3483例儿童急性呼吸道感染病毒病原学分析

目的：探讨常州地区儿童急性呼吸道感染的病毒病原学流行特点,供临床诊疗参考。方法：选择3 483例于2011-2012年在我院诊断为急性呼吸道感染的患儿,采用直接免疫荧光法检测7种常见呼吸道病毒。结果：3 483例标本中,检出病毒阳性标本903例（25.93%）,其中男584例,女319例。病毒感染在冬春季1岁以内毛细支气管炎患儿中检出率最高。单一病毒感染890例（890/3 483,25.55%）,以RSV感染为主（616/3 483,17.69%）,其次为副流感病毒3型（PIV3）、腺病毒（ADV）、流感病毒A（InfA）、PIV1、PIV2和InfB。RSV感染以3岁以内儿童多见,好发于冬春季,其在毛细支气管炎患儿中检出率最高（138/304,45.39%）。混合感染以RSV合并其他病毒感染为主。结论：病毒是2011-2012年常州地区儿童急性呼吸道感染的重要病原。RSV感染居7种常见呼吸道病毒感染之首,其流行具有明显季节性,好发于冬春季。     

儿童急性呼吸道感染78例病毒病原学特点研究

目的探讨78例儿童急性呼吸道感染病毒病原学的分布特点,为其临床防治提供参考。方法对2010年3月至2013年3月在我院确诊的急性呼吸道感染的78例患儿收集其鼻咽分泌物,采用直接免疫荧光法检测急性呼吸道感染病毒抗原。结果病毒感染检出率为64.1%;最常见的三种病毒为呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、副流感病毒Ⅲ型(PIVⅢ)、腺病毒(ADV);病毒感染无明显性别差异,以1个月至2岁前感染多发。结论通过检测杭州余杭地区儿童急性呼吸道感染疾病病毒病原,在一定程度上为临床提供相对可靠的病原学参考。     

儿童7种呼吸道病毒鼻咽拭子检测分析

目的：研究石家庄及附近地区儿童急性呼吸道感染（ ARI）的病毒病原特征。方法4019例急性呼吸道感染患儿进行鼻咽脱落细胞涂片经直接免疫荧光检测7种呼吸道病毒。结果共有2168份标本为病毒阳性,总阳性率为53 q．9％,其中＜6月年龄组阳性率最高占99．9％（742／743）,6月～占50．2％（572／1139）,1岁～占20．4％（207／1004）,2岁～占47．0％（177／377）,3岁～6岁占67．0（389／581）,＞6岁占46．3％（81／175）。病毒阳性标本中以呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）为主占65．6％（1427／2172）,其次为副流感病毒3（PIV-3）占19．1％（414／2172）。除1岁～组以PIV-3为主66．03％（138／209）,其余各年龄段以RSV为主。 RSV阳性标本中73．93％来自2014年3～4月、10～12月、2015年1～2月。结论 RSV是石家庄及附近地区秋冬季儿童急性呼吸道感染首要病毒病原,PIV-3是1岁～2岁儿童急性呼吸道感染的首要病毒病原。直接免疫荧光法检测7种常见呼吸道病毒快速、简便、病毒检出率高,尤以RSV敏感,为临床诊断和治疗提供可靠依据。     

小儿急性上呼吸道感染的护理和健康教育

急性上呼吸道感染（Acute upper respiratory：AURI）简称上感,俗称感冒,是由各种病原引起的上呼吸道的急性感染,是小儿最常见的疾病,主要指鼻、鼻咽和咽部的急性感染。AURI90％以上是由病毒引起,如鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒、副流感病毒、腺病毒、冠状病毒等。     

2013年某院儿童急性呼吸道感染病因学特性分析

目的：分析安徽省儿童急性呼吸道感染（acute respiratory tract infection,ARI）的病原检出情况,为该地区儿童ARI的临床早期诊断、治疗提供一定的参考依据。方法16388例2013年1月—2014年1月该院儿科住院治疗的ARI患儿,采用间接免疫荧光检测9种常见呼吸道病原早期特异性抗体IgM,探讨患儿感染的形式、分析病原检出情况、各病原在不同年龄患儿检出、病原的季节分布和致病特点。结果16388例急性呼吸道感染患儿中共有4396例（检出率26．84％）标本病原检测阳性,其中前3位病原体是肺炎支原体、乙型流感病毒和腺病毒,同时感染模式多样,合并有二种以上病原体2378例（14．51％）;病毒检出率在婴儿组和幼儿组较高,冬季病毒检出率最高,所致疾病以支气管肺炎最为多见。结论2013年安徽省ARI的病原检出以支原体为主要病原体,婴幼儿感染率较高,患儿感染模式多样,同时感染二种以上病原体较为常见;儿童呼吸道病毒感染好发于冬季,不同年龄的儿童有不同的病原体感染,且具有季节分布特点。     

东莞市7岁以下小儿常见呼吸道病毒感染的病原学研究

目的了解广东省东莞市镇区7岁以下小儿常见呼吸道病毒感染的病原学特点及其影响因素。方法收集2007年2—10月东莞市石碣医院儿科门诊及病房7岁以下小儿急性呼吸道感染病例的呼吸道分泌物标本340例,采用逆转录一聚合酶链反应法（RT—PCR）检测呼吸道合胞病毒A、B型（RSV—A、B型）,流感病毒甲、乙型（FLU—A、B型）,副流感病毒1、2、3型（PIV一1、2、3型）和人偏肺病毒（hMPV）。结果从340例呼吸道分泌物标本中检测出常见呼吸道病毒171例,阳性率为50．29％;其中RSV—A型69例（20．29％）,FLU—A型39例（11．47％）,hMPV32例（9．41％）,PIV一3型22例（6．47％）,RSV—B型9例（2．65％）。在171例呼吸道病毒阳性病例中,有混合病毒感染16例,占所有病毒感染者9．36％;其中hMPV合并RSV—A感染者5例,RSV—A合并PIV一3者4例,hMPV合并FLU—A、PIV一3感染者各2例,FLU—A合并PIV一3者2例,RSV—A合并FLU—A者1例;但未见三重混合感染或多重感染。未检测出FLU—B型及PIV一1,2型。结论呼吸道病毒是东莞镇区7岁以下小儿急性呼吸道感染的重要病原体,RSV为最主要病原,其次为FLU—A和hMPV。     

深圳市小儿急性呼吸道感染现状及病毒病原学调查

目的分析深圳市小儿急性呼吸道感染病毒病原检测结果,为临床提供病毒病原学诊断依据。方法选择2005年6月至2007年6月深圳市急性呼吸道感染患儿,取其鼻咽分泌物,进行多功能悬浮式点阵病毒分子生物学检测,筛查8种呼吸道病毒抗原,对阳性检测标本进行分析。结果病毒检测的总阳性率为57.2%（413/720）,FIV-A、RSV和PIV-Ⅲ的阳性率为81.4%（336/413）;不同季节病毒阳性率不同;3岁以下小儿阳性率83.3%（344/413）;病毒检测阳性率支气管哮喘患儿低于上呼吸道感染、支气管炎、肺炎、毛细支气管炎患儿。结论深圳市小儿呼吸道感染以病毒性为主,FIV-A、RSV、PIV-Ⅲ为主要病原;小儿呼吸道感染病毒检测,为动态了解其流行特征及规律提供了重要的依据,对呼吸道疾病的诊断和治疗有着非常重要的指导意义。     

儿童急性呼吸道病毒感染986例抗原检测及分析

目的:分析儿童急性呼吸道病毒感染的病毒病原分布情况,了解儿童病毒感染的病原学趋势,为临床治疗提供参考.方法:收集某院确诊为急性呼吸道感染的986例患儿鼻咽分泌物,通过直接免疫荧光法进行7项呼吸道病毒抗原检测,分析检测结果.结果:986例确诊为急性呼吸道感染的儿童中,7种常见呼吸道病毒共检出348例,检出率35.29％....     

炎琥宁治疗小儿病毒性肺炎30例疗效观察

病毒性肺炎是儿科常见病、多发病,近年来有增多的趋势。其中呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、腺病毒（ADV）、流感病毒（IFV）、副流感病毒（PIV）是引起儿童下呼吸道感染的主要原因。近来我们应用炎琥宁治疗小儿病毒性肺炎,取得了良好的效果,现报告如下。     

江苏省南通地区0～7岁儿童急性下呼吸道感染常见病毒病原学分析

目的 了解江苏省南通地区0～7岁急性下呼吸道感染（ALRI）住院患儿常见病毒感染情况及其临床特征.方法 收集2012年1月至2013年3月因ALRI住院的0～7岁患儿鼻咽部拭子标本1 376份,采用直接免疫荧光法对呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、腺病毒（ADV）、流感病毒A、B（IVA、IVB）、副流感病毒Ⅰ～Ⅲ（PIV Ⅰ～Ⅲ）进行检测,并结合临床资料分析检测结果.结果 1 376份呼吸道标本中,577例（41.93％）病毒阳性,其中RSV阳性376例（65.16％）,ADV阳性42例（7.28％）,IVA阳性63例（10.92％）,IVB阳性24例（4.16％）,PIV Ⅰ阳性20例（3.47％）,PIVⅡ阳性19例（3.29％）,PIVⅢ阳性108例（18.72％）.混合感染68例（11.79％）[2种病毒阳性59例（86.76％）,3种病毒阳性9例（13.24％）].各年龄组中,0～6个月组病毒检出率最高（53.32％）,5～7岁最低（6.90％）.2012年3月份（58.67％）、12月份（53.33％）和2013年1月（53.63％）病毒检出率高于其他月份,其中2012年6月份病毒检出率最低（33.33％）.ALRI中毛细支气管炎病毒检出率最高（69.23％）.结论 江苏省南通地区0～7岁儿童ALRI的主要病原是病毒感染,不同年龄、季节、病种,病毒的感染率存在差异.婴幼儿为呼吸道常见病毒感染的主要人群.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.