol/L可明显使钙电流稳态失活曲线左移,加速钙通道电压依赖性稳态失活.V_(0.5)分别为(-32±6)mV和(-40±5)mV,k分别为(7.6±O.9)mV和(12.5±1.1)mV(P<0.05).(5)Agm 1mmol/L还使I_(Ca)从失活状态下恢复明显减慢.结论:Agm抑制I_(Ca-L),并主要作用于L-型钙通道的失活状态,表现为钙通道失活加速和从失活状态下恢复减慢.     

铅抑制急性分离的大鼠背根神经节慢失活钾电流

目的　慢失活外向K+电流 (ID)对于长时程持续刺激中延迟动作电位的发放 ,调节其发放频率和复极化有重要意义 ,其改变对神经元的兴奋性产生重要影响 ,因此研究铅 (Pb2 +)对神经元细胞ID 的效应 ,并初步探讨其作用机理。方法　应用全细胞膜片钳技术 ,根据动力学和药理学特性分离鉴定大鼠背根神经节 (DRG)ID,观察Pb2 +对ID 的抑制效应。结果　Pb2 +以浓度依赖性方式抑制ID。 0 .1,1.0 ,10 .0和 10 0 .0 μmol·L- 1Pb2 +对 + 6 0mV处ID的抑制率分别为 (6 .9± 0 .6 ) %、(2 9.3± 3.0 ) %、(85 .9± 5 .1) %和 (99.4± 7.0 ) % (n =15 ) ,IC50 为2 .4 μmol·L- 1。ID 的激活具有电压依赖性 ,Pb2 +对ID 的抑制作用也具有电压依赖性 ,最大抑制作用发生在 + 6 0mV处。 10 .0 μmol·L- 1Pb2 +使得ID 电流的稳态激活曲线向去极化方向移动 ,并延长ID 的激活时间常数 ,提示Pb2 +增加了ID 的激活时程。结论　Pb2 +显著抑制DRG神经元ID 电流 ,导致神经元的兴奋性增加 ,这可能是Pb2 +影响神经细胞功能的作用机理之一。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.