胃息肉临床特点及其与幽门螺杆菌感染的相关性研究

目的探讨胃息肉的临床特点及其与幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)感染的关系,为治疗和诊断胃息肉提供帮助及临床依据。方法对胃息肉的一般情况及病理特征、有无H.pylori感染进行收集并进行回顾性分析。结果共收集779例胃息肉患者,检出率4.7%,男248例,女531例,男女之比为1∶2.1,58.9%的胃息肉患者年龄40~60岁,单发息肉632例(81.2%),多发息肉147例(18.8%);694例(89.1%)患者胃息肉的直径≤1.0 cm;胃息肉中H.pylori的感染率为37.7%;不同部位的胃息肉大小差异有统计学意义(P0.05),不同病理类型的胃息肉之间的H.pylori感染差异有统计学意义(P0.05),胃体、胃底部息肉H.pylori的感染率高于其他部位(P0.05)。结论胃息肉在内镜下直径较小,多数1.0 cm,一般以单发为主,女性较男性多见,多数好发于中老年人,胃息肉主要发生于胃体和胃底,病理组织类型以增生性息肉为主,增生性息肉的H.pylori感染率均高于炎性息肉和腺瘤性息肉,增生性息肉可能与H.pylori感染有关。了解胃息肉的临床特点及与H.pylori的关系,可以帮助对胃息肉性质的初步诊断,有助于内镜下指导治疗及随访观察。     

胃息肉患者检测幽门螺杆菌及血清胃蛋白酶原的临床价值

目的探讨联合检测幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)及血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)对胃息肉的临床价值。方法对249例接受内镜下治疗的胃息肉患者及100例对照组进行H.pylori感染测定,并检测空腹血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平,进行统计学分析。结果息肉组总体与对照组H.pylori感染率无明显差异,将息肉组分为炎性息肉组,增生性息肉组,腺瘤组三个亚组与对照组H.pylori感染率对比,显示腺瘤组及炎性息肉组H.pylori感染率明显高于对照及增生性息肉组。血清PGⅠ及PGⅠ/Ⅱ比值(PGR)息肉组明显低于对照组,以胃体及胃窦息肉亚组为著。结论联合检测H.pylori感染及血清PG浓度对胃息肉诊治有重要临床意义。     

不同类型胃息肉临床病理特征及术后复发危险因素分析

目的探讨不同类型胃息肉的临床病理特征并对术后复发危险因素进行分析。方法对西安市中心医院2010年3月-2015年3月收治的1 965例住院胃息肉患者临床资料和其中524例接受内镜治疗患者36个月内复查结果进行回顾性分析,总结胃息肉的病理炎症特点,并对胃息肉术后复发危险因素进行分析。结果女性患者患增生性息肉和炎性息肉的比率明显高于男性(P0.05),胃底腺息肉、增生性息肉、腺瘤性息肉及炎性息肉的发病率均随着年龄增长而增加,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。胃底腺息肉和腺瘤性息肉的发病率与性别无相关性(P0.05)。胃底腺息肉最多见于胃底,增生性息肉多见于胃体部位,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。χ~2检验结果显示腺瘤性息肉与增生性息肉的幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)感染率显著高于胃底腺息肉和炎性息肉(P0.05)。985例胃息肉患者在接受内镜治疗后均恢复良好,无术后严重并发症出现。对其中524例内镜治疗患者进行定期随访复查,168例于术后36个月内复发,Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、息肉大小、息肉数量、H.pylori感染和息肉类型为胃息肉术后复发的危险因素。结论对胃息肉的临床、内镜及病理特点的分析有助于胃镜检查对胃息肉性质的初步判断。另外,内镜下治疗胃息肉安全、有效,但年龄45岁、息肉数量为胃多发息肉、息肉直径1 cm、息肉类型为腺瘤性的患者术后较易复发,须注意术后定期复查。     

老年常见胃息肉病理分析、内镜观察及治疗

目的:分析老年人胃息肉的内镜、病理特点及进行内镜疗效观察.方法:对2006-07-01/2009-07-01在我院做胃镜检查的老年人2517例进行回顾性分析,对所发现的常见类型胃息肉进行内镜下观察,大部分予以内镜下切除, 标本送病理检查.对其中27例进行随访观察,随访时间为6-30 mo.结果:发现常见类型胃息肉患者120例,检出率为4.77%.59.17%的胃息肉患者年龄60-69岁,52.50%为山田Ⅱ型,57.50%为≤0.5 cm.单发息肉82例(68.33%),多发息肉38例(31.67%);单发息肉较多见于胃窦部26例(21.67%),其次为胃底部22例(18.33%)及胃体部21例(17.50%).对115例进行病理检查,其中炎性增生性息肉、胃底腺息肉、腺瘤性息肉分别占63.33%、25.00%、7.50%.118例给予内镜下治疗.27例有随访资料,7例复发,其中5例为多发息肉,6例为炎性增生性息肉.结论:老年人有较高的胃息肉检出率,病理上炎性增生性息肉及胃底腺息肉较常见,胃息肉单发多见,多位于胃窦、胃底、胃体部,多发息肉治疗后可能容易复发.     

2554例胃息肉病理类型与临床特征分析

目的分析胃息肉临床、内镜及病理特征,加强临床工作中对胃息肉的认识。方法收集2012年12月至2017年12月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院北院消化内科检出的胃息肉病例,共2 554例,收集患者性别、年龄、内镜特征、病理结果等数据。结果所有病理类型的胃息肉均随着年龄的增长发生概率增加,≥60岁的患者中发生各病理类型的胃息肉比例最高;女性胃息肉构成比明显高于男性,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=15.73,P0.01);所有息肉中以胃体部最常见(1 024例),炎性息肉、增生性息肉、腺瘤性息肉以胃体及胃窦为主,其中胃底腺息肉以胃底和胃体为主。腺瘤性息肉中巴黎0-Ip型比例较高(42.50%),随着息肉增大,炎性息肉、增生性息肉、胃底腺息肉均呈下降趋势,而腺瘤性息肉呈上升趋势。H.pylori感染共561例(21.97%),而胃底腺息肉的H.pylori感染率明显低于其他三组(3.60%)。入组患者中共有54例(2.11%)胃息肉合并上皮内瘤变,腺瘤性息肉、≥2 cm息肉中发生上皮内瘤变比例最高(比例分别为35.00%、17.86%,P值分别0.01、0.01)。结论高龄及女性患者胃息肉检出率高,胃底腺息肉主要分布于胃底及胃体,发生胃底腺息肉患者合并H.pylori感染概率明显下降,≥1 cm的息肉中腺瘤性息肉检出率增加,而≥2 cm的腺瘤性息肉发生上皮内瘤变概率最高,以上胃息肉的特点需在临床工作中加以认识。     

结肠息肉临床病理特点分析313例

目的:探讨结肠息肉临床及病理组织学特征为临床诊疗工作提供参考.方法:回顾性分析南京市第一医院2011-09/2014-09共313例结肠息肉病例,所有患者于门诊就诊行电子肠镜检查,考虑为息肉者经患者知情同意后住院行结肠息肉内镜下治疗,镜下及病理组织学均证实为结肠息肉.结果:结肠息肉患者中腺瘤发生率为72.8%腺瘤与非腺瘤病例临床表现无统计学差异,结肠息肉中腺瘤的发生与性别、山田分型、生长部位及息肉数目无关,各年龄层、息肉直径之间腺瘤的发生率有统计学差异(P0.05);腺瘤上皮内瘤变程度与性别、年龄、生长部位、息肉数目无关,而山田分型、各息肉直径之间腺瘤上皮内瘤变程度有统计学差异(P0.05).结论:结肠息肉的临床表现无特异性,以左半结肠多见,腺瘤发生率男女之间无统计学差异,以40岁以上中老年人多见,直径1 cm息肉腺瘤发生率更高,山田分型、生长部位及息肉数目不影响腺瘤发生率;腺瘤性息肉上皮内瘤变程度与山田分型及息肉直径相关,山田Ⅲ、Ⅳ型息肉、直径1 cm息肉高级别上皮内瘤变发生增高.     

老年人单发胃息肉的病例特点与内镜下治疗效果分析

目的探讨老年人单发胃息肉的病例特点,分析不同内镜下治疗方式的安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析武汉大学人民医院2010年1月至2016年6月共计683例老年(60周岁以上)单发胃息肉患者的一般情况、内镜下表现及病理学特征,其中373例患者随访6~12个月,比较不同内镜下治疗方法的安全性及疗效。结果 683例老年单发胃息肉最常发生于胃窦部(51.1%),直径0.5 cm(54.03%),形态为山田Ⅱ型(60.18%),病理类型增生性息肉(45.97%)最为常见,炎性息肉(32.94%)次之。活检钳钳除术治疗369例(54.03%),高频电凝电切术治疗139例(20.35%),内镜下黏膜切除术175例(25.62%)。术后13例(1.90%)患者大便隐血阳性,215例(31.48%)患者诉腹部胀痛不适。对373例患者术后6~12个月进行内镜跟踪随访,7例患者复发,复发率为1.88%。结论老年人胃息肉多位于胃窦部,直径0.5 cm,山田Ⅱ型最为多见,病理类型以增生性息肉为主。内镜下治疗方法安全性高,但术后易发生腹部胀痛不适感。     

胃息肉的临床病理特征和内镜治疗随访观察

背景：胃息肉是一种常见病,病因不明且有癌变的可能。目的：分析胃息肉的临床、内镜、病理特征和内镜治疗效果。方法：对2006年7月1日～2009年7月1日于空军总医院接受胃镜检查,诊断为增生性息肉、腺瘤性息肉和胃底腺息肉的患者进行回顾性分析。结果：共检出三种常见类型的胃息肉392例,检出率为3.4％,单发283例,多发109例。61．5％的患者位于30～59岁年龄段．53．1％的患者息肉形态为山田Ⅱ型,64．0％的患者息肉最大径≤0．5cm。365例行病理检查者中,增生性、腺瘤性和胃底腺息肉分别占63．6％、5．5％和31．0％,前两者好发于胃窦部,后者好发于胃体、胃底部。383例患者成功接受内镜治疗。75例有随访资料者中20例复发,其中13例为多发息肉。结论：胃息肉内镜下多为山田Ⅱ型,直径较小,多为单发．病理类型上以增生性息肉和胃底腺息肉多见。多发息肉治疗后易复发。     

某三级医院上消化道内镜检查1995例患者胃息肉病理特征研究

背景胃息肉是临床常见疾病之一,近年来随着饮食结构的改变,该病发病率逐渐呈上升趋势,通常是在行电子胃镜检查时被发现.在一定程度上具有恶变,其发生是由于某些息肉具有恶变倾向或与某些遗传疾病有关所致.因此,早期检查并活检对临床具有重要价值和意义.目的观察分析某三级医院上消化道内镜检查1995例患者胃息肉病理特征.方法对2017-09/2018-12期间在浙江中医药大学附属第三医院行上消化道内镜检查的1995例患者胃息肉发生率,息肉直径,病理类型及好发部位等进行回顾性分析.结果在1995例上消化道内镜检查中有息肉病变者390例(占19.55%),其中男性146例(37.43%),女性244例(62.56%);息肉直径3-75 mm,平均为10.2 mm±6.4mm,其中直径≤5mm者220例(56.41%),直径为6-10mm者155例(39.74%),直径为11-22mm者12例(3.08%),直径20mm者3例(0.77%).390例胃息肉患者中增生性息肉(hyperplastic polyp, HPs)266例(68.21%),胃底腺息肉(fundus glandular polyp, FGPs)98例(25.13%),腺瘤性息肉(adenomatous polyp, APs)26例(6.67%). HPs好发于胃角部103例(40.55%), FGPs好发于胃底部42例(42.86%), APs好发于胃角部11例(42.31%).390例胃息肉患者均行息肉切除术,其中220例息肉直径≤5mm者采用热活检钳切除,直径6mm 170例患者采用圈套式切除.结论本研究中,胃息肉发生率为390例(19.55%),其中HPs发生率较高68.21%,这可能与我国幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori, H. pylori)感染率高所导致; APs发生率较低6.67%,可能是由于H. pylori高感染率后长期使用质子泵抑制剂所致.     

胃息肉的特点及其与Hp感染的相关性研究

[目的]探讨胃息肉的特点、不同胃息肉与Hp感染的相关性。[方法]收集2016年1月~2018年12月胃镜下确诊为胃息肉的1 078例患者,回顾性分析胃息肉患者的年龄、性别、是否长期应用质子泵抑制剂(PPI),分析其Hp感染率,胃息肉的大小、位置、单发(多发)、病理类型与Hp感染的关系。[结果]纳入研究的1 078例胃息肉患者中,男女比例为1:1.7;胃息肉的最高发病年龄在60~79岁;Hp感染率为42.2%;长期口服PPI者(>4周)以增生性息肉多见;多发息肉的直径以0.2~0.5 cm多见,单发息肉以>0.5~1.0 cm多见。胃息肉的好发部位依次为胃体(41.3%)、胃窦(34.1%)、胃底(20.9%)、胃角(2.0%)、幽门管(1.7%);炎性息肉最为多见,其次为增生性息肉和胃底腺息肉,腺瘤性息肉最少见。息肉不同直径、位置、单发(多发)、病理类型与Hp感染的关系不同,合并Hp感染的息肉好发于胃窦部(P<0.05),以0.2~0.5 cm的多发性息肉最多见;Hp感染的胃息肉中,主要为炎性息肉(23.2%)和增生性息肉(18.8%),然而Hp阴性胃息肉中构成比最高为胃底腺息肉(24.0%)。胃底息肉以脾胃湿热证(48.0%)为主,腺瘤样息肉以胃络瘀阻证(81.2%)为主;不同直径的胃息肉,中医证型之间差异无统计学意义;伴有Hp感染的胃息肉患者以脾胃湿热证为主(73.1%)。[结论]胃息肉患者女性比例高于男性,中老年高发,最常见的胃息肉发生部位在胃体、胃窦,最常见的病理类型为炎性及增生性。合并Hp感染的胃息肉多在胃窦部,多为炎性、增生性、脾胃湿热证。掌握胃息肉的特点及其与Hp感染的相关性有助于临床指导治疗和随访,预防癌变。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.