腺苷预处理对心脏直视手术心肌保护作用的临床研究

目的　探讨腺苷预处理对心脏直视手术的心肌保护效果。方法　将 30例择期心脏瓣膜置换术患者随机分成治疗组和对照组 ,治疗组在开心术前实施腺苷预处理。观察血清心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶 (CK MB)、血浆丙二醛 (MDA)、心肌三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)、能量储备(EC)及心肌超微结构 (线粒体计分 )的变化。结果　主动脉开放后 30min ,治疗组cTnT为 ( 0 .42±0 .1 8) μg/L、CK MB为 ( 35.42± 1 5.87)U/L、MDA为 ( 4 .2 8± 0 .35)mmol/L升高值均明显低于对照组 [( 1 .1 6± 0 .32 ) μg/L、( 56.2 6± 1 6.36)U//L、( 6.37± 2 .46)nmol/L(P <0 .0 5) ];治疗组ATP含量( 1 5.86± 3.51 ) μmol/g干重和EC值 0 .4857± 0 .0 578均明显高于对照组 [( 6.2 5± 2 .79) μmol/g干重、0 .2 992± 0 .0 4 1 9(P <0 .0 1 ) ];治疗组线粒体计分 0 .860 2± 0 .2 381明显低于对照组 2 .740 6±0 .9792 ,(P <0 .0 1 )。结论　腺苷预处理对心脏具有明显的保护作用     

在腹腔镜和传统剖腹结肠直肠手术失血及术后血制品的应用

设想腹腔镜结肠切除术中失血根据估计量血红蛋白值和所需输血量等测定 ,经传统剖腹结肠切除术为多 ,作者取Ohio洲Cleveland临床基金会结肠直肠外科 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年各 1 4 3例同一结肠直肠切除手术进行分析 ,按年龄、性别、诊断配对分别进行腹腔镜或剖腹手术 ,比较失血量。两组配对资料　腹腔镜和剖腹手术各 1 4 3例 ,其年龄 ( 5 3± 1 7∶5 4± 1 6岁 )、女性数 ( 74∶74)、体块指( 2 5 .7± 1 7∶2 6.7± 6.2kg/m2 )、手术前血红蛋白值( 1 3 .8∶1 3 .5 g/dL)、小肠切除例 ( 2∶2 )、回盲肠切除例( 1 4∶1 4 )、右半结肠切除 ( 3 3…     

腹腔海水浸泡对失血犬的影响

目的　探讨腹腔海水浸泡对失血犬的影响。方法　将实验犬 2 1条随机均分为失血组 (A组 )、腹腔海水浸泡组 (B组 )、失血及腹腔海水浸泡组 (C组 )。观察各组犬腹腔海水浸泡前后心排血量 (CO)、平均动脉压 (MAP)和血浆渗透压、乳酸、丙二醛 (MDA)、及超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)水平变化。结果　C组动物腹腔海水浸泡 3hCO、MAP、SOD水平分别由浸泡前 ( 4 .3 5± 0 .5 0 )L/min、( 2 0 .1± 1.3 )kPa、( 182 .1± 14 .5 )U /L显著降低至 ( 1.3 7± 0 .11)L/min、( 9.6± 2 .7)kPa、( 5 1.4± 11.8)U /L ,而MDA及乳酸水平则分别由浸泡前 ( 5 .9± 0 .2 ) μmol /L、( 2 .3± 0 .4)mmol/L显著升高至 ( 2 6.4± 3 .2 ) μmol/L、( 8.7± 1.4)mmol/L(与A、B组比较P <0 .0 5 )。 结论　腹腔海水浸泡可加重失血犬血流动力学紊乱及自由基损伤。     

心脏大血管穿透伤患者26例急救

目的总结心脏大血管穿透伤的临床特点、早期诊断和救治经验,提高抢救成功率。方法回顾性分析2007年7月至2014年6月我院26例心脏大血管穿透伤患者的临床资料,男23例、女3例,年龄16~71(22.0±8.4)岁。其中刀刺伤25例,钢锥刺伤1例;心脏穿透伤23例,升主动脉刀刺伤2例,主肺动脉刀刺伤1例;心脏压塞型7例,失血休克型8例,心脏压塞+失血休克型2例,亚临床型9例。26例就诊后30 min至3 h急诊在全身麻醉下行开胸手术治疗,侧开胸手术20例,前正中开胸手术6例,其中2例在体外循环下手术。结果全组死亡2例,均为失血休克型,1例69岁右心室贯通伤和右冠状动脉主干损伤男性患者术中死于低心排血量综合征,1例38岁右心室前壁穿透伤男性患者术后死于纵隔感染导致的多器官功能衰竭,其余患者痊愈出院,救治成功率达92.3%。18例随访1个月至7年,无后遗症发生。结论迅速明确伤情,及时诊断,急诊开胸探查是提高心脏大血管穿透伤抢救成功率的关键。     

间断短时血滤对重症急性胰腺炎的影响及适应证探讨

目的　探讨间断短时血滤 (ISVVH )对重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)的疗效及其适应证。方法　将APACHEII评分≥ 14分和出现液体负平衡分别作为血滤 (HF )的重要适应证和最终停滤指征之一 ,对符合指征的 3 9例患者 ,行ISVVH治疗 19例 (IS组 ) ,未行HF的 2 0例 (N组 )作对比。观察各时点的APACHEII评分 ,BalthazarCT积分及血浆降钙素原 (PCT ) ,TNF α ,IL 6,IL 8,IL 1ra ,IL 2 ,IL 10的水平。结果　APACHEII评分在入组后 1d和入组时 ,IS组为 (13 .8± 3 .1)分和 (17.8± 3 .2 )分 ,第 4和第 10天 ,IS组为 (6.1± 1.6)分和 (1.8± 0 .9)分 ,N组为 (12 .6± 3 .2 )分和 (7.4±2 .7)分 ;PCT半定量变化与APACHEII评分变化相似 ;CT积分在入组 2周 ,IS组和N组为 (5 .1± 0 .8)分和 (8.1± 1.3 )分 ;各数值组间均有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。与N组比较 ,IS组TNF α ,IL 6水平在第 4,10天低于N组 ,IL 2 ,IL 10在第 10天高于N组 ,(均为P <0 .0 5 ) ,第 10天时IS组抗促炎细胞因子比值亦明显增高。N组中转手术 1例 ,死亡 3例 ,平均入组后 (5 .9± 1.8)d出现液体负平衡 ;IS组无中转手术和死亡病例发生 ,平均入组后 (2 .7± 1.4)d出现液体负平衡。结论　SAP早期ISVVH治疗有利于减轻和缩短SIRS反应 ,控制病情 ,提高疗效。     

输尿管口附近膀胱肿瘤的手术处理

目的　总结输尿管口附近膀胱肿瘤的手术治疗经验。　方法　需行输尿管再植的膀胱肿瘤患者 4 2例 ,随机分为两组 :A组 2 0例 ,绕输尿管口膀胱壁舌状切除结合改良Huctch Ⅱ输尿管移植 ;B组 2 2例 ,膀胱外寻找并离断输尿管 ,膀胱部分切除术后将输尿管再植于膀胱。对两组手术时间、手术失血量、术后引流量、近期并发症、膀胱输尿管返流、输尿管梗阻及肿瘤复发率进行对比分析。　结果　A组手术时间 (6 0 .5± 18.5 )min、手术失血量 (30 .7± 12 .4 )ml、术后引流量 (5 0 .6± 17.8)ml;B组手术时间 (15 0 .9± 2 2 .4 )min、手术失血量 (2 2 0 .5± 2 8.2 )ml、术后引流量 (2 80 .6± 5 8.9)ml;以上三项指标两组之间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 0 1)。近期并发症A组 2例 ,B组 8例。两组间比较差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;膀胱输尿管返流、输尿管梗阻及肿瘤复发率两组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论　绕输尿管口膀胱舌状切除结合改良Huctch Ⅱ输尿管移植手术效果良好 ,手术并发症少 ,操作简单 ,值得推荐。     

风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术围手术期肿瘤坏死因子及降钙素基因相关肽的含量变化

通过对肿瘤坏死因子 (ＴＮＦ)、降钙素基因相关肽 (ＣＧＲＰ)的测定 ,客观评价浅低温心脏不停跳与中低温心脏停跳心内直视术 2种术式的心肌保护效果。1.临床资料及方法 :(1)临床资料 :自 1999年 9月～ 2 0 0 0年 12月 ,随机将2 0例风湿性心瓣膜病二尖瓣病变患者分为停跳组及不停跳组 ,每组 10例。停跳组 :男 3例 ,女 7例 ;平均年龄 (41 2±9 6 )岁 ;心功能ＮＹＨＡⅡ级 2例、Ⅲ级 5例、Ⅳ级 2例 ;主动脉阻断时间 (44 3±16 7)ｍｉｎ。不停跳组 :男 3例 ,女 7例 ;平均年龄 (40 8± 11 5 )岁 ;心功能Ⅱ级 2例、Ⅲ级 6例、Ⅳ级 2例 ;上、下…     

心脏机械瓣置换后不同强度抗凝对病人凝血激活的影响

目的　探讨不同强度抗凝时 ,心脏机械瓣置换术后病人的凝血激活状态。方法　将 16 2例心脏机械瓣置换术后病人 ,根据抗凝强度 (INR)分成 4组 :A组 (<1 5 ) 2 5例 ;B组 (1 5～ <2 0 ) 4 4例 ;C组 (2 0～ <3 0 ) 6 1例 ;D组 (3 0～ <4 5 ) 32例。 2 0例正常成人为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)测定各组血浆凝血酶原片段 1+2 (F1 + 2 )、D 二聚体浓度。结果　A、B、C、D和对照组F1 + 2 浓度分别为(2 4 8± 1 32 )、(1 2 3± 0 6 5 )、(0 81± 0 4 5 )、(0 73± 0 39)、(1 11± 0 35 )nmol L ;D 二聚体浓度分别为(0 4 5± 0 2 4 )、(0 30± 0 17)、(0 2 4± 0 10 )、(0 2 5± 0 11)、(0 2 1± 0 0 9)mg L。A组F1 + 2 和D -二聚体浓度均显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;B组F1 + 2 浓度与对照组无差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,D 二聚体浓度显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;C、D组F1 + 2 浓度均显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但C、D两组间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;C、D组D 二聚体浓度与对照组之间均差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　在INR 2 0～ 3 0的抗凝强度下 ,心脏机械瓣置换术后病人凝血激活受到明显抑制     

修正创伤评分在急诊躯干损伤救治中的应用与改良

目的 验证修正创伤评分(RTS)用于躯干伤救治时的效能,针对效能不足之处进行改良,以提高RTS用于躯干伤救治时的针对性和准确性. 方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2012年6月在四川大学华西医院接受急诊外科手术治疗躯干伤278例患者的临床资料,其中男231例、女47例,年龄1～75 (33.7±14.1)岁.计算伤员的RTS,新增伤员入急诊时的血红蛋白(Hb)浓度以衡量失血程度,分析RTS与救治过程和结局的相关性,比较RTS评分正常组与评分异常组两组伤员在救治过程和救治结局方面的差异；对单因素分析提示的对救治结局有影响的变量进一步做多因素分析,通过回归分析建立改良的RTS. 结果 RTS与救治过程和救治结局各指标之间呈显著相关性:RTS与受伤到手术时间(r=0.249,P＜0.001)、胸腹腔出血(r=-0.255,P＜0.001)、扩容总量(r=-0.244,P＜0.001)和住ICU时间(r=-0.202,P=0.001)有关,不同RTS伤员的死亡率差异有统计学意义(P=0.004).RTS评分效能不足主要表现在RTS评分正常组中仍发生伤员死亡(5.1％).单因素分析显示:RTS和急诊时Hb均与救治结局有关,将上述两变量带人回归拟合模型后得到了计算改良RTS评分的新公式:Logit(P死亡)=6.450-0.769×RTS-0.029×急诊Hb. 结论 改良RTS用于评估躯干伤时针对性更强,同时保持了简易、快速的特点.     

小儿特大面积烧伤46例治疗体会

小儿特大面积烧伤是烧伤救治中的一大难点。笔者单位 1994年 9月～ 2 0 0 0年 9月共收治烧伤患儿 4 6例 ,治愈 39例 ,死亡 7例 ,救治成功率为 84 .8%。临床资料 :本组患儿男 2 5例 ,女 2 1例 ,年龄 8个月～ 13岁 ,平均 (5 .0± 3.3)岁 ,其中热液烫伤 31例 ,火焰烧伤 9例 ,火药爆炸致伤 6例。伤后 6h以内入院者 38例 ,6h以后入院者 8例。烧伤面积≥ 4 0 %TBSA ,平均烧伤面积为 (5 2 0±12 .6 ) %TBSA ,其中 36例有Ⅲ度烧伤创面。入院时出现休克者 4 1例 ;伴有吸入性损伤者 15例 ;并发肺部炎症或水肿者 2 3例 ;应激性溃疡出血 8例 ;肾功…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.