食管、贲门、膈

食管癌切除术行食管胃单层宽边连续吻合的临床观察;Down综合征合并先天性食管蹊型狭窄一例;高龄食管癌的围手术期处理;113例食管破裂与穿孔的外科治疗;胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律及其对淋巴结清扫方式的影响；食管癌和贲门癌手术中应用圆形吻合器的经验；     

食管癌三野清扫及意义

淋巴结转移是食管癌主要转移方式,根治食管癌的方法仍主要依靠彻底手术切除加淋巴结清扫.1994年第五届国际食管疾病会议根据食管癌切除清扫范围将术式统一分为4类:标准淋巴清扫;扩大淋巴清扫、全淋巴清扫、三野淋巴清扫(three fieldlymph node dissection,3FLND).     

92例胸段食管癌手术治疗分析

目的 探讨胸段食管癌手术治疗的方法。方法 92例胸段食管癌患者全部行右侧开胸全胸段食管切除、三野淋巴结清扫(3-FL)。结果 食管癌沿食管壁内上行播散与下行播散差异有显著性，胸上、中、下段食管癌下颈野淋巴结转移率差异有显著性。结论 胸下段食管癌，全胸段食管切除、二野淋巴结清扫(2-FL)可列为首选术式；胸中、上段食管癌，特别是胸上段食管癌，全胸段食管切除、三野淋巴结清扫(3-FL)应列为首选术式。     

食管癌三野清扫及意义

淋巴结转移是食管癌主要转移方式,根治食管癌的方法仍主要依靠彻底手术切除加淋巴结清扫。1994年第五届国际食管疾病会议根据食管癌切除清扫范围将术式统一分为4类:标准淋巴清扫;扩大淋巴清扫、全淋巴清扫、三野淋巴清扫(three fieldlymph node d issection,3FLND)。标准清扫即下纵隔、上腹部淋巴清扫,扩大清扫在前者基础上增加右上纵隔淋巴清扫;全清扫在扩大清扫基础上增加左上纵隔淋巴清扫;3FLND在全清扫基础上增加双侧颈部淋巴清扫[1]。日本在20世纪80年代开始对食管癌病人实施3FLND,相关文献报道显示,3FLND提高了食管癌的手术治…     

食管癌切除术后生存质量改变的研究

目的:探讨食管癌切除术后患者近期存活质量的改变及其与手术切除、淋巴结清扫范围的关系。方法:行食管癌根治手术存活一年以上的155例患者分为A组:89例行食管癌切除胸内食管胃吻合及两野淋巴结清扫术;B组:66例行食管癌切除食管胃颈部吻合及三野淋巴结清扫术。采用EORTC QLQ-C30及EORTC QLQ-OES24测评所有患者的生存质量。结果:与术前相比,出院时所有患者的生存质量均有所下降,在3月~12月之内逐渐恢复。两组间比较,整体健康状态、躯体功能及角色功能A组优于B组,存在显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:食管癌患者术后近期内生存质量明显下降,术后一年逐渐恢复;食管大部切除、食管胃颈部吻合加三野淋巴结清扫术较食管部分切除、胸内吻合及二野淋巴结清扫对患者躯体及角色功能等生存质量影响较大。     

食管次全切除治疗食管癌的初步临床体会

食管癌手术治疗效果主要决定于食管切除的范围、淋巴结清扫的彻底性,以及决定术后生活质量的术式。近年来,我们施行食管次全切除胃经食管床颈部食管胃吻合治疗食管癌,符合当今食管痛治疗原则。从1992车9月至今手术     

贲门癌手术治疗三种入路的比较

本文总结我院近6年间贲门癌手术治疗经验,介绍了贲门癌切除术后食管胃前壁改良袖筒式吻合的方法及优点。分析368例贲门癌手术病历,手术切除276例,切除率74.7％,并发症14.4％,切缘残留癌占13.4％。作者对经腹、经胸、胸腹联合切口三种手术入路进行对比,认为胸腹联合切口手术野显露良好。吻合方便,不仅能够切除足够多的胃组织,同时能够切除足够长的食管组织,有利于胸、腹腔和膈肌上下淋巴结的清扫,便于切除大网膜及横结肠系膜前叶,符合癌肿的彻底切除原则,降低术后并发症,提高远期生存率。     

食管粘膜下癌淋巴结转移12例

 探讨食管粘膜下癌发生淋巴结转移的有关因素及特点,制定治疗早期食管癌的最佳方案.方法:手术切除食管粘膜下癌52例,常规清扫区域淋巴结,分组病理检查,术后进行长期随诊.结果:本组食管粘膜下癌淋巴结转移率为23.1%(12/52),发生淋巴结转移主要与肿瘤的分化程度有关,分化越差,转移率越高,其次与肿瘤的大小、病理形态类型等因素有关.跳跃式转移发生率高,转移淋巴结大部分≤1cm,可能是食管粘膜下癌发生淋巴结转移的特点.结论:对早期食管癌应行食管次全切除术,并常规清扫区域淋巴结.     

食管癌穿孔的外科治疗：附九例报告

作者对９例食管癌穿孔患者行外科切除手术治疗。其中单纯食管胃部分切除术２例，食管胃部分切除同期合并不同方式肺切除术７例。１例术后３３天死亡，８例近期效果满意。１例术后３个月纵隔淋巴结转移行放射治疗；新近１例术后１个月现正接受术后放疗；余６例病人生存时间均在８个月以上。作者重点讨论食管癌穿孔病人在治疗上的选择，外科切除手术的术前诊断、术中判断和术后处理要点，并就扩大食管癌切除的手术适应证问题进行探讨。     

食管癌全胸段食管切除食管胃吻合器胸顶吻合与“三切口”术式比较

目的：评价食管胃吻合器胸顶吻合术在全胸段食管切除治疗食管癌的临床应用价值。方法：42例病例随机分为经在胸行食管胃吻合器胸项吻合组和经右胸行“三切口”手术组，并对临床资料进行分析。结果：吻合器法具有手术时间短，并发症少、术后恢复快、手术适应证广等优点，其食管切除以及胸腹部淋巴结的清扫范围与“王切口”才式大致相同，但预部淋巴结的清扫不如后者。结论：在不适宜开展“三切口”手术的情况下，食管胃吻合器胸顶吻合术是全胸段食管切除治疗食管癌的一种好方法。     

全腔镜下二野与三野淋巴结清扫术在食管癌中的应用效果分析

目的 探讨全腔镜下二野与三野淋巴结清扫术在食管癌中的应用效果.方法 选取230例食管癌患者,根据不同的治疗方法,将230例患者分为二野组(n=120)和三野组(n=110).二野组接受全腔镜二野淋巴结清扫术,三野组接受全腔镜三野组淋巴结清扫术.比较两组患者淋巴结切除及转移情况、并发症发生率、1年生存率及复发率.结果 二野组平均每个患者淋巴结清扫数[(16.02±4.72)枚]显著低于三野组[(23.22 ±5.41)枚],二野组淋巴结转移率(59.2％)显著高于三野组(41.8％)(P＜0.05).两组淋巴结转移度无统计学差异(P＞0.05).三野组喉返神经损伤、呼吸系统并发症、吻合口瘘及心血管并发症发生率均显著高于二野组(P＜0.05).二野组患者1年生存率(83.3％)显著低于三野组(95.5％),二野组1年颈部淋巴结复发率和纵膈淋巴结复发率均明显高于三野组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 全腔镜下三野淋巴结清扫术有利于提高食管癌的根治性,且有效降低术后转移率和复发率,提高患者的生存率,值得在临床推广.     

Pedunculated gastric tube interposition in an esophageal cancer patient with prepyloric adenocarcinoma

Gastric carcinoma is one of the malignancies that are most frequently associated with esophageal carcinoma.We describe herein our device for advanced esophageal cancer associated with early gastric cancer in the antrum.A 57-year-old man presenting with dysphagia and upper abdominal pain was admitted to our hospital.Preoperative examinations revealed locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the middle thoracic esophagus (T3N0M0 Stage ⅡA) and mucosal signetring cell carcinoma of the gastric antrum (T1N0M0 Stage ⅠA).Although the gastric tumor appeared to be an intramucosal carcinoma,its margin was obscure,so endoscopic en-bloc resection was considered inadequate.We chose surgical resection of the gastric tumor as well as the esophageal SCC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for advanced esophageal cancer.Following transthoracic esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection,the gastric carcinoma was removed by gastric antrectomy,which preserved the right gastroepiploic vessels,and a pedunculated short gastric tube was used as the esophageal substitute.Twenty-eight months after the surgery,the patient is well with no evidence of cancer recurrence.Because it minimizes surgical stress and organ sacrifice,gastric tube interposition is a potentially useful technique for esophageal cancer associated with localized early gastric cancer.     

Oesophageal cancer: How radical should surgery be?

Introduction

Oesophagectomy for carcinoma can be viewed as comprising two components: resection of the oesophagus and resection of the enveloping lymphatics. Controversy exists regarding how extensive these two components should be.

Methods

Through a literature overview, the aim of this educational article is to provide surgeons with arguments to understand which operation is the most oncologically sound according to patient and tumour parameters.

Results

Non-randomised comparative studies evaluating radical lymphadenectomy have reported controversial survival benefit. Independent association found between the number of surgically removed lymph nodes and overall survival is an indirect evidence supporting radical lymphadenectomy. The only phase III trial comparing non-radical transhiatal oesophagectomy with transthoracic oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma found 5-year survival rates of 29% vs. 39%, respectively. Although not statistically significant due to underpowered study, specialists would consider less of an increase in survival to be clinically relevant. For squamous OC, the first small randomised controlled trial comparing 2-field lymphadenectomy to 3-field lymphadenectomy did not found significant 5-year survival difference (48% vs. 66%) and the second one comparing 2-field lymphadenectomy to lymph node sampling identified a survival benefit favoring radical resection (36% vs. 25%).

Conclusion

Radical transthoracic oesophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy appears to offer an optimal balance between benefits and risks to a majority of OC patients, especially in the growing area of neoadjuvant treatments. Non-radical resection should be probably reserved for patients with a poor general status whereas 3-field lymphadenectomy may be reserved to selected patients with loco-regional disease in experienced hands, surely for patients with upper OC.     

Resection of esophageal cancer infiltrating the left main bronchus following complete response to preoperative radiochemotherapy--a case report

We report a case of esophageal cancer infiltrating the left main bronchus in which radical esophagectomy with clear surgical margins could be performed after preoperative radiochemotherapy. The patient was a 57-year-old man, who was found to have esophageal squamous cell carcinoma of the middle thoracic esophagus during a work-up of dysphagia. Bronchoscopy revealed an elevated region protruding into the lumen of the left main bronchus. After radiochemotherapy (liniac irradiation + low-dose FP therapy), the esophageal and bronchial lesion became smaller. The case was evaluated as a clinically complete response. Bronchoscopic ultrasonography showed a clear boundary between the membranous portion of the trachea and the esophageal wall. Based on these findings, the lesion was considered resectable and radical surgery, including 3-field lymph node dissection, was performed. The resected esophageal specimen had residual cancer cells in the muscularis propria covered with normal mucosa. However, the patient is currently healthy with no evidence of disease. The indication for surgical resection in cases of esophageal cancer with contiguous spread, and a good response to preoperative radiochemotherapy, is controversial. It is necessary to verify the effectiveness of surgical resection, as a secondary treatment, by accumulating data on cases such as the present one.     

现代二野淋巴结清扫食管癌切除术的疗效分析

目的 探讨食管癌切除现代二野淋巴结清扫的手术疗效及临床实际应用价值.方法 1987年6月至2007年12月间,对1690例中下段及上段食管癌患者分别采用Ivor-Lewis术式和Akiyama术式进行现代淋巴结清扫治疗,总结胸腹二野淋巴结转移的发生率以及患者术后1、3、5和10年的生存率.结果 全组患者中,有淋巴结转移713例,转移率为42.2%(713/1690).胸部淋巴结转移665例,占39.3%(665/1690),其中有胸顶气管旁三角区淋巴结转移349例,占20.7%;后上纵隔淋巴结转移444例,占26.3%;下纵隔淋巴结转移307例,占18.2%.腹部淋巴结转移339例,占20.1%.全组患者术后有278例发生312例次各种并发症,并发症的发生率为16.4%(278/1690),其中以肺部并发症为主,共136例次,占43.6%.全组患者的手术死亡率为0.2%.全组患者术后1、3、5和10年生存率分别为88.2%(1388/1574)、63.5%(868/1367)、54.8%(705/1287)和30.8%(232/754).无淋巴结转移患者的5年生存率为76.2%(448/588),有淋巴结转移患者的5年生存率为36.8%(257/699).结论 食管癌切除采用Ivor-Lewis和Akiyama术式可良好地显露胸腹二野,淋巴结清扫彻底,特别是对后上纵隔喉返神经旁、右胸顶气管旁三角区淋巴结的清扫尤为便利.对有淋巴结转移的食管癌患者施行现代二野淋巴结清扫十分必要,能显著提高患者的术后5年生存率.     

Surgery of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, lymph node metastases and locoregional recurrence

Surgery of differentiated thyroid carcinoma is burdened with risk factors that significantly impact on prognosis, as age at diagnosis and tumor stage. Problems involved concern the extent of surgical resection and the indication for regional lymphadenectomy. As for the former, the most popular approach is total thyroidectomy "on principle" with neck lymphadenectomy. Lobectomy may represent an alternative to total thyroidectomy in low risk patients with unifocal papillary carcinoma 1 cm or less in size, or minimally invasive follicular carcinoma. As for lymphadenectomy, most authors do not agree with surgery "on principle" but rather "of necessity", that is, in presence of clinically evident lymphadenopathy and neck lymphadenectomy is the preferred surgical strategy. In most cases surgery is the treatment of choice of locoregional recurrence. Careful preoperative work-up and accurate surgical procedure are mandatory.     

经胸食管全切除术

In patients with esophageal carcinoma surgical resection remains the standard of curative treatment. For locally advanced tumors (pTlsm-pT3) transthoracic esophagectomy with extended lymphadenectomy is the standard surgical procedure since it offers a complete removal of the primary tumor and possible lymph node metastases. This surgical resection is appropriate for squamous cell but also adenocarcinoma of the esophagus because both histological entities demonstrate a lymphatic spread to the abdominal compartment and the upper mediastinum. In-hospital mortality rates are between 6% and 9%; anastomotic leakage and pulmonary complications mainly contribute to postoperative morbidity. In terms of 5-year survival the transthoracic procedure offers a better prognosis compared to the transhiatal resection.     

TME联合ISR不同术式治疗T1和T2期超低位直肠癌的临床疗效观察

目的：探讨全直肠系膜切除术（TME）联合经肛门括约肌间切除术（ISR）不同术式治疗T1和T2期超低位直肠癌的肿瘤根治效果及术后肛门功能观察。方法回顾性分析68例实施TME联合ISR手术的T1和T2期超低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,其中实施切除全部内括约肌的ISR者22例作为完全ISR组,切除部分内括约肌的ISR者26例作为部分ISR组,保留部分齿状线的ISR者20例作为保齿ISR组。比较三组患者的手术情况及术后肛门功能恢复情况。结果①三组的手术时间、术中出血量、切除肠管长度、远切缘距离、清扫淋巴结数目、切缘阴性情况及术后并发症发生情况比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;②术后3、6、12个月时,部分ISR组和保齿ISR组的肛门功能良好率优于完全ISR组（χ2分别为4.384、4.227、4.654,P分别为0.026、0.018、0.015）。结论 TME联合ISR治疗T1和T2期超低位直肠癌安全有效,在保证根治性的前提下尽可能地保留部分内括约肌和齿状线对改善术后肛门功能具有重要的临床意义。     

Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with regional lymphadenectomy through retroperitoneal-first laparoscopic approach (Retlap) for locally advanced pancreatic body cancer

BackgroundLaparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) is widely performed [1,2]. However, LDP with regional lymphadenectomy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is technically demanding [3]. We previously reported a new strategy named “retroperitoneal-first laparoscopic approach (Retlap)” for distal pancreatectomy with en bloc celiac axis resection [4]. In this study, Retlap is applied during LDP with regional lymphadenectomy (see Fig. 1).MethodsThis video demonstrates the case of a 70-year-old woman with a 100 × 40-mm LAPC. Preoperative computed tomography revealed a large tumor near the root of the celiac axis and acute pancreatitis in the pancreatic head. An ample dorsal margin should be secured and regional lymphadenectomy performed because of the large tumor. In Retlap, the celiac axis was exposed using the retroperitoneal approach from the dorsal side of the pancreatic body, and then the left adrenal grand and left celiac ganglion were removed. Without interfering with the tumor, the root of the splenic artery was identified, facilitating easy performance of lymphadenectomy around the celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery in Retlap. After dividing the splenic artery, the procedure was converted to laparoscopic approach and resection was completed.ResultsThe operative time and estimated blood loss were 487 min and 45 mL, respectively. Pathological examination confirmed a negative surgical margin, and R0 resection was achieved with uneventful postoperative course.ConclusionRetlap was technically feasible and useful for achieving adequate and secure surgical margin and regional lymphadenectomy. Retlap can help secure the operative field of view in difficult cases of LAPC.     

经肛内外括约肌间切除术治疗超低位直肠癌的保肛效果观察

目的 探讨经肛内外括约肌间切除术(ISR)联合经腹全直肠系膜切除术(TME)及经肛结肠肛管吻合术治疗超低位直肠癌的保肛效果.方法 经肛ISR联合经腹TME及经肛结肛吻合术治疗34例无肛门外括约肌受侵的超低位直肠癌患者,术后进行肛门功能训练及功能评价.结果 34例患者远切缘距肿瘤下缘的中位距离为2.3 cm.病理类型为腺癌28例(其中高分化11例,中分化17例),乳头状癌1例,绒毛状腺瘤癌变5例.病理TNM分期Ⅰ期28例,Ⅱ a期1例,Ⅲa期4例,Ⅲb期1例.术后吻合口狭窄3例,吻合口裂开2例,直肠阴道瘘2例.术后早期肛门控便能力明显下降,术后6～12个月肛门功能逐渐恢复.术后5个月吻合口复发1例,术后40个月肝转移1例.结论 在严格掌握适应证的前提下,经肛ISR联合经腹TME及经肛结肠肛管吻合术符合肿瘤根治性原则,并保留了肛门功能,是一种超低位直肠癌保肛的有效手术方法.