髌骨矢状面截骨术对髌骨倾斜病理应力分布的生物力学影响

目的：研究髌骨矢状面截骨术对髌骨倾斜病理应力分布的影响。方法：采用手术方法将七具新鲜人尸体膝关节标本的髌骨外侧支持带紧缩，造成髌骨过度外侧倾斜，然后进行四个不同截骨角的髌骨矢状面截骨术。股四头肌腱加载200N。分别于正常状态、髌骨倾斜、截骨5°、10°、15°、20°六种工况下，应用压敏片测量髌股关节接触压力与面积。摄屈膝45°Merchant髌骨轴位片，测量髌骨倾斜角，了解髌骨倾斜程度。结果与结论：髌骨倾斜后，髌骨内侧接触面积与压力均减少，外例接触面积与压力均增加，屈膝30°时最显著。截骨10°以上，明显改善了髌骨倾斜的应力分布，其中截骨15°改善较为理想。本实验结果为临床上髌骨矢状面截骨术中截骨角的选择提供了可靠依据。     

髌骨的生物力学研究进展

髌骨的生物力学是近年来研究的热点之一，髌股关节之间的运动十分复杂，对合不良被认为和膝前痛密切相关。作者从髌骨在伸膝机制中的作用、髌骨软骨的特性与髌股关节活动的匹配性、髌股关节面在伸屈膝过程中的接触区域变化、髌股关节作用力和压应力、髌骨的运动轨迹五个方面阐述近年来的一些研究进展，并分析了一些问题、挑战和前景。     

保留和置换髌骨对全膝关节置换术中髌股关节轨迹不良临床效果的影响

目的探讨保留和置换髌骨对全膝关节置换术(TKA)中髌股关节轨迹不良术后的临床效果和影像学评价的影响。方法回顾性分析78例(80膝)TKA中髌股关节轨迹不良患者:保留髌骨组40例(41膝):保留髌骨进行TKA手术。置换髌骨组38例(39膝):置换髌骨,其余TKA手术操作相同。比较两组术后HSS评分、髌骨FELLER评分及影像学评价。结果术后随访时间23~132个月,平均64.2个月。两组数据HSS功能、髌骨FELLER评分手术前后对比有明显提高,而两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。影像学评价:膝关节侧位片两组Caton Index指数没有明显变化=1.47(P0.05)、屈膝45°Knutsson髌骨轴位X线片髌股指数置换髌骨组优于保留髌骨组=2.65(P0.05),CT扫描外侧髌骨移位=3.12和髌骨倾斜角=3.39,置换髌骨组较保留髌骨组改善(P0.05),两组比较差异有统计学意义。结论对于髌股关节轨迹不良患者,恰当选择置换髌骨进行膝关节置换可改善髌股轨迹,进一步减少髌股关节并发症,提高人工膝关节置换的疗效。     

髌骨外侧关节面截骨对全膝关节置换术后膝前痛的影响

目的 探讨髌骨外侧关节面截骨对全膝关节置换术(TKA)术后膝前痛的影响。方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院2015年3月-2018年6月528例接受TKA患者的临床资料,其中男96例、女432例,年龄54~83(68.27±7.29)岁。术中行单纯髌骨周围骨赘清除274例(骨赘清除组),行髌骨外侧关节面截骨254例(关节面截骨组)。比较两组患者年龄、性别、BMI、手术时间及髋膝踝角等基线资料,比较术前与术后髌骨倾斜角、Blackburen-Peel(BP)指数、外侧髌骨角、髌股指数,以及术后6个月美国膝关节协会评分(KSS)、膝关节活动度及膝前痛的发生率。结果 两组患者基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。骨赘清除组和关节面截骨组比较,术前髌骨倾斜角、BP指数、外侧髌骨角及髌股指数的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05),术后1个月髌骨倾斜角(15.00°±1.70°与13.88°±2.87°)、外侧髌股角(6.80°±4.94°与10.72°±4.37°)、髌股指数(2.02±0.43与1.56±0.46)差异均有统计学意义(t=5.324、9.672、11.995, P值均＜0.01)。术前与术后1个月两组患者BP指数组内比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);骨赘清除组术前与术后1个月髌骨倾斜角、外侧髌股角及髌股指数差异均有统计学意义(t=2.917、4.861、12.244, P值均＜0.05),关节面截骨组外侧髌骨角(8.02°±3.88°和10.72°±4.37°)差异有统计学意义(t=8.928, P＜0.05)。两组患者术后6个月KSS及膝关节活动度均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05),但两组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。关节面截骨组患者术后6个月膝前痛的发生率为0.8%(2/254),低于骨赘清除组(5.5%,15/274),差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.995,P＜0.05)。结论 TKA术中髌骨外侧关节面截骨可以在影像学上有效减少髌骨的倾斜角度,改善膝关节术后功能,减少术后膝前痛的发生率。     

正常髌骨厚度的测量及临床意义探讨

目的制定髌骨置换术中更适合国人的髌骨截骨原则,为国人髌骨假体的设计提供形态学依据。方法对60例(120侧)国人尸体髌骨的厚度进行测量并予以统计学分析。结果国人髌骨厚度(23.12±0.16)mm。结论国人髌骨平均厚度要小于外国人髌骨的平均厚度且髌骨软骨关节面最低凹处的厚度常常只有13～14mm,在使用进口假体时若按国外的手术原则保留髌骨骨床15mm并不适合我国国情。要保证髌骨置换术中完全清除髌骨软骨面且术后保留髌骨原有的厚度,则术中保留髌骨骨床厚度为12mm较为理想,但置换后的髌骨力学性能和置换术后的远期效果仍需随访观察并做进一步研究。     

自体半腱肌肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带治疗不伴有骨性畸形的复发性髌骨脱位

目的 探讨自体半腱肌肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗不伴有骨性畸形的复发性髌骨脱位的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2015年6月—2017年12月芜湖市中医院采用自体半腱肌肌腱双束解剖重建MPFL的12例不伴有骨性畸形的复发性髌骨脱位患者的临床资料,其中男2例、女10例,年龄14～46(27.75±10.14)岁。所有患者术中髌骨侧采用2枚带线锚钉固定移植物,关节镜下调节张力后股骨侧采用界面挤压螺钉固定移植物。术后定期进行随访,主观评价髌股关节摩擦感、髌骨异常活动、髌骨外推试验及外推恐惧试验、膝关节活动度、肌力检测,影像学(X线片及CT)评估测量骨道位置,采用Lysholm、Tegner和Kujala主观评分评价手术前后膝关节功能。结果 12例患者手术均顺利,术后随访12～24个月,平均13.5个月。术后均无髌骨再脱位、髌骨错动,0°位和屈膝30°位髌骨外推试验和外推恐惧试验均为阴性。Lysholm评分术前为(66.00±4.71)分、末次随访为(92.67±3.23)分,Tegner评分术前为(3.33±0.89)分、末次随访为(5.33±0.78)分,Kujala主观评分术前为(53.67±3.23)分、末次随访为(91.50±2.68)分,差异均有统计学意义(t=16.248、32.176、89.350, P值均＜0.01)。结论 对于不伴有骨性畸形的复发性髌骨脱位的患者,自体半腱肌肌腱双束解剖重建MPFL,是一种安全、有效、可靠的治疗方法,能够获得满意的临床效果。     

人工全膝关节置换术中髌股关节轨迹不良的处理策略及疗效

目的　总结人工全膝关节置换（total knee arthroplasty,TKA）术中,纠正髌股关节轨迹不良的方法及效果。 方法　2012年6月-2014 年12 月,对52例58膝TKA术中出现髌骨向外侧脱位倾向髌股关节轨迹不良的患者,针对发生原因,通过单纯调整髌骨内、外侧支持带张力,髌骨修整成形或调整胫骨假体位置等方法,或者联合应用上述两种或两种以上方法进行纠正。 结果 术中无拇指试验髌股关节轨迹恢复正常,术后髌骨未出现向外脱位倾向。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,2例因外翻明显,术中外侧支持带松解范围较大,术后出现关节积血,经对症处理后好转,无其他并发症发生。所有患者术后均获随访,随访时间 17-47个月,平均32个月。膝关节内、外翻畸形均获得矫正,4例残留 5-10°(平均8°）左右的屈曲畸形。随访末期KSS评分78-89分,平均84分,膝关节KSS功能评分为82-91分,平均86分。术后至随访期末X线片均显示人工关节位置正常,无松动及感染迹象。 结论 TKA术中出现髌股关节轨迹不良时,通过单纯调整髌骨内、外侧支持带张力,髌骨修整成形或调整胫骨假体等方法,或者联合应用上述两种或两种以上方法等进行调整,是处理髌股轨迹不良的有效方法,有利于术后膝关节的功能恢复。     

初次全膝关节表面置换后的低位髌骨

背景:全膝关节表面置换后有关髌股关节问题的并发症高达39%,而造成置换后髌股关节并发症的原因很多,其中低位髌骨是引起髌股关节并发症的原因之一,但是常被临床医生忽视。目的:分析初次全膝关节表面置换后导致髌股关节并发症的原因之一髌骨低位的发生机制。方法:回顾性分析2003-07/2009-01河北医科大学第三医院关节骨科行初次全膝关节表面置换患者78例85膝临床资料。按照HSS膝关节评分将病例分成两组,高分组和低分组。将两组置换前后膝关节X射线片对照,应用Insall-salvati法测量髌骨的高度,并利用Hofmann方法测量关节线的位置变化。运用Logistic回归分析方法分析低位髌骨与Insall-salvati指数及关节线变化的相关性。结果与结论:高分组59膝未发生低位髌骨;低分组26膝中23膝发生不同程度的髌骨低位,其中6膝Insall-salvati指数为1.1±0.1,17膝关节线上移(7.0±2.3)mm。Logistic回归分析结果显示低位髌骨发生与Insall-salvati指数和关节线的上移有一定关系。提示初次全膝表面置换后髌骨下移的发生是由于胫骨聚已烯垫的厚度大于截骨的厚度即关节线上移和髌韧带的挛缩引起的。因此在初次全膝关节表面置换中要最大程度恢复原有的膝关节线位置,并加强早期的膝关节功能锻炼,以尽快恢复膝关节的活动度,防止髌韧带的挛缩。     

全膝关节置换过程中髌股关节轨迹不良的处理

背景：人工全膝关节置换后膝前痛的主要原因是髌股关节并发症。 目的：探讨全膝关节置换过程中髌股关节轨迹不良的处理方法。 方法：31例32膝在全膝关节置换过程中出现髌股关节轨迹不良,均为女性,年龄53-85岁,平均68.5岁,病程8-25年,平均22.3年,其中骨性关节炎27例28膝,类风湿性关节炎4例4膝。膝外翻角12°-32°,平均20°;Q角为13°-23°,平均16°。采用正确截骨,调整假体位置,髌骨内外侧软组织平衡,或加行Goldthwait-Roux术进行纠正。 结果与结论：随访时间12-120个月。膝关节平均活动度数(98.2±10.3)°。KSS评分从置换前平均35分提高到置换后平均81分;KSS功能评分从置换前平均34分提高到置换后平均83分。置换后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,未发生皮肤坏死、切口感染等并发症。屈膝45° Knutsson髌骨轴位X射线片检查无髌骨倾斜、半脱位或脱位。结果说明在全膝关节置换过程中出现髌股关节轨迹不良时采用稳定性假体,正确截骨及调整假体位置,髌骨内外侧软组织平衡,或加行Goldthwait-Roux术,可取得比较满意的疗效。     

保留髌骨膝关节置换的症状及影像学评价

背景：膝关节置换中是否置换髌骨是一个持续争论的话题。 目的：侧重评价保留髌骨膝关节置换后髌骨的影像学稳定性和症状改善。 方法：对39例(48膝)骨关节炎及类风湿性关节炎患者行保留髌骨的全膝关节置换。 结果与结论：术中记录髌骨软骨退变分级Ⅲ级和IV级达36膝,占75%,置换后HSS评分及FELLER髌骨评分较置换前明显改善,明显膝前痛病例为5例,占10%,其髌骨病理分级均达到Ⅳ级。保留髌骨膝关节置换前后影像学评价髌股关节的对线差异无显著性意义,下肢力线校正满意。提示对于置换前髌股轨迹不良、术中软骨病理分级较低者应该进行选择性的髌骨置换,恰当选择病例采用保留髌骨的膝关节置换可减少髌股关节并发症,置换前仔细评估,综合考虑多种因素操作可进一步改善髌股轨迹。     

Does total contact of the patella with the femoral trochlea during no thumb test significantly reduce anterior knee pain?

BackgroundComplications such as anterior knee pain (AKP) and crepitus continue to be causes of dissatisfaction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This prospective study aimed to study the significance of total patellar contact with the femoral trochlea of the implant, with the no thumb test during trial reduction, and its effect on reducing AKP.MethodsBetween 2014 and 2016, 445 patellofemoral joints (M:F 126:319, age 45–80 years) and their contact with the trochlea of the femoral component were graded at trial reduction without lateral retinaculum release (Grades I, Ia, II, III based on existing publications). The aim was to restore all patellae to pre-operative thickness. Posterior stabilized implants with a domed patella were used in all cases. The Knee Society Score (KSS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score were noted at follow up between 12 and 24 months after surgery.ResultsAKP was significantly lower with 100% patellofemoral contact. The KSS and VAS had statistically significant P-values of 0.021 and 0.025 in Grade I and Ia contact, respectively. Better results were achieved where patellar thickness was restored in Grades I and Ia with P-values of 0.041 and 0.046 for VAS change and 0.038 and 0.044 for KSS change, respectively.ConclusionAt follow up, superior results were obtained where there was a complete patellofemoral contact at trial reduction in Grade I and Grade Ia, and when other confounding factors such as patellar thickness and normal rotation of the femoral and tibial components were standardized. To minimize AKP it is imperative to have total patellar contact with the femoral trochlea.     

Long-term results of primary total knee arthroplasty with and without patellar resurfacing

Among patients that underwent total knee arthroplasty from June, 1990 to January, 1999, 61 cases (44 patients) that could be followed for more than 10 years were included in this study. The patients were divided into a patellar retention group and a patellar resurfacing group, and were compared with regard to their clinical and radiological outcomes. In patients undergoing primary TKA, a selective patellar resurfacing protocol was used. The indications for patellar retention were a small patella, nearly normal articular cartilage, minimal preoperative patellofemoral pain, poor patellar bone quality, and young patient age. When patellar retention was performed, osteophytes of the patella were removed and marginal electrocauterization was carried out. There were 25 cases (20 patients) in the patellar retention group and 36 cases (29 patients) in the patellar resurfacing group. The mean follow-up period was 140.7 months in the patellar retention group and 149.0 months in the patellar resurfacing group. The selective patellar resurfacing with total knee arthroplasty had a favorable outcome;there were a significant difference noted between the 2 groups in the functional scores, which showed better outcomes in the patellar resurfacing group than in the patellar retention group.     

全膝关节置换中是否需要髌骨置换

背景：全膝关节置换中髌骨置换与否一直存在争议。 目的：对临床全膝关节置换中是否进行髌骨置换进行对比观察。 方法：随机选取2009年7月至2012年4月在盐城市第一人民医院膝关节骨性关节炎患者56例,共60膝,按全膝关节置换时是否进行髌骨置换分为髌骨置换组和髌骨未置换组。 结果与结论：全膝关节置换3个月后,髌骨置换组患者在膝关节功能评定量表评分、髌骨评分、活动度和Q角与髌骨未置换组比明显降低(P < 0.05),而膝前痛评分和膝外翻角与髌骨未置换组患者的差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示全膝关节置换中合理进行髌骨处理可有效改善髌股关节运动轨迹,明显降低髌骨并发症。对于髌股关节匹配及力线良好的患者保留髌骨可提高关节的功能恢复,在全膝关节置换中进行髌骨置换较髌骨不置换总体效果好。     

全膝关节置换后关节线变化对髌股关节生物力学的影响

BACKGROUND: In addition to infection, the reasons for total knee arthroplasty revision are polyethylene liner wear and prosthesis loosening. The impact of joint line height on patellofemoral biomechanics was inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of joint line changes after total knee arthroplasty on patellofemoral joint biomechanics. METHODS: Three-dimensional finite element models were established after total knee arthroplasty. The impact of different joint line height on quadriceps tensile force, patella tendon tension, and patellofemoral joint forces was calculated at range of flexion of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) At knee flexion of 0°, the height of the joint line in -3 mm-4.5 mm did not have great impacts on quadriceps tensile force, patella tendon tension and patellofemoral joint forces. (2) At knee flexion of 30°-90°, the height of the joint line below 3 mm did not have great impacts on quadriceps tensile force, patella tendon tension and patellofemoral joint forces. The height of the joint line more than 3 mm had obvious impacts on quadriceps tensile force, patella tendon tension and patellofemoral joint forces. (3) It was recommended that the height of joint line in total knee arthroplasty was preferably controlled within 3 mm.      

全膝关节置换过程中的假体旋转对位

背景：在全膝关节置换过程中对假体旋转对位争论的焦点目前仍集中在旋转对位的参照地标如何设定。 目的：综述全膝关节置换手术中假体旋转对位的相关临床和基础研究进展。 方法：广泛查阅全膝关节置换手术中假体旋转对位的解剖定位标志、定位方法、旋转对位的匹配、手术精确度等临床上遇到的相关文献。 结果与结论：许多研究表明,旋转对位不良,会导致膝前痛,胫股骨和髌股关节间的稳定性失衡,髌骨的运动轨迹失调,步态异常,胫骨侧聚乙烯平台的磨损加速,假体过早松动,出现关节半脱位和脱位,甚至需进一步手术翻修等问题。术中胫股骨侧假体的旋转对位时要综合利用所获得的各种信息,个别校正,必要时结合置换前的CT扫描来进行,以改善全膝关节置换疗效和远期生存率。     

Vascular anatomy of the patella: Implications for total knee arthroplasty surgical approaches

BackgroundIatrogenic disruption of the patellar vascular supply has been identified as a possible contributing factor to the commonly reported patellofemoral complications following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We performed an anatomic cadaveric study evaluating the extra-osseous vascular anatomy of the patella, and correlated our findings to routine TKA surgical dissection to determine how to better preserve patellar vascularity.Methods and materialsIn twenty-one cadaveric knees arterial cannulas were placed proximally and distally to the patella. A polyurethane compound was then injected producing a visible arterial network. Specimens underwent gross dissection.ResultsIn all 21 specimens, the supreme genicular (SGA), medial/lateral superior genicular (MSGA/LSGA), medial/lateral inferior genicular and anterior tibial recurrent arteries communicate forming a peripatellar anastomotic ring supplying the intraosseous patellar system. Both the SGA (24%) and MSGA (76%) demonstrated dual medial ring contribution. Relating the arterial location to common TKA exposures suggested severe compromise of patellar vascularity.ConclusionThe medial sided vessels seem to contribute more significantly to the peripatellar anastomotic ring when compared to the lateral sided vessels. Careful soft tissue management has the potential to preserve key vascular structures that could maintain the intraosseous vascular supply to the patella. Understanding the anatomic locations of major arterial systems around the knee joint can potentially help during hemostasis, and can minimize blood loss during TKA.Clinical relevanceRecognition of major arterial systems around the knee joint has the potential to minimize iatrogenic disruption of the vascular supply and the complications that can follow (patella devascularization and blood lost).     

髌骨成形术对类风湿关节炎全膝关节置换术后髌骨轨迹和膝前痛的影响

分析全膝关节置换术（total knee arthroplastv,TKA）保留髌骨并行髌骨成形术后对膝前区疼痛及髌骨运动轨迹影响的疗效,为临床治疗提供参考。2007年1月~2011年1月,共随访类风湿关节炎保留髌骨全膝关节置换术患者226例383膝,其中男51例,女175例,年龄34~85岁。所有患者膝关节评分采用美国HSS评分系统,髌骨评分采用Feller等评分标准,随访时调查膝前痛,拍摄膝关节正、侧及髌骨90度轴位X射片。髌骨成形术：去除髌骨周围所有骨赘,磨平边缘,修整髌骨至Wiberg分型II型,用电刀切除髌骨周围软组织,试模复位后无拇指试验no thumb test阳性者松解髌骨支持带。结果显示患者术前、术后的HSS评分、髌骨评分、膝前痛评分、髌骨功能评分差异均有显著意义（P〈0.01）。类风湿关节炎保留髌骨的全膝关节置换术,术中对髌骨进行髌骨成形术处理,使髌骨形态恢复至Wiberg分型II型,术后髌骨运动轨迹良好,膝前痛的发生率低,术后疗效可靠。     

单半径假体对全膝关节置换术后伸膝装置功能的影响

目的 探讨单半径全膝关节假体全膝关节置换术(TKA)对患者伸膝装置功能改善的影响以及临床疗效。方法 采用回顾性队列研究方法。纳入同济大学附属东方医院关节外科2012年6月—2015年1月收治的60例中、重膝骨关节炎患者的临床资料,其中女50例、男10例,年龄53～79岁。60例患者均行TKA治疗,其中使用单半径假体(Triathlon假体)30例(30 膝)为观察组,使用多半径假体(Nexgen假体)30例为对照组。通过比较两组患者术前与术后3个月通髁线至髌骨中心距离的增加值,评估伸膝装置功能;在术后6周、3个月、6个月、1年、2年,通过比较两组患者美国膝关节协会评分(AKSS)和膝关节伸直后段(屈曲前段)疼痛发生率,评价手术疗效。结果 两组患者手术均顺利完成;术后随访3~5(4.2 ±1.2)年,均无感染、深静脉血栓、假体松动及假体周围骨折等并发症发生。观察组术后3个月通髁线至髌骨中心距离较术前增加(3.30±4.08)mm、对照组增加(1.58±2.64)mm,术后6周、3个月、6个月、1年、2年各时间点观察组AKSS评分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05),膝关节伸直后段(屈曲前段)膝前痛发生率均较对照组有下降趋势,但差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。结论 单半径膝关节假体TKA治疗中、重度骨关节炎近期临床疗效可靠,术后伸膝装置功能改善,建议临床推广应用。