长沙市幼儿园儿童肥胖症的调查

长沙市幼儿园儿童肥胖症的调查黄焱（湖南省长沙市妇幼保健院４１０００７）随着我国人民生活水平的不断提高，独生子女在家庭中由于营养过剩致儿童患肥胖症的倾向引起人们的关注。为了解我市托幼机构中儿童肥胖症的情况，遂于１９９５年６月对长沙市５所幼儿园的住园儿童...     

长沙市5岁以下儿童中重度营养不良调查

营养不良是发展中国家儿童的常见疾病,严重影响着儿童的身体健康和生长发育.降低儿童营养不良患病率是当前儿童保健工作一个重要的课题.为了解长沙市5岁以下儿童营养状况,制定干预措施,促进儿童健康,我们于2003年7～9月对长沙市0～4岁儿童营养不良患病情况进行了抽样调查,现总结报告如下.     

2007年长沙市5岁以下儿童贫血患病情况分析

目的了解长沙市5岁以下儿童贫血患病情况,为预防和干预儿童常见病提供依据。为基层提供儿童保健工作管理目标。方法对长沙市五区、四县(市)2007年12月31日未满5岁儿童(包括集体和散居儿童)开展定期体检,在体检中进行血色素检测,按常规采血,采用氰化高铁法检测。结果长沙市贫血患病率今年与去年比、农村与城市比有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论贫血患病率比去年增高,是由于长沙市加强了基层妇幼专干儿童保健知识的培训工作,提高了儿童常见病的诊断及管理水平,其次认为与家长盲目补钙,儿童铅中毒有关;农村患病率高于城市与缺乏科学的喂养知识有关。明确了防治儿童贫血的工作重点在农村。     

2010—2021年长沙市流行性腮腺炎病例流行病学分析

目的 了解2010—2021年长沙市流行性腮腺炎的流行特征,为制定流行性腮腺炎防控措施提供依据。方法 在传染病监测信息报告管理系统中收集长沙市2010年1月1日—2021年12月31日的流行性腮腺炎病例数据进行分析。结果 2010—2021年间,长沙市共报告流腮病例56 578例,年均发病率为48.31/10万,无死亡病例。发病高峰主要在4—7月、10月至次年1月。病例类型主要为学生、托幼儿童和散居儿童,年龄方面以5～15岁儿童为主;男女发病比例为1.39∶1。长沙县的病例数位居长沙市9个区(县)第一,占19.10%(10 804/56 578)。结论 长沙市流行性腮腺炎存在明显的季节性,发病高峰呈双峰型,学生和儿童为重点人群,应在冬春流腮流行季节、重点机构如托幼机构、学校等采取针对性防控措施。     

长沙市近6年儿童麻疹流行病学与临床特征研究

目的探讨长沙市近6年儿童麻疹的流行病学及临床特征,为儿童麻疹的诊断、预防及治疗提供参考。方法对湖南省儿童医院2004-2009年的5023例儿童麻疹病例资料进行回顾性研究。结果 （1）近6年长沙市儿童麻疹全年均有散发,以4-6月份为流行高峰;（2）儿童麻疹发病高发年龄为0～8月（为3470例,占69.1%）;（3）有过麻疹减毒活疫苗（MV）接种史的1009例,仅占20.0%。结论近6年长沙市儿童麻疹流行季节高峰推迟、缩短。发病年龄高度向左偏移,与疫苗接种存在较大的免疫空白有关。应加强对麻疹疫苗接种的管理,巩固和提高疫苗接种率,使儿童建议良好的免疫屏障。     

长沙市适龄儿童基础免疫接种率综合评价

目的综合评价长沙市2016年适龄儿童的基础免疫接种率水平,为今后工作制定相应的对策提供科学依据。方法逼近理想解排序(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS)法结合秩和比(rank sum ration,RSR)法,分析长沙市2016年适龄儿童的基础免疫接种率水平。结果 G、H地区儿童基础免疫工作较好,而C地区儿童基础免疫工作较差。结论长沙市适龄儿童基础免疫接种率维持在较高水平,但仍需采取相关措施进一步提高儿童基础免疫接种率。     

长沙市二行政区0～6岁儿童睡眠时间及影响因素初步分析

【目的】了解长沙市二行政区0～6岁儿童睡眠时间及其影响因素,以期对提高儿童睡眠质量有所借鉴。【方法】2005年2—5月随机抽取长沙市二个行政区6个街道1277名0～6岁儿童进行睡眠状况问卷调查,调查应答率为98.2%。【结果】0～6岁儿童白天、夜间以及全天睡眠次数、全天总睡眠时间随年龄增长逐渐减少。36月龄以下儿童睡眠时间低于《儿童保健学》(2000年版)同龄儿童睡眠基本需求量。影响儿童睡眠时间的主要因素有儿童年龄、不良睡眠习惯、睡眠问题、母亲每天总睡眠时间。【结论】长沙市二行政区0～6岁儿童睡眠时间偏少。主要影响因素有抚养人的睡眠习惯、儿童存在睡眠问题、不重视儿童良好睡眠习惯的形成。     

长沙市1992—1994年5岁以下儿童死亡原因分析

长沙市１９９２～１９９４年５岁以下儿童死亡原因分析洪霞，唐小玲（长沙市妇幼保健院４１０００７）我市自１９９２年起开展妇幼卫生监测工作，现对妇幼卫生监测乡（街）１９９２～１９９４年５岁以下儿童死亡（Ｕ５ＭＲ）监测资料进行分析，为制定干预措施提供科学依据...     

长沙市2008-2012年手足口病流行情况分析

目的 分析2008-2012年长沙市手足口病流行病学特征,为手足口病的防控提供科学依据. 方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统中报告的2008年1月1日-2012年12月31日长沙市手足口病疫情资料进行统计分析. 结果 长沙市2008-2012年共报告手足口病例79 604例,重症病例142例,死亡病例26例,2008-2012年长沙市手足口病发病呈上升趋势.手足口病发病以春夏季多见,发病高峰为4-7月,病例以散居儿童及幼托机构儿童为主,5岁以下婴幼儿占报告病例的93.94％,男性多于女性.实验室诊断病例的病原体以EV71病毒为主,占57.57％. 结论 长沙市手足口病发病有逐年增加趋势,应在本病的高发季节前针对高发人群采取针对性的防控措施.     

应用集中度与圆形分布法分析2012—2018年长沙市手足口病季节性特征

目的 探讨长沙市2012—2018年手足口病季节性特征,为制定手足口病防控措施提供科学依据。方法 对长沙市2012—2018年手足口病监测数据进行统计分析,采用集中度和圆形分布法分析其季节性特征。结果 2012—2018年长沙市共报告205 988例病例,年均报告发病率是389.91/10万。发病人群以<4岁儿童(83.34%)为主,以散居儿童(75.29%)和幼托儿童(21.71%)为主。发病集中度M=0.32具有一定的季节性;圆形分布r=0.31,α=175.82°(87.02°,264.62°)(Z=18 648.533,P<0.001),发病高峰日为6月27日,流行高峰期为3月29日—9月25日。结论 2012—2018年长沙市手足口病发病具有一定的季节性,应在该疾病流行期前和流行期间加强重点人群防控。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.