翼点与纵裂联合入路手术治疗大脑前动脉-胼周动脉瘤

目的探讨翼点联合纵裂入路手术治疗大脑前动脉-胼周动脉瘤的临床效果。方法回顾性分析20例行翼点联合纵裂入路手术治疗的大脑前动脉-胼周动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果20例患者均恢复良好,手术后平均住院时间18天。无术中动脉瘤破裂,无手术死亡,未发生神经系统并发症。出院时GOS预后评分均为良好。结论应用翼点联合纵裂入路手术治疗大脑前动脉-胼周动脉瘤,可获得满意的临床效果。     

小骨窗纵裂入路开颅手术治疗大脑前动脉-胼周动脉动脉瘤

目的探讨小骨窗纵裂入路治疗大脑前动脉-胼周动脉动脉瘤的临床效果。方法回顾分析10例经小骨窗纵裂入路显微手术治疗的大脑前动脉-胼周动脉动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果 10例病人均成功夹闭动脉瘤,8例恢复良好,1例遗留一侧下肢轻瘫,1例在外院行介入治疗失败后转入我科行手术治疗,术后患者重残。手术无死亡。结论采用小骨窗纵裂入路治疗大脑前动脉-胼周动脉动脉瘤只要处理得当,临床效果满意。     

纵裂人路处理大脑前动脉远段动脉瘤的外科策略:解剖及临床研究

目的探讨处理大脑前动脉远段动脉瘤的外科策略。方法在10具(20侧)尸头上检查大脑前动脉远段区域的显微解剖,并模拟外科入路至大脑前动脉远段动脉瘤,回顾性分析5例大脑前动脉远段动脉瘤的临床资料,均采用纵裂入路手术夹闭。结果胼周-胼缘动脉结合部位于A3段的胼上段和胼下段分别为11侧和9侧。胼缘动脉起始处近端胼周动脉长轴与额底长轴间平均夹角是19.5°,从鼻根部到胼缘动脉起始处近端胼周动脉长轴的延长线与额部交点(PC点)平均距离是31.52 mm。本组5例大脑前动脉远段动脉瘤病人,按GOS评定治疗结果:术后良好4例,死亡1例。随访3例,时间1~5年,无复发、出血及其他手术并发症。结论当采用PC点上方入路时,夹闭动脉瘤前,需切开胼胝体前端,建立有效的近端控制。PC点是制定胼下型大脑前动脉远段动脉瘤外科策略的重要外科标志。     

显微外科治疗前交通动脉瘤手术入路的选择及疗效分析

目的探讨显微外科标准翼点入路、纵裂入路和翼点纵裂联合入路治疗前交通动脉瘤的疗效,以及显微手术入路选择的原则。方法回顾性分析2012年1月~2015年6月保定市第二医院神经外科收治的78例前交通动脉瘤患者的临床资料和手术效果,术前均行头颅CTA或DSA检查确诊。疾病早期显微手术经翼点入路夹闭动脉瘤39例,经纵裂入路34例,联合入路5例。结果根据患者出院后6个月时的格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分评估手术疗效,经翼点入路手术的患者中预后良好者29例,经纵裂入路患者中预后良好者25例,联合入路的5例患者均预后良好。结论早期显微手术经翼点入路、经纵裂入路及联合入路治疗前交通动脉瘤均有效且预后良好。根据不同的动脉瘤瘤体指向,合理地选择手术入路是手术成功的基础。     

大脑前动脉-胼周动脉动脉瘤的临床特点及其治疗(附23例报告)

目的探讨大脑前动脉-胼周动脉动脉瘤的诊断和总结其外科治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2008年10月收治的23例大脑前动脉-胼周动脉动脉瘤患者的临床资料,其中20例行开颅动脉瘤夹闭术,3例行血管内栓塞治疗。结果 23例患者均恢复良好,住院时间为14～28d,平均19d。本组无死亡病例,无神经系统并发症者。3例行血管内治疗的患者中,2例头部CT发现在胼胝体前部纵裂间形成小血肿者,其精神症状和下肢轻瘫的恢复时间较行手术治疗的患者长。结论无论手术夹闭还是血管内栓塞治疗大脑前动脉-胼周动脉瘤,其效果均较好,但开颅显微手术夹闭仍是主要的外科治疗方法。     

前额纵裂入路治疗前交通动脉瘤16例报告

目的 探讨经前额纵裂入路治疗前交通动脉瘤的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析前交通动脉瘤病人16例临床资料,均采用经前额纵裂入路开颅,显微镜下动脉瘤夹闭术.结果 16例患者术后恢复良好,无手术致残及死亡者.10例术后行全脑DSA检查,并证实动脉瘤颈夹闭完全.结论 前额纵裂入路治疗前交通动脉瘤具有手术野暴露好,病灶周围组织损伤小,且在术中可控制双侧大脑前动脉A1段等优势,值得推广.     

经大脑前纵裂入路手术夹闭前交通动脉动脉瘤18例

目的 探讨经大脑前纵裂入路夹闭前交通动脉动脉瘤的适应症、优缺点和疗效。方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年12月经纵裂入路手术夹闭的18例前交通动脉动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果 所有患者术后7 d复查CTA或DSA证实动脉瘤颈夹闭完全。出院后6个月,改良Rankin量表评分0分6例,1分8例,2分4例。结论 对前交通动脉动脉瘤,前纵裂入路的选择与动脉瘤瘤顶指向及术者个人经验有较大关系,某些情况下前纵裂入路比翼点入路有明显的优势。     

经部分切除胼胝体后手术治疗胼周动脉瘤

大脑前动脉胼周段动脉瘤的外科治疗较困难,因损伤、粘连、血肿等位于纵裂深部以及动脉瘤术中破裂常使解剖复杂化,故易将大脑前动脉损伤.本文描术了经纵裂入路治疗胼周动脉瘤的方法,更好地显露了大脑前动脉和胼周动脉.文中报道的2例患     

大脑后动脉第2段动脉瘤

目的对本院1990年以来治疗的11例大脑后动脉第2段(P2段)动脉瘤的临床和手术处理进行回顾性分析.方法 11例患者中,10例行手术治疗,其中6例经颞下入路、4例经翼点入路.5例行动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭或塑形夹闭并保留载瘤动脉通畅,5例巨大动脉瘤行动脉瘤孤立切除术;另l例行血管内弹簧栓栓塞术.结果手术治疗的10例患者8例术后恢复良好;其中包括5例动脉瘤夹闭者以及3例动脉瘤孤立者,另外2例动脉瘤孤立术后发生大脑后动脉供血区脑组织缺血性梗死,出现暂时性轻偏瘫和同向性偏盲.l例动脉瘤血管内栓塞术后动脉瘤消失,载瘤动脉通畅,恢复良好.结论 P2段动脉瘤多见于年轻人,有形成巨大动脉瘤的倾向.手术以经翼点入路和颞下入路显露为主,对必需行动脉瘤孤立者可行载瘤动脉重建以避免出现缺血性脑损害.     

颞下入路显微外科治疗大脑后动脉P2段动脉瘤

目的 总结1998-2008年以来治疗的10例大脑后动脉第2段(P2段)动脉瘤的手术治疗经验及临床效果.方法 10例患者均行颞下入路,其中2例联合翼点入路.8例行动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭或塑形夹闭并保留载瘤动脉通畅,2例巨大动脉瘤行动脉瘤孤立术.结果 手术治疗的10例患者9例术后恢复良好,1例动脉瘤孤立术后发生大脑后动脉供血区脑组织缺血性梗死,出现暂时性轻偏瘫和同向性偏盲,经高压氧治疗3周后恢复.结论 P2段动脉瘤有形成巨大动脉瘤的倾向.对于有经验的医师,颞下入路是相对简便、快速和安全的手术入人路.     

The Personal-Story Approach

The Personal-Story Approach presented here instructs psychotherapy clients how to listen intelligently and courageously to their own accounts of the events and experiences of their lives, as well as how to listen carefully and compassionately to those with whom they seek intimate connectedness, The approach provides clients with the armamentarium to recognize and face their self-deceptions and the means to work them through in their quest for personal authenticity. A case example is provided.     

Conventional Posterior Approach without Far Lateral Approach for Ventral Foramen Magnum Meningiomas

Objective

We present our experience of conventional posterior approach without fat lateral approach for ventral foramen magnum (FM) meningioma (FM meningioma) and tried to evaluate the approach is applicable to ventral FM meningioma.

Methods

From January 1999 to March 2011, 11 patients with a ventral FM meningioma underwent a conventional posterior approach without further extension of lateral bony window. The tumor was removed through a working space between the dura and arachnoid membrane at the cervicomedullary junction with minimal retraction of medulla, spinal cord or cerebellum. Care should be taken not to violate arachnoid membrane.

Results

Preoperatively, six patients were of Nurick grade 1, three were of grade 2, and two were of grade 3. Median follow-up period was 55 months (range, 20-163 months). The extent of resection was Simpson grade I in one case and Simpson grade II in remaining 10 cases. Clinical symptoms improved in eight patients and stable in three patients. There were no recurrences during the follow-up period. Postoperative morbidities included one pseudomeningocele and one transient dysphagia with dysarthria.

Conclusion

Ventral FM meningiomas can be removed gross totally using a posterior approach without fat lateral approach. The arachnoid membrane can then be exploited as an anatomical barrier. However, this approach should be taken with a thorough understanding of its anatomical limitation.     

Approach to vasculitic neuropathies

Since vasculitic neuropathy is treatable and potentially debilitating, clinicians should develop an approach to neuropathy that increases the likelihood of uncovering existing systemic or nonsystemic vasculitis. The presence of a connective tissue disease, systemic vasculitis, asymmetric or non--length-dependent axonal polyneuropathy, or multiple axonal mononeuropathies should heighten suspicion, but vasculitic neuropathy can also present as a distal symmetric polyneuropathy with or without other organ involvement. Electrodiagnostic testing utilizing extensive nerve conductions may be helpful in identifying features suggestive of vasculitic neuropathy and in selecting an abnormal nerve and muscle for biopsy confirmation. An array of laboratory tests may lead to identification of a systemic disorder that is either characterized by or predisposes to vasculitic neuropathy. The mainstays of treatment are corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, but other drugs are used in specific conditions. With early diagnosis and careful monitoring of treatment regimens, the prognosis is usually good.     

Feasibility of Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Recurrent Pituitary Adenomas after Microscopic Trans-Sphenoidal Approach

Objective

The surgical approach for recurrent pituitary adenoma after trans-sphenoidal approach (TSA) is challenging. We report the outcomes of the endoscopic TSA for recurrent pituitary adenoma after microscopic TSA.

Methods

From February 2010 to February 2013, endoscopic TSA was performed for removal of 30 recurrent pituitary adenomas after microscopic TSA. Twenty-seven (90%) patients had a clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Twenty-four (80%) patients suffered from a visual disturbance related to tumor growth. The clinical features and surgical outcomes were retrospectively analyzed for the ophthalmological, endocrinological, and oncological aspects.

Results

The mean tumor volume was 11.7 cm³, and gross total resection was achieved in 50% of patients. The volumetric analysis based on the postoperative MR showed that the mean extent of resection rates were 90%. Vision was improved in 19 (79%) of 24 patients with visual symptoms, and endocrinological cure was achieved in all of three functioning pituitary adenomas; however, the post-operative follow-up endocrinological examination revealed a new endocrinological deficit in one patient. Two patients required antibiotics management for post-operative meningitis.

Conclusion

The endoscopic TSA can be an effective treatment option for recurrent pituitary adenoma after microscopic TSA with acceptable outcome.     

Surgical Strategy for Skull Base Chordomas : Transnasal Midline Approach or Transcranial Lateral Approach

ObjectiveThe clinical management paradigm of skull base chordomas is still challenging. Surgical resection plays an important role of affecting the prognosis. Endonasal endoscopic approach (EEA) has gradually become the preferred surgical approach in most cases, but traditional transcranial surgery cannot be completely replaced. This study presents a comparison of the results of the two surgical strategies and a summary of the treatment algorithms for skull base chordomas. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the surgical outcomes and follow-up data of 48 patients with skull base chordomas diagnosed pathologically who received transnasal midline approaches (TMA) and transcranial lateral approaches (TLA) from 2010 to 2020. ResultsAmong the 48 patients, 36 cases were adopted TMA and 12 cases were performed with TLA. In terms of gross total resection (GTR) rate, 27.8% in TMA and 16.7% in TLA and with EEA alone it was increased to 38.9%, while 29.7% in primary surgery. In TMA, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak remains the most common complication (13 cases, 36.1%), other main complications included death, cranial nerve palsy, hypopituitarism, all the comparisons were no statistical significance. The Karnofsky Performance Scale scores in TMA were all better than those in TLA at different time, and the overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival/progression free survival was just the reverse. ConclusionThe EEA for skull base chordomas resection has improved the GTR rate, but transcranial approach is still an alternative approach. It is necessary to select an appropriate surgical approach based on the location and the pattern of tumor growth in order to obtain the best surgical outcomes.     

Approach to the dementia research

Main causes of dementia in the elderly are vascular dementia and Alzheimer's dementia. Vascular dementia is related to both amounts and localization of lesions. Recently incidence of diffuse vascular leukoencephalopathy (Binswanger type, leukoaraiosis) and amyloid angiopathy are increasing. In Alzheimer's protein chemistry of amyloid (beta protein, A4 protein) revealed its precursor APP and its gene (chromosome 21), which produces protease inhibitor in the brain of Alzheimer and Down's brains. APP is considered as an membrane protein (receptor) and appears abundantly in the cerebral cortex. Immunohistochemical study showed that beta protein is observed also in normal aged brain. On the other hand, tau protein (main component of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangle, PHF) appeared as abnormal sprouting of neurites in Alzheimer's brain. The latter may related to dementia and neural death. In Alzheimer's dementia, several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, are reduced in the brain and related structural changes are observed. Recently olfactory bulb and mucosal changes are remarked as one of pathogenesis of this disease. Delayed neuronal death is a new phenomenon of nerve cell death of vascular origin and should be studied in human vascular dementia.