胰岛素治疗对2型糖尿病肾病血清C反应蛋白水平的影响

目的:比较2型糖尿病(无肾病)及糖尿病肾病(DN)患者血清C反应蛋白(CRP)的水平,观察应用胰岛素治疗后血清CRP水平的变化。方法:2型糖尿病患者共100例,其中糖尿病(无肾病)为DM组40例,糖尿病肾病组为DN组60例。将DN组患者随机分组,口服糖适平组为DN1、胰岛素治疗组为DN2共治疗12周。选取正常对照组(NC)30例,应用化学发光法测定血CRP水平。结果:NC、DM组、DN组血清CRP水平分别为(2.90±1.8)mg/L、(5.8±3.2)mg/L、(9.2±5.6)mg/L逐渐升高,血清CRP水平与总胆固醇(TC)(r=0.510,P<0.01)、空腹血糖(FBG)(r=0.29,P<0.01)呈正相关。血清CRP在DN2组胰岛素治疗前后分别为(9.30±3.78)mg/L、(4.78±2.11)mg/L下降明显,有统计学差异(P<0.01);DN1组糖适平治疗前后(9.04±4.9)mg/L、(8.30±1.8)mg/L下降,无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:2型DM(无肾病)及DN组血清CRP水平逐渐升高,且DN经胰岛素治疗后血清CRP水平明显下降。     

胰岛素样生长因子家族与糖尿病肾病

胰岛素样生长因子家族包含多个成员，在糖尿病肾病中存在异常表达，IGFs家族的组成、生理特性及在糖尿病肾病发病机制中的作用日益受到关注。     

糖尿病肾病中医证型与CRP指标关系探讨

目的：探讨糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN）患者中医证型分布特征与炎症指标C反应蛋白（CRP）的关系。方法：将2010年中国人民解放军总医院门诊及住院部糖尿病肾病患者64例分为阴虚燥热、气阴两虚、脾肾气虚（阳）、阴阳两虚4种本证组和兼湿证、兼瘀证、兼痰瘀证3种标证组,并选择50名健康志愿者为正常对照组（NC组）,所有纳入者以速率散射比浊法测定C反应蛋白。结果：与正常健康人50例作对照,糖尿病肾病患者CRP水平（1.73±2.91）mg/dl明显高于NC组（0.54±0.16）mg/dl,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。DN各本证证型组血清CRP水平的比较显示,随着证型由阴虚燥热、脾肾气（阳）虚、气阴两虚、阴阳两虚的演变,患者血清CRP水平逐渐升高,且阴虚燥热、脾肾气虚、气阴两虚分别与阴阳两虚组比较,结果差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。标证中,痰瘀证与NC组、无兼证组与NC组及痰瘀证与血瘀证组比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：血CRP水平与中医证型相关,在一定程度上为中医辨证分型提供客观依据。     

2型糖尿病患者C反应蛋白水平与代谢综合征的关系

目的 比较2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血浆C反应蛋白（CRP）水平变化并探讨与代谢综合征（MS）的关系。方法 受试者分为三组：肥胖的T2DM组68例（A组）、非肥胖的T2DM组86例（B组）和正常体重对照组68例（C组）。测定血清CRP水平，同时检测体重指数（BMI）、腰围（W）、腰臀比（WHR）、血压、糖脂代谢参数、空腹胰岛素（FINS），以稳态模式（HOMA）公式评估胰岛索抵抗（HOMA-IR），并对导致血清CRP改变的因素进行相关分析。结果 （1）A和B组血清CRP显著高于C组（P〈0．01），A组的CRP也明显高于B组（P〈0．01）。（2）A组患者血清CRP与SBP、WHR、BMI、TG和HOMA-IR存在显著正相关，与其他变量无显著相关性。结论 T2DM患者血清CRP水平明显高于非糖尿病患者，肥胖的T2DM患者血清的CRP水平升高与MS、胰岛素抵抗（IR）有密切关系。     

胰岛素样生长因子家族与糖尿病肾病

胰岛素样生长因子家族包含多个成员 ,在糖尿病肾病中存在异常表达 ,IGFs家族的组成、生理特性及在糖尿病肾病发病机制中的作用日益受到关注。     

胰岛素样生长因子家族与糖尿病肾病关系的临床研究

糖尿病肾病(DN)是糖尿病(DM)常见并发症。近年研究表明，胰岛素样生长因子(IGFs)家族在DN的发生、发展中起一定作用。我们利用分子生物学方法研究DN各阶段中IGFs家族成员的血清水平，并探讨其病理意义以及与相关指标之间的关系。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血清淀粉样蛋白A水平

目的：探讨2型糖尿病肾病患者的血清淀粉样蛋白A（SAA）水平。方法：2型糖尿病患者144例,依据尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）结果分为单纯糖尿病组（SDM组）：UAER〈30mg/24h;糖尿病肾病组（DN组）：UAER≥30mg/24h。DN组依据肾小球滤过率（GFR）水平分为两组,DN早中期组（EDN组）：GFR〉30ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2;DN中晚期非透析组（LDN组）：GFR≤30ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2。同时入选正常对照组（NC组）30例。测定血清SAA水平,进行多因素分析。结果：DN组SAA水平较SDM组显著升高（P〈0.05）;SDM组SAA水平较NC组显著升高（P〈0.05）;LDN组SAA水平较NC组、SDM组、EDN组显著升高（均P〈0.01）。SAA水平与尿白蛋白、腰臀比呈正相关。结论：2型糖尿病肾病患者血清SAA水平明显升高,并与DN严重程度密切相关。     

2型糖尿病肾病与代谢综合征的相关性探讨

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)肾病与代谢综合征(MS)的相关性。方法:比较627例T2DM患者中糖尿病肾病(DN)与非DN患者之间MS及其主要成分的患病率和集聚状态。结果:与非DN患者相比,DN患者有更高的MS患病率和集聚状态(P<0.001)。单因素Logistic回归分析显示DN与MS、MS主要成分的集聚数目显著正相关。多因素Logistic回归分析显示DN与高血压、超重/肥胖、脂代谢紊乱显著正相关。结论:MS与DN的发生发展中扮演重要角色。进行多因素干预治疗对防治DN和心血管疾病(CVD)均有重要临床意义。     

非糖尿病肾病病人肾小球性蛋白尿与血清及尿液IGF-Ⅰ之间关系的研究

目的:检测非糖尿病肾病(NDN)病人血清和尿液中胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)的浓度,探讨IGF-Ⅰ与肾小球性蛋白尿定量之间的关系.方法:将24例肾小球性蛋白尿的NIDN病人分为两组:尿蛋白定量3.5～6.5 g/24 h 12例为实验1组,尿蛋白定量2.0～3.4 g/24 h 12例为实验2组;同时选12例年龄和性别相同的健康人作为对照组.两实验组和对照组行血清和尿液IGF-Ⅰ、血清胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3(IGFBP3)的检测,并测定肾小球滤过率(GFR)、双肾彩色B型超声检查;两对照组病人做肾活检.结果:24例病人血清IGF-Ⅰ降低,尿液IGF-Ⅰ升高,分别与24 h尿蛋白定量呈负相关(r=-0.876,P＜0.001)和正相关(r=0.897,P＜0.001),与对照组比较均具有显著性差异(P均＜0.001);实验1组与实验2组比较尿蛋白定量和尿液IGF-Ⅰ含量明显增加(t=7.09,P＜0.001),而血液中IGF-Ⅰ/d的含量明显降低(t=3.71,P＜0.001).结论:如同糖尿病性肾病,NDN病人血清IGF-Ⅰ水平随蛋白自尿中排泄量增加而降低,尿液中IGF-Ⅰ的含量随蛋白自尿中排泄增加而增加,是NDN病人低IGF-Ⅰ血症的原因之一.     

2型糖尿病肾病不同时期的胰岛素抵抗分析

目的：探讨2型糖尿病肾病（DN）患者不同时期的胰岛分泌功能及特点。方法：2型糖尿病患者94例,按照蛋白尿及肾功能将DN分期：正常白蛋白尿期（DN0）30例,微量白蛋白尿期（DN1）23例,临床蛋白尿期（DN2）22例,肾衰竭期（DN3）19例。观察血压（BP）、体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）、糖化血清蛋白（GSP）、口服葡萄糖耐量及胰岛功能试验、尿白蛋白及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、血尿酸（UA）、纤维蛋白原（FG）等。按HOMA-IR公式,计算胰岛素敏感指数（IAI）。结果：DN各组与正常白蛋白尿组比较DN病程、DBP、TG明显升高（P〈0.05）,HDL-C、IAI明显下降（P〈0.05-0.01）,各组研究对象间FG、SDP两两比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05-0.01）,DN各组与正常白蛋白尿组比较HbA1C、GSP、FBP、2 h PBG、FINS、BMI、WHR差异无统计学意义。结论：2型糖尿病肾病患者存在明显的胰岛素抵抗,且各个分期的患者胰岛素抵抗程度相当。     

我国2型糖尿病的外科治疗术式探讨

由于我国的2型糖尿病患者中位体质量指数（BMI）只有24 kg/m2以及我国糖尿病患者存在的饮食差异性,使得目前国内尚缺少充足的减重手术数据和指南,因此,我国医生在国际上公认的术式之外,进行了手术治疗2型糖尿病的术式探索.2011年国际糖尿病联盟（IDF）治疗2型糖尿病的推荐术式主要有：胃旁路手术（GBP）、袖状胃切除术（SG）、胆胰转流手术（BPD）、十二指肠转位术（DS）和可调节胃束带术（AGB）.本文重点分析我国外科医生的进展探索性术式,主要包括：袖状胃切除术加十二指肠空肠旁路术,十二指肠空肠旁路术,袖状胃切除加空回肠旁路术,袖状胃切除加回肠间置术,单纯回肠间置术及空、回肠短路术,胃大弯折叠术以及折叠术加胃束带术,以及其他在内镜下完成的减重术式.每种术式均各有特点,但哪种术式更为适合国内2型糖尿病患者,尚需临床的长期随访及大样本的多中心研究的开展,相信在科学规范前提下,我国的外科医生会摸索出最适合本国2型糖尿病患者的手术方式.     

Bone fragility in type 2 diabetes mellitus

The number of patients with osteoporosis or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing in aging and westernized societies. Both disorders predispose elderly people to disabling conditions by causing fractures and vascular complications, respectively. Recent animal studies have shown that administration of osteocalcin, which is specifically secreted from osteoblasts, can increase insulin secretion and ameliorate hyperglycemia, obesity, and high triglyceride levels in mice fed a high-fat diet. Moreover, several studies have shown that antagonism of Wnt signaling by oxidative stress contributes to the development of osteoporosis, as well as insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. Thus, bone metabolism and glucose/fat metabolism seem to be etiologically related to each other. Meta-analyses of multiple clinical studies in humans have shown that hip fracture risk of T2DM patients is increased by 1.4-1.7-fold, although bone mineral density (BMD) is not diminished. Vertebral fracture risk of T2DM patients is also increased, and BMD is not sensitive enough to assess the risk. These findings suggest that bone fragility in T2DM, which is not reflected by BMD, depends on bone quality deterioration rather than bone mass reduction. Thus, surrogate markers are needed to replace the insensitivity of BMD in assessing fracture risks of T2DM patients. Pentosidine, the endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, and insulin-like growth factor-I seem to be such candidates, although further studies are required to clarify whether or not these markers could predict the occurrence of new fractures of T2DM patients in a prospective fashion.     

Periodontal disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective: To determine the periodontal status in well controlled and poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients compared with normal healthy individuals. Study Design: Cross-sectional comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: Diabetes Management Centre, Services Hospital, Lahore, from November 2009 to January 2010. Methodology: Forty well controlled and forty poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects having good oral hygiene (scored according to simplified oral hygiene index) were compared with a control group of forty normal healthy individuals. Probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and attachment loss (AL) were recorded to obtain the periodontal status of each tooth, using a Michigan probe "0" with Williams marking. Glycemic control was evaluated by glycated Hb value. Using ANOVA and independent sample t-test, mean probing depth and attachment loss in each tooth type (incisors, canines, premolars and molars) were compared. Results: Mean age of diabetic subjects was 58.86 ± 6.21 years and that of control group was 56.92 ± 6.91 years; 60% were females. Probing depth was greater in patients with poorly controlled diabetes compared to well controlled diabetic patients and non-diabetic controls (4.21 mm vs. 3.72 mm and 2.93 mm respectively, p < 0.001). Attachment loss also increased in poorly controlled diabetes (p < 0.001) compared to the control group and well controlled diabetes, however, the difference was not statistically significant when comparing well controlled to the control group (p > 0.05). Number of sites and mean percentage of sites with attachment loss of 3 4 and 3 6 mm was also significantly higher in poorly controlled diabetes compared to the control group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Periodontal status as estimated by probing depth and degree of attachment loss deteriorates significantly with poor glycemic control in diabetes.     

Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth

The rising rates of obesity in youth have concurrently led to an increase in the rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) in this age group.However,there are limited data on the efficacy of different antidiabetic agents in youth.In this context,the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth trial recently reported that the majority of obese children and adolescents 10-17-years old with newly diagnosed T2DM(T2DM duration less than 2 years) could not achieve HbA1c levels < 8% for more than 1 year with metformin monotherapy,metformin plus rosiglitazone combination,or metformin and lifestyle changes.These findings suggest that,in the majority of youth with T2DM,tight long-term glycemic control with oral agents is an elusive goal and that most patients will require treatment with insulin within a few years of diagnosis to achieve HbA1c targets and reduce the risk of macroand microvascular complications.Therefore,reducing the incidence of T2DM by preventing pediatric obesity through the implementation of lifestyle changes in the community should be the primary objective of healthcare systems.     

糖尿病APP用于门诊2型糖尿病患者健康管理效果探讨

目的探讨糖尿病APP管理模式对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制以及自我管理的效果。方法将189例门诊初始使用胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿病患者随机分为对照组94例与观察组95例,在教会患者胰岛素注射方法的基础上,对照组给予常规健康教育指导,观察组应用糖尿病APP管理,连续3个月后评价效果。结果观察组空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖及糖化血红蛋白改善程度显著优于对照组(均P0.01),自我管理行为能力得分显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对门诊2型糖尿病患者采用糖尿病APP进行健康管理可提高患者自我管理能力,从而较好地控制血糖水平。     

Endocan and albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Endocan is a newly identified proteoglycan released from endothelium, stimulating angiogenesis and when increased, indicates endothelial activation (inflammation). Our aim was to examine the association between serum endocan levels and urine albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR).

Method: One hundred and thirty-seven patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal serum creatinine who had no co-morbidities other than hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, or neuropathy were divided into normoalbuminuria (G1), microalbuminuria (G2), and macroalbuminuria (G3) groups and compared cross-sectionally regarding serum endocan levels.

Result: There were 55, 47, and 35 patients in G1, G2, and G3, respectively. The groups were comparable in terms of gender, age, duration of diabetes, diabetic neuropathy/retinopathy, fasting glucose, HbA1c, serum creatinine level, and eGFR. Patients in G3 had significantly higher blood pressure but lower serum albumin and endocan levels. UACR showed a negative bivariate correlation with serum endocan levels (r?=??.282, p?=?.001). There was bivariate positive correlation between endocan and systolic blood pressure (r=.185, p?=?.030). In linear regression analysis, UACR was negatively correlated with endocan while positively correlated with systolic blood pressure, duration of diabetes, and platelet distribution width.

Conclusion: Patients with macroalbuminuria had lower endocan levels, and increasing UACR was associated with decreasing serum endocan levels. Despite the occurrence of angiogenesis and glomerular hypertrophy in the early phase of diabetic nephropathy, ensuing significant renal injury over time may reduce the expression of endocan. Serum endocan levels may represent a novel marker for nephropathy progression.     

Bone quality assessment in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Summary

The increased risk for fractures in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) despite higher average bone density is unexplained. This study assessed trabecular bone quality in T2DM using the trabecular bone score (TBS). The salient findings are that TBS is decreased in T2DM and low TBS associates with worse glycemic control.

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures despite high average bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to compare BMD with a noninvasive assessment of trabecular microarchitecture, TBS, in women with T2DM.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, trabecular microarchitecture was examined in 57 women with T2DM and 43 women without diabetes, ages 30 to 90 years. Lumbar spine BMD was measured by dual-emission x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and TBS was calculated by examining pixel variations within the DXA images utilizing TBS iNsight software.

Results

Mean TBS was lower in T2DM (1.228?±?0.140 vs. 1.298?±?0.132, p?=?0.013), irrespective of age. Mean BMD was higher in T2DM (1.150?±?0.172 vs. 1.051?±?0.125, p?=?0.001). Within the T2DM group, TBS was higher (1.254?±?0.148) in subjects with good glycemic control (A1c?≤?7.5 %) compared to those (1.166?±?0.094; p?=?0.01) with poor glycemic control (A1c?>?7.5 %).

Conclusion

In T2DM, TBS is lower and associated with poor glycemic control. Abnormal trabecular microarchitecture may help explain the paradox of increased fractures at a higher BMD in T2DM. Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between glycemic control and trabecular bone quality.     

Pharmacogenetic studies update in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a silent progressive polygenic metabolic disorder resulting from ineffective insulin cascading in the body. World-wide, about 415 million people are suffering from T2DM with a projected rise to 642 million in 2040. T2DM is treated with several classes of oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) viz. biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, etc. Treatment strategies for T2DM are to minimize long-term micro and macro vascular complications by achieving an optimized glycemic control. Genetic variations in the human genome not only disclose the risk of T2DM development but also predict the personalized response to drug therapy. Inter-individual variability in response to OADs is due to polymorphisms in genes encoding drug receptors, transporters, and metabolizing enzymes for example, genetic variants in solute carrier transporters (SLC22A1, SLC22A2, SLC22A3, SLC47A1 and SLC47A2) are actively involved in glycemic/HbA1c management of metformin. In addition, CYP gene encoding Cytochrome P450 enzymes also play a crucial role with respect to metabolism of drugs. Pharmacogenetic studies provide insights on the relationship between individual genetic variants and variable therapeutic outcomes of various OADs. Clinical utility of pharmacogenetic study is to predict the therapeutic dose of various OADs on individual basis. Pharmacogenetics therefore, is a step towards personalized medicine which will greatly improve the efficacy of diabetes treatment.