三房心超声表现1例

患者男,64岁.主因劳累后头晕、心悸伴心前区不适来诊,查体:体温36.1 C,心率120次/min,血压160/105 mm Hg(21.28/19.97 kPa),呼吸20次/min,双肺呼吸音清;心电图提示:快速心房纤颤.经胸超声示:二维超声见:左房增大,上下径72mm,左右径46 mm,各切面均可见左房内一线样强回声隔膜,将左房分为上下2个腔(分别为副房、真房),于隔膜左侧边缘处可见直径为3.3 mm的缺损(图1).彩色多普勒见舒张期隔膜中断处血流自副房进入真房,血流速度加快,呈五彩镶嵌血流信号,真房血流通过二尖瓣进入左室.频谱多普勒:缺损处可测得舒张期为主的高速湍流频谱,最高流速＞2 m/s.超声诊断:三房心.     

超声诊断三房心合并房间隔缺损一例

患者女性,３３岁,因近日感心慌、心累、乏力前来就诊。体格检查：口唇无紫绀,双下肢无水肿,心界扩大,心率９２次／分,律齐,于胸骨左缘２－３肋间闻及Ⅲ级收期杂音。心脏超声：右房室明显扩大,右室流出道及主肺动脉增宽,房间隔中部有１６ｍｍ回声中断,彩色多普勒显示红色分流血流自左房经缺口穿过,直达三尖瓣口。此外,在左房内发现异常隔膜回声,将左房分为两个腔,即真房与副房腔。在副房腔内可看到左肺静脉开口,而真房内有右肺静脉开口,在心房隔膜中部有一个约６ｍｍ的开口即交通孔,脉冲多普勒取样容积置于其交通孔真房侧,…     

实时三维超声心动图诊断房间隔缺损伴三房心1例

患者男,31岁,以心脏杂音2个月入院。体格检查:于胸骨左缘第二、三肋间可闻及2/6级收缩期吹风样杂音。常规二维心脏超声检查(图1):房间隔中部中断34 mm,多普勒探及左向右分流,分流峰速0.8 m/s,右心增大(右心室内径:36 mm,右心房面积:61 mm×53 mm),肺动脉内径增宽(32 mm)。左心房内可见隔膜回声,将左心房分为真房、副房,肺静脉均回流     

超声心动图诊断房间隔完整的右侧三房心1例

患者男,73岁,因腹胀、浮肿、气促就诊,有吸烟史。超声心动图示：心房正位,心室右袢,大血管位置正常,右房、右室扩大（内径43 mm、42 mm）,右房内见隔膜样回声,将右侧心房分为两部分（图1A、B）,一部分与上、下腔静脉相通,形成副房,大小约42 mm×15 mm;另一部分与三尖瓣相通,形成真房,大小约43 mm×42 mm。     

超声误诊三房心合并肺静脉异位引流1例

患儿女,13岁.以"三房心合并部分性肺静脉异位引流及房间隔缺损"入院诊治.超声提示:混合型房间隔缺损,缺损直径24 mm,左房内可探及膜片样回声将左房分为真房和副房,膜片上有直径10mm的孔,左侧肺静脉汇入真房,右侧肺静脉汇入右房.查体见发育差,胸骨左缘第二肋间闻及2/6级收缩期杂音.超声心动图见:右肺上静脉、下静脉开口于右房,上静脉、左肺下静脉开口于左房;房间隔上份回声中断10 mm;右房内可探及回声较强的界嵴(图1).超声诊断:部分性肺静脉异位引流,继发孔型房间隔缺损.术中所见:右房内靠近房顶和上腔静脉可探及厚的肌性片状突起,突起下缘距离下腔静脉20 mm,房间隔起于冠状静脉窦,向上止于房顶,中央有10 mm缺损,右肺静脉为上、中、下三支,分别开口于右房,左上、左下肺静脉开口于左房.     

超声心动图诊断房间隔完整三房心1例

病例 女,57岁,主因两年来活动后气促加重于2012年3月23日来我院就诊,就诊时只能从事轻的体力活动,伴有腹胀,无咳痰、发绀.患者13年前曾出现活动后气促症状,手足额面浮肿,但未予以治疗.ECG:心房纤颤.二维超声心动图:右心轻度增大,左房内可见隔膜样回声,一端附着于房间隔中部,一端附着于左房外侧壁,将左房分为主房与副房(图1),主房大小约58 mm×40 mm,副房大小约46 mm×48 mm,该隔膜近左房外侧壁可见一宽约9 mm裂孔,连接主房与副房.四支肺静脉均引流入副房.房、室间隔连续完整.未见未闭导管.CDFI:舒张期上述裂孔处可见五彩血流自副房流入主房(图2),收缩期二尖瓣可见少-中量返流,三尖瓣可见少量返流.CW:连续多普勒置于上述裂孔处,可测得最高血流流速约276 cm/s,估测主房与副房间压力阶差约30 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa).     

三房心合并肺动脉狭窄1例

患者女，6个月。以呼吸困难拒食就诊。听诊：心尖区可闻及舒张期隆隆样杂音。P2亢进。三尖瓣区闻及收缩期杂音。采用(kvivid—Fivie彩超仪探查；右心房、右心室增大，左房内可见一条带状强回声自房间隔中部向后下止于左房后壁。此隔膜状回声将左房分为二尖瓣侧的真房和肺静脉侧的副房。带状强回声中     

超声诊断三房心合并二尖瓣脱垂一例

患者女,41岁。主诉活动后心慌气短5年,加重1年就诊。查体:心率87次/min,心尖区可闻及收缩期杂音。心电图示:心肌劳损。胸片示:双肺纹理增强,心影增大。常规二维超声心动图示:左心房、左心室扩大,多切面可见左心房中部至前外侧壁的条索样强回声,将左心房分隔为与二尖瓣相连的真房和与肺静脉相连的副房,副房与真房间无明显压力阶差。二尖瓣后叶于收缩期脱向左心房,瓣缘见线样强回声甩动,反流面积22cm2,反流束受条索样强回声阻挡(图1,2和动态图1)。提示:三房心,二尖瓣后叶脱垂伴重度关闭不全、小腱索断裂。患者术前麻醉后,全麻下经食管三维超声     

彩超诊断右型三房心并法乐氏三联症1例

患者女,15岁。自幼活动后心悸气促,呼吸困难,易疲劳,紫绀,逐渐加重来诊。体检:发育较差,紫绀,杵状指,心界扩大,心率87次/分,胸骨左缘2～3肋间及心尖部闻及～/6收缩期杂音,心尖部闻及/6舒张期杂音,肺动脉瓣第2心音亢进伴分裂,肝脾未触及。超声检查:右房、右室明显增大,左室偏小,左房正常,室间隔运动平坦。非标准大动脉短轴切面见右房内自主动脉后右下侧向右斜行至右房游离壁有一不规则回声增强的异常纤维肌性隔膜,隔膜中见一宽约18mm的狭窄孔口。此纤维肌性隔膜将右房分成真房和副房,真房小,副房大(图1)。房间隔中部见回声脱失28mm,副房径房…     

超声心动图诊断左心房梗阻性三房心合并房间隔缺损一例

正患儿,男性,7个月,以"哭闹后口唇青紫半年"为主诉入院。心电图显示:窦性心律95次/min。超声描述:左心房内可见一隔膜样结构,将左心房分为上下两部分(图1),隔膜上可见破口,三维超声心动图示破口呈椭圆形,大小约7 mm×5 mm(图2),彩色及频谱多普勒检查示局部高速血流由上部副房腔(accessory chamber)进入下部真房腔(proper left atrium),峰速约4.0 m/s(图3)。肺静脉连     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.