肺结核合并支气管结核97例临床分析

目的探讨肺结核合并支气管结核的临床特点。方法回顾性分析97例肺结核合并支气管结核临床资料。结果临床以咳嗽（82．5％）、咳痰（80．4％）、发热（45．4％）、不同程度咯血或血丝痰（23．7％）等为主要症状，胸部CT以肺不张或膨胀不全（44．2％）及浸润增殖性病灶（37．9％）为主要表现，并可见支气管狭窄阻塞、支气管扩张、支气管播散、支气管充气征、纵隔淋巴结增大、纵隔淋巴结钙化等表现，痰涂片或培养检查抗酸杆菌阳性率较高（63．9％），尤其在多叶段浸润增殖病灶患者中其阳性率高达83．3％。纤支镜检查以主支气管及叶支气管开口受累显著（64．8％），多气管支气管受累患者达81．4％，且多种支气管镜下表现类型并存，纤支镜刷检抗酸杆菌、组织活检阳性率分别为55．9％、69．4％。接受纤支镜介入治疗的患者仅有18例，其中6例支气管狭窄闭塞并肺不张患者行气管镜下支气管球囊扩张术治疗，5例支气管狭窄好转。结论肺结核合并支气管结核患者临床表现无特异性。胸部CT对观察支气管损伤及淋巴结病变能提供较大帮助。气管镜检查仍为其重要诊断手段，镜下可见多气管支气管受累，且镜下表现类型相互重叠。球囊扩张术可有效改善支气管狭窄。     

支气管结核继发于肺结核的因素分析

目的探讨支气管继发于肺结核的因素。方法纤支镜检查肺结核患者224例,分为肺结核继发支气管结核组128例和单纯肺结核组96例,比较两组患者临床表现和纤支镜检查结果等方面特点。结果两组在性别、年龄、肺结核类型、胸部X线、CT表现、纤支镜下支气管树变化、PPD皮试和痰涂片抗酸杆菌阳性率等方面有差别P<0.01或P<0.01。结论支气管结核继发于肺结核主要与内分泌、咳痰效果、纵隔淋巴结结核浸润邻近支气管、痰排菌量、变态反应等因素有关。行纤支镜检查对支气管肺结核的诊治有决定意义。     

肺结核合并支气管结核103例临床及纤支镜检查结果分析

目的探讨肺结核合并支气管结核患者的临床及纤支镜检查特点。方法回顾性分析103例肺结核合并支气管结核患者的临床资料,观察患者纤支镜检查前临床漏诊及误诊情况,比较纤支镜涂片检查、纤支镜活组织病理检查和痰涂片检查抗酸杆菌阳性率的差异。结果肺结核合并支气管结核患者临床症状有咳嗽、咳痰、发热、不同程度咯血或痰中带血;纤支镜检查前临床误诊率、漏诊率均较高;纤支镜涂片检查、纤支镜活组织病理检查和痰涂片检查抗酸杆菌阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。结论肺结核合并支气管结核患者临床表现无特异性,纤支镜检查是其重要的诊断手段。     

气管支气管结核42例诊治体会

目的探讨气管支气管结核的临床特征及诊治体会。方法分析7年来42例门诊及住院病人临床确诊的气管支气管结核临床资料,结合其临床、病理表现及治疗情况等进行总结。结果术前痰找抗酸杆菌阳性5例(11.9%),术后阳性7例(16.7%);活检见肉芽肿9例(21.4%),刷检阳性23例(54.7%);纤支镜检查(刷检+活检)阳性率为76.2%(32/42),明显高于纤支镜检查前痰找抗酸杆菌阳性率11.9%(5/42),差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。本组病例经规律全身抗结核药物治疗12个月,3个月后痰菌阴转情况66.7%(28/42),根据患者的具体情况,配合雾化吸入、气管内滴入抗结核药物、及冷冻等综合治疗,获得满意疗效38例(83.3%),行肺叶摘除手术或支气管球囊扩张术手术患者7例(16.7%)。结论经纤支镜支气管内采样做病理活检+刷检、细菌学检查作为诊断TBTB最重要的手段,是诊断气管支气管结核最敏感特异方法。在规则抗结核基础上,结合纤支镜下行介入治疗对气管支气管的预后、发展将起着关键性作用。     

单纯性支气管内膜结核临床及纤维支气管镜下特点分析

目的探讨单纯性支气管内膜结核的临床及纤维支气管镜下特点。方法回顾性分析本院经纤支镜检查后确诊单纯性支气管内膜结核66例的临床、X线和纤支镜下表现。结果主要症状为干咳,少数伴咳痰、咯血、发热、气急,体征有局限性干啰音,呼吸音减弱,少数呈广泛哮鸣音。X线表现为肺不张,肺内块状阴影,16例(24%)患者胸片无异常发现。纤支镜下所见分为浸润型,溃疡型,肉芽增殖型,疤痕型。钳检病理学阳性率62.7%,刷检物涂片抗酸杆菌阳性率74.6%。结论单纯性支气管内膜结核的临床症状与X线表现无特征性,纤支镜检查中联合活检组织病理及刷检物涂片抗酸杆菌检测是有效的诊断手段。     

经纤支镜诊断46例支气管结核临床分析

目的　探讨纤维支气管镜在支气管内膜结核早期诊断中的作用。方法　 1995年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 12月经纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )活检或刷检确诊支气管内膜结核 4 6例患者进行临床特点和纤支镜结果统计分析。结果　 4 6例病人均证实为支气管内膜结核。 8例痰涂片找抗酸杆菌阳性 ,38例行纤支镜刷检找抗酸杆菌阳性 ,11例活检证实为结核。纤支镜检查示炎症浸润型 4 1.3% ,增殖型 13.0 % ,狭窄闭塞型 2 6 .1% ,溃疡型 15 .3% ,正常 4 .3% ,纤支镜刷检阳性率高于痰涂片检查和活检 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　支气管内膜结核缺乏特异性临床表现 ,X- CT诊断价值不高 ,纤支镜检查成为支气管内膜结核早期诊断的主要措施。     

支气管结核248例临床分析

目的 探索气管、支气管结核的临床特征及诊断治疗手段。方法 分析1993年1月至2000年10月248例气管支气管结核住院病例资料临床表现、影像学、纤支镜检查结果。结果 248例患者中15－34年龄组青年女性明显高于其它组占69.2%(72/104)。左侧支气管病变多于右侧。影像学、纤支镜、实验室检查确诊234例，肺切除术后病理确诊14例。全组病例均予规范抗结核化疗，其中合并雾化治疗72例。经纤支镜支气管腔内给药的26例有效率84.6%。外科治疗47例。结论 纤支镜检查是诊断气管支气管结核最重要的方法。在实施规范抗结核化疗同时合并雾化及经纤支镜支气管内给药治疗，是改善临床症状，减轻或消除支气管狭窄的有效方法。对不同逆结核性支气管狭窄、肺不张及严重肺功能损毁患者应及时外科治疗。     

菌阴肺下野结核纤支镜诊断及其误诊分析

目的研究菌阴肺下野结核的纤支镜镜检的诊断价值。方法分析49例误诊的患者行纤支镜而确诊的肺下野结核。结果49例纤支镜镜检下表现中下支气管慢性炎症最多见,占40例(81.67%),其次为管口狭窄5例(10.2%),刷检抗酸杆菌阳性31例(63.24%),镜检后痰检抗酸杆菌阳性24例(48.97%)。活检5例(10.2%)。结论纤支镜检查能提高菌阴肺下野结核的诊断率,刷检、活检及镜后痰检可互补,更能提高诊断的阳性率,避免误诊误治。     

经纤维支气管镜诊治支气管结核临床分析

目的探讨经纤维支气管镜诊断、治疗支气管内膜结核的价值。方法 47例患者采用日本Olympus BF-P20型纤维支气管镜刷片检查抗酸杆菌和病理检查诊断为支气管内膜结核,并于纤支镜下局部多点注射异烟肼治疗。结果 47例患者根据纤支镜下表现可分为浸润型9例,溃病型16例,增殖型15例和纤维狭窄型7例;发病部位:左上叶气管受累10例,左舌叶气管受累10例,左下叶气管受累9例,右上叶气管受累7例,右中叶气管受累6例,右下叶气管受累5例;经纤支镜局部注射药物治疗后症状好转,糜烂、坏死、溃疡、息肉病灶消散。结论纤支镜检是支气管内膜结核最重要的检查方法之一。经纤支镜多点药物局部注射治疗是支气管内膜结核有效治疗手段。     

支气管结核248例临床分析

目的　探索气管、支气管结核的临床特征及诊断治疗手段。方法 分析248例1993～2000年住院气管支气管结核病例资料临床表现、影像学、纤支镜检查,治疗结果。结果 248例患者中15～34年龄组青年女性明显高于其它组占69.2% (72/104)。左侧支气管病变多于右侧。影像学、纤支镜、实验室检查确诊234例,肺切除术后病理确诊14例。全组病例均予规范抗结核化疗,其中并用雾化治疗72例。经纤支镜支气管腔内给药26例有效率84.6%。外科治疗47例。结论 纤支镜检查是诊断气管支气管结核最重要的方法。在实施规范抗结核化疗同时并用雾化及经纤支镜支气管内给药治疗,是改善临床症状,减轻或消除支气管狭窄的有效方法。对不可逆结核性支气管狭窄、肺不张及严重肺功能损毁患者应及时外科治疗。     

69例支气管结核临床分析

目的　探索支气管结核早期确诊手段及临床特征。方法 分析69例经纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )确诊的支气管结核患者临床表现、胸部X线、CT及纤支镜结果。结果 69例主要症状包括:咳嗽68例,咳痰44例,午后低热50例,盗汗49例,乏力48例,喘息18例,痰中带血13例。胸片及CT示:气管开口凹凸不平、不规则狭窄42例,有阻塞性肺炎26例,肺不张25例,肺内空洞14例,肺门淋巴结肿大11例。痰涂片结核菌阳性率为43.5%,痰结核菌培养阳性率36.2%。纤支镜示:刷检结核菌阳性率为55.1%,组织活检中56.7%证实为结核,其中40.6%为炎症浸润型,13.0%为增殖型,29.0%为溃疡型,26.1%为狭窄闭塞型。上述四种类型发现结核菌的阳性率分别为71.4%,77.8%,100%和55.6%。结论 当有支气管结核临床表现时,应行胸部X线、CT检查,对可疑病人作纤支镜。当病理、细菌学均不能明确诊断,应重复活检、刷检和试验性抗结核治疗,追踪观察以确诊。     

支气管内膜结核90例临床分析

目的探索支气管内膜结核（ＥＢＴＢ）的临床特征及早期确诊手段。方法分析９０例经纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）确诊的ＥＢＴＢ患者的临床表现、胸部Ｘ线（ＣＴ）、纤支镜检查结果。结果９０例中主要症状包括：咳嗽７５例,发热２７例,咯血２４例,胸痛１８例,气促１１例,消瘦７例。气道阻塞症状少,仅２例出现喘息。７例的Ｘ线表现正常,只有２例的ＣＴ检查结果提示ＥＢＴＢ。纤支镜检查示３８％的病例有炎症浸润型病变,９％有增殖型病变,２６％有狭窄闭塞型病变,１７％有溃疡型病变,１１％大致正常。５６例痰涂片行抗酸染色者中８例阳性,８６例行纤支镜刷片检查者中７３例阳性,５６例行活组织检查者中１７例证实为结核。结论ＥＢＴＢ缺乏特异性临床表现,胸部Ｘ线表现正常不能排除ＥＢＴＢ,ＣＴ诊断价值不高,确诊主要依靠纤支镜检查。对不明原因低热和呼吸道症状经积极治疗无效者,应怀疑ＥＢＴＢ而及时行纤支镜检查。行镜下常规刷检找抗酸杆菌和（或）组织活检阳性率高,且简便快捷,值得推广。     

Endobronchial tuberculosis

Endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) is defined as tuberculous infection of the tracheobronchial tree with microbial and histopathological evidence. It is seen in 10-40% of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. More than 90% of the patients with EBTB have some degree of bronchial stenosis. Ten to 20 percent have normal chest radiograph. Therefore, a clear chest radiograph does not exclude the diagnosis of EBTB. Bronchoscopic sampling has been the key to the diagnosis producing more than 90% yield on smear as well as on culture. Bronchoscopy and computed tomography are the methods of choice for accurate diagnosis of bronchial involvement and assessment for the surgical interventions. Characteristic HRCT findings of FBTB are patchy asymmetric centrilobular nodules and branching lines (tree-in-bud appearance). Early supervised antituberculosis therapy results in minimal structural and functional residua. Corticosteroid therapy may not influence the outcome of endobronchial tuberculosis. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment, before the development of fibrosis is important to prevent complications of endobronchial tuberculosis, such as bronchostenosis.     

胸片正常的支气管内膜结核15例临床分析

目的 探索胸片正常的支气管内膜结核的临床特征及早期确诊手段。方法 分析15例经纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)确诊的支气管内膜结核患者的临床表现、胸部X线(平片)及CT片、纤支镜检查结果。结果 15例中主要症状包括：咳嗽15例，气促5例，胸痛4例，发热3例，咯血2例，消瘦2例。15例的X线胸片正常。纤支镜检查示46．7％的病例有炎性浸润型病变，33．3％有增殖型病变，13．3％有溃疡型病变，6．7％有狭窄闭塞型病变。15例痰涂片行抗酸染色者中3例阳性，痰培养阳性1例；纤支镜刷片检查8例阳性，活组织检查7例证实为结核。结论 支气管内膜结核无特异性临床表现及胸部X线表现正常不能排除支气管内膜结核，确诊主要依靠纤支镜检查。对不明原因发热和呼吸道症状经积极治疗无效者，应怀疑支气管内膜结核而及时行纤支镜检查。通过镜下常规刷检找抗酸杆菌配合组织活检确诊率高。     

Bronchoscopic, radiologic and pulmonary function evaluation of endobronchial tuberculosis

OBJECTIVE: Endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) causes problems in both making a diagnosis and following up the endobronchial lesion, because the lesion is not evident in simple chest radiograph. Frequently, the diagnosis and follow up of EBTB lesion during treatment mainly depend on bronchoscopy. Chest computed tomography (CT) and pulmonary function test (PFT) have also been used in evaluating EBTB and differentiating it from the other diseases. Primary purpose of the present study was to observe the change of EBTB lesion during treatment and determine the optimal time and the indication of follow-up bronchoscopy. We also evaluate the usefulness of chest CT and PFT in EBTB. METHODOLOGY: Eighty-one biopsy-proven EBTB patients were enrolled from 1992 to 1997. Endobronchial tuberculosis was classified into seven subtypes: actively caseating, fibrostenotic, oedematous-hyperaemic, tumorous, ulcerative, granular, and non-specific bronchitic type according to bronchoscopic features by Chung's Classification. The change of bronchoscopic findings during treatment in each subtype of EBTB was evaluated prospectively. Follow-up bronchoscopy was done each month until there was no subsequent change in endobronchiat lesion, and every 3 months thereafter, and at the end of treatment. Chest CT and PFT were performed in 26 and 68 patients respectively, at initial bronchoscopy. RESULTS: Twenty-two of the 34 cases of actively caseating EBTB changed into the fibrostenotic type, and the other 12 healed without sequelae. Seven of the 11 cases of oedematous-hyperaemic EBTB changed into the fibrostenotic type, and the other four healed. Nine of the 11 cases of granular EBTB, six cases of non-specific bronchitic EBTB, and two cases of ulcerative EBTB resolved completely. However, the other two cases of granular EBTB changed into the fibrostenotic type. Seven cases of fibrostenotic EBTB did not improve despite antituberculosis chemotherapy. These various changes in bronchoscopic findings occurred within 3 months of treatment. In 10 cases of tumorous EBTB, seven progressed to the fibrostenotic type. In addition, new lesions appeared in two cases, and the size of the initial lesions increased in another two cases, even at 6 months after treatment. On chest CT findings of 26 EBTB patients, the length of bronchial involvement was measured from 10 to 55 mm. Bronchial stricture was noticed in 25 cases and the range of narrowing was from total occlusion to near normal, and there was wide variation in bronchial stricture even within same subtype of EBTB. The dominant feature of PFT in EBTB at the diagnosis was restrictive pattern. CONCLUSION: The therapeutic outcome of each subtype of EBTB can be predicted by follow-up bronchoscopy during the initial 3 months, with the exception of the tumorous type. In tumorous EBTB, the evolution of the lesions during treatment is very complicated, and bronchial stenosis may develop at a later time. Chest CT was useful in measuring the length of involved bronchus and degree of stricture in EBTB. PFT may be useful in differential diagnosis and follow up of EBTB.     

支气管结核112例临床分析

目的探讨支气管结核（EBTB）的临床特征及支气管镜在支气管结核的诊断和治疗中的价值。方法分析112例支气管结核的临床表现、影像学表现、支气管镜下表现、病原学和病理学检查结果及通过支气管镜治疗的效果。结果支气管结核好发于年轻女性,临床表现和胸部X片及胸部CT检查均无特异性。支气管镜下五种类型均有发现。经支气管镜行刷检和活组织病理检查阳性率高。在支气管镜下分别进行局部注入抗结核药、清除坏死组织、热烧灼、球囊扩张等治疗,Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型无一例发生支气管管腔狭窄。结论支气管镜在EBTB的诊断和治疗中均有极重要的地位。     

Changes in the levels of interferon-gamma and transforming growth factor-beta influence bronchial stenosis during the treatment of endobronchial tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: Endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) has been shown to frequently complicate bronchial stenosis, a condition which can induce dyspnea as a result of airway obstruction, and is also frequently misdiagnosed as either bronchial asthma or lung cancer. OBJECTIVES: This study attempted to determine whether there was a correlation between interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) levels in the serum and bronchial washing fluid (BWF), and the results of the treatment of EBTB patients. METHODS: Thirty patients, all of whom were diagnosed as EBTB, were enrolled, as were 10 healthy control subjects. IFN-gamma and TGF-beta levels were measured by the ELISA method in the serum and BWF of these 30 EBTB patients before and after treatment. The EBTB patients were divided into two groups: those who exhibited bronchial stenosis after treatment and those who did not. Chest computed tomography (CT) and pulmonary function test (PFT) were performed in 16 and 25 patients, respectively, at initial bronchoscopy. RESULTS: IFN-gamma and TGF-beta levels in the BWF of the EBTB patients were elevated compared to the controls (p < 0.05). After 2 months of treatment, 13 of the 30 EBTB patients exhibited bronchial fibrostenosis and the other 17 cases had recovered without sequelae. In the bronchial stenosis group, the initial serum TGF-beta levels were lower than in the patients without bronchial stenosis (p < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of serum TGF-beta after treatment were shown to have decreased more than in the patients without bronchial stenosis (p < 0.05). On chest CT findings of 16 EBTB patients, bronchial narrowing was suspected except in 2 cases (1 edematous-hyperemic type, 1 actively caseating type of segmental bronchus). The common features of PFT in EBTB at the initial diagnosis were a restrictive pattern and normal ventilatory function. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated IFN-gamma and TGF-beta levels in the BWF of the EBTB patients may be related to EBTB pathogenesis. Lowered initial serum TGF-beta levels as well as the observed changes in the levels of TGF-beta in the serum after treatment have been implicated in bronchial fibrostenosis during the course of the disease.     

Emphysematous urinoma as a complication of emphysematous pyelitis in a healthy adult male

The prevalence of endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) in patients with active tuberculosis is about 10% to 40%. The most common complication of EBTB is bronchial stenosis. Fistula formation by pulmonary tuberculosis is a very rare complication and is most commonly bronchopleural. The authors present a 53-year-old woman presented with chronic cough and abnormality in chest computed tomography scan. According to chest computed tomography scan finding, bronchoscopic study was done and bronchial lavage was obtained. Bronchial lavage was positive for acid fast bacilli. Bronchoscopy showed fistula formation between the right and left main bronchus, a rare manifestation of EBTB. The patient was treated with antituberculosis therapy, and her symptoms improved and radiological findings showed regression of pulmonary lesions.     

Effects of INH (Isoniazid) inhalation in patients with endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB)

The effects of INH (Isoniazid) inhalation on clinical findings were studied retrospectively in 39 patients with endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB). The diagnosis of EBTB and the assessment of bronchial stenosis were based on bronchoscopic examination. We divided the patients in two groups: 13 patients had been treated with only systemic chemotherapy of lung tuberculosis, and 26 patients had been treated with systemic chemotherapy and INH inhalation (INH 200 mg/day). As a result, there were no significant differences between both groups for duration of sputum culture positive and until ESR normalization. However, a significant improvement in bronchial stenosis and reduction of respiratory symptoms were seen in patients treated with systemic chemotherapy and INH inhalation. In conclusion, INH inhalation in addition to standard chemotherapy of lung tuberculosis is useful to prevent bronchial stenosis for the patients with EBTB.     

Endobronchial tuberculosis

Abstract Endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) is a highly infectious disease that remains a diagnostic challenge in the developed countries. It also presents as a troublesome therapeutic problem due to its sequelae of cicatrical stenosis. Due to the worldwide decrease of tuberculosis, diagnosis of EBTB is frequently delayed until the onset of serious bronchial stenosis with resultant atelectasis and bronchiectasis. The exact pathogenesis of EBTB is not yet completely understood and the course of EBTB differs according to the type. The prognosis of actively caseating type and edematous-hyperemic type EBTB is grave, resulting fibrostenosis in two thirds of patients. Fibrostenotic type EBTB shows no change or worsening of stenosis. The prognosis is good for granular and non-specific bronchitic type EBTB; however, the prognosis of tumorous type is poor, frequently resulting in bronchial stenosis despite adequate treatment. Antituberculous chemotherapy is effective in controlling the infection, but does not prevent residual bronchostenosis. Early treatment with steroid therapy is effective in certain groups of EBTB. Balloon dilatation and stent insertion is an effective treatment of bronchial stenosis if obstruction of the stent by granulation tissue overgrowth can be prevented. Future research should focus on the pathogenesis of bronchial inflammatory reaction and resulting fibrosis to prevent bronchial stenosis at the early stage.