河南省首次恙虫病暴发疫情的实验室证实

目的调查以发热、头痛、淋巴结肿大、皮疹为主要症状的不明疾病病因。方法对可疑病人进行流行病学调查,血用血清学、免疫学、套式PCR方法检测病人血清抗体滴度、血清型及立克次体特异性基因片段。结果对采集到20例病人进行血清外裴OXk凝集反应,阳性率达100%,11份二次血清OXk效价呈4倍升高;恙虫立克次体IFA检测lgM和lgG抗体,20份均为阳性,最高达到1:2560;恙虫病血清学分型G illiam 4例,Karp 6例,Kato 8例。套式PCR检测病人血结果3份扩增出R t特异性DNA片段。结论首次证实了河南省恙虫病暴发疫情。     

外斐氏OXk试验在恙虫病暴发调查的价值

目的证实河南省发生的不明原因发热、头痛、皮疹病人的病因。方法对可疑病人进行流行病学调查、用血清学、套式PCR方法检测病人血清抗体滴度、血清型及立克次体特异性基因片段。结果恢复期病人血清外斐氏OXk阳性率100%。11例病人的双份血清抗体呈4倍升高;恙虫病立克次体IFA检测lgM和lgG抗体,20份均为阳性,最高达1∶2560;恙虫病血清学分型G illiam 4例,Karp 6例,Kato 8例。套式PCR检测病人血标本中特异性R tDNA片段,3份阳性;结论外斐氏OXk试验简便、易行,适用于暴发疫情的定性。值得注意的是病人第1周阳性率较低,对高度怀疑恙虫病患者在第1周内OXk阴性,在第(2、3)周再作OXk试验,可以得到明确诊断。     

检测OXk抗体诊断恙虫病价值的研究

目的：探讨检测OXk抗体诊断恙虫病的价值。方法：对病后不同时期的恙虫病病人的血清标本和非疫区健康人群血清标本进行OXk抗体检测。结果：用外斐氏法检测恙虫病血清标本的OXk抗体，因病后标本采集时间不同，诊断恙虫病的灵敏度和漏诊率亦不同；因所定OXk抗体临界值不同，诊断恙虫病的灵敏度和特异度也有所不同，认为最佳OXk抗体检测时间为病后12～26d，患病2个月后不宜用外斐氏法诊断恙虫病。结论：OXk抗体检测对提供诊断线索有重要意义，建议单份血清用外斐氏法检测OXk抗体，诊断恙虫病的临界值定为≥1:320。     

河北省首次发现恙虫病病例的初步研究

目的 :证实河北省恙虫病的存在。方法 :对可疑病人进行调查、采血 ,用血清学方法检测病人血清抗体并分型。结果 :14例发热病人中的 13例被诊断为恙虫病 ,确诊率为 92 .86 %。患者均为成年人 ,年龄在 32～ 6 9岁之间 ,男性 4例 ,女性 9例。发病时间为 1997年 10月 1～ 2 0日。病人血清OXk抗体阳性率为 10 0 % ,GMT为 1∶92 6 .6 ;恙虫病立克次氏体IgG抗体阳性率为92 .3% ,GMT为 1∶94 1.2 ;IgM抗体阳性率为 84 .6 % ,GMT为 1∶1546 .4。对病人血清标本进行血清学分型 ,证实为恙虫病Gilliam血清型。结论 :河北省太行山区首次被证实有恙虫病病例存在。有关本病的流行因素和特征正在研究中     

2种恙虫病东方体核酸检测方法的比较

目的探讨巢式PCR法与实时荧光PCR法在恙虫病诊断中的作用。方法采集2010年-2014年北京市404例恙虫病疑似患者的全血样本,分别以巢式PCR法与实时荧光PCR法检测恙虫病东方体的gro EL基因与47 k D蛋白基因,以血清特异性Ig M检测结果为诊断恙虫病的金标准,研究2种PCR方法的灵敏度。结果以急性期血清Ig M阳性或恢复期血清Ig M转阳作为确诊标准,374例患者确诊为恙虫病。其中巢式PCR法检测gro EL基因阳性者323例,灵敏度为86.36%;实时荧光PCR法检测47 k D蛋白基因阳性者328例,灵敏度为87.70%。而单份急性期血清Ig M抗体检测的灵敏度为87.17%。结论实时荧光PCR法的检测时间短,适合用于快速诊断,但对于检测阴性的样本应考虑进行血清Ig M或多个基因的分子生物学检测以明确诊断。     

河南省一起恙虫病暴发疫情调查分析

目的 对2015年河南省发生的一起恙虫病暴发疫情进行调查分析,了解其发病特点及流行特征,分析恙虫病感染的影响因素,为制定针对性预防控制措施提供依据。方法 采用现场流行病学调查的方法,搜索病例,填写《恙虫病个案调查表》,对病例进行血清学、免疫学以及分子生物学实验。采用病例对照研究的方法,以搜索到的临床诊断病例和确诊病例作为病例组,按1∶2匹配的方式,随机选择与病例所在的同村、年龄相差5岁以内的同性别且无临床症状的村民为对照,收集可疑危险因素。结果 本次疫情10月16日至11月20日,共发现病例48例,其中发热≥38.5℃的病例超过83.3%,发现特异性焦痂或溃疡的病例68.7%,有皮疹的病例60.4%,其他临床症状还包括头痛、浅表淋巴结肿大、寒战等。对采集的16份病人标本进行检测,其中血清抗体IgM阳性15份。外斐氏反应检测OXk血清抗体,抗体滴度>1∶160的13份,最高抗体滴度>1∶640,第二次采集病人恢复期血清有7份抗体呈4倍增高。恙虫病PCR核酸检测,阳性4份。结论 本次疫情为一起恙虫病暴发疫情,临床症状上主要表现为发热、特异性焦痂或溃疡、皮疹、头疼等;外斐氏试验可以作为重要诊断依据,PCR核酸检测方法,作为确诊依据之一,具有重要的意义;去参加田间劳动、在屋内堆放柴草或农作物、在家中饲养家禽及在家中饲养宠物为发病的独立影响因素。     

河南首起恙虫病暴发的流行病学调查

目的查清本次暴发的流行原因和流行状况。方法采用现场流行病学调查的方法并依据血清学、免疫学以及分子生物学实验结果确认。结果2005年河南省南部淮滨县新里镇大董庄发生一起恙虫病暴发流行,自9月26日~11月10日共发病32人,以成人为主,主要临床表现为发烧、头疼、淋巴结肿大、皮疹。恢复期病人血清外斐氏OXk1∶160实验阳性率100%,最高效价达1∶2560,典型病人的两次血清呈4倍升高;恙虫病荧光抗体阳性率100%,最高效价达1∶2560。血清分型主要是G illiam、Karp、Kato3个血清型;套式PCR检测病人血3份阳性。结论本次为河南首起恙虫病暴发流行。     

粤北山区域恙虫病自然疫源地的研究

目的了解粤北山区域是否存在恙虫病自然疫源地。方法采用分子生物学诊断技术结合间接免疫荧光方法调查粤北山区发热人群、宿主动物感染状况;采用荧光定量PCR技术对粤北山区域恙虫病病人的标本检测Ot-Sta56kDa基因片段,对阳性标本进行基因分型和序列分析,并与巢式PCR检测结果相比较。结果在660份发热人群血清标本中有224份检测到恙虫病东方体,阳性率为33.94%;在55份鼠类脾脏组织标本中有10份黄毛鼠(R.lossea Swinboe)检测到恙虫病东方体,阳性率为18.18%,有2份褐家鼠(R.norvegicus Berkenhout)检测恙虫病东方体,阳性率为3.64%,各调查点之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。经荧光定量PCR和巢式PCR鉴定为Gilliam型和Kawasaki型,间接免疫荧光法也诊断为恙虫病东方体Gilliam型。从病人、动物宿主、地里纤恙螨选取4株粤北代表株,其同源性为100%,与Kawasaki型的同源性为96.25%;另有3份阳性黄毛鼠标本的核苷酸序列与TA686型的同源性为78.5%。结论从宿主动物、媒介、分子水平上证实粤北山区域存在恙虫病自然疫源地。     

瑞安市恙虫病首例报告

瑞安市在历史上尚未有恙虫病报告,1997年7月该县有临床诊断疑似恙虫病病人。为此,我们会同县卫生防疫站开展了个案调查,并经实验室证实了该患者为恙虫病病人。材料与方法1．个案调查资料:为该县人民医院病史记录及患者现场询问录。2．血清学检测:采患者在恢复期内静脉血4ml分离血清,低温保存,送省站进行外-斐氏反应及MICRO-IFA法检测特异性IgG抗体。     

天津市北部农村首次发现恙虫病流行的报告

1989年和1990年秋,天津市北部农村相继发生恙虫病流行。通过临床、流行病学、血清学和病原学方面的调查,结果44例病人经IFA法检测,42例病人恢复期血清抗体滴度≥1:40(95.5%),其余2例病人采血时间过早。用CF法分型测定了10份血标本,滴度≥1:20者8份,均为Gilliam型。病原分离未获成功。该地位于北纬39°45''~40°05'',系我国新发现的恙虫病流行地区。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.