广州地铁站空气微生物污染状况研究

目的:了解广州地铁站空气微生物污染状况,为广州市环境保护及卫生防疫提供参考依据.方法:采用JWL-IIB固体撞击式空气微生物检测仪对广州公园前和体育西路地铁站的空气微生物进行了监测.结果:公园前地铁站空气微生物月平均含量为2348 cfu/m3,其中细菌含量为1399 cfu/m3,真菌含量为949 cfu/m3;体育西路地铁站空气微生物月平均含量为834 cfu/m3,其中细菌含量为626 cfu/m3,真菌含量为208 cfu/m3.细菌以革兰阳性球菌和革兰阳性杆菌为主,真菌主要为曲霉属、青霉属菌和交链孢霉.结论:按照室内外空气微生物污染评价标准划分,公园前地铁站空气质量为较清洁(II级),体育西路地铁站空气质量达到清洁水平(I级),总体上广州地铁站空气微生物质量较好.     

东莞市空气微生物污染状况研究

目的：了解东莞市主要公共场所空气微生物的污染状况。方法：用JWL-IIB新型固体撞击式多功能空气微生物监测仪于2006年1月～12月每季度中下旬对东莞市5个功能不同的公共场所进行空气微生物监测。每季度1次,采样高度为距地面1.0 m处。结果：5个监测点空气细菌、真菌和微生物总数含量（cfu/m^3）分别为常平汽车站候车厅（5650,960,6680）、常平汽车站出口（5780,1210,6990）、市场二街居民区（3660,1270,4930）、木抡工业区（4410,1190,5600）、常平步行街（3660,400,4930）。细菌和真菌含量（cfu/m^3）的季节变化分别为春（4450）〉夏（4120）〉冬（3920）〉秋（3760）和夏（1590）〉春（880）〉冬（850）〉秋（710）。细菌以革兰阳性菌为主,其中芽孢杆菌（44.44%）和葡萄球菌（27.78%）占多数;真菌以青霉（30.77%）和曲霉（30.78%）为主。结论：东莞市5个监测点只有常平步行街空气细菌含量小于2500 cfu/m^3,属于较清洁级（Ⅱ）,其余监测点空气细菌、真菌和总数达到轻微污染和污染级（Ⅲ和Ⅳ）。     

九江市空气微生物动态变化监测

目的 了解九江市空气微生物动态变化特征。方法于1998年7月(夏)和10月(秋)、1999年1月(冬)和4月(春)选择九江市有代表性的工业区、郊区、文化商业居住区、居民区、工业商业交通混合区、火车站地区进行空气微生物监测。结果 九江市不同功能分区空气微生物菌落数分别为工业商业交通混合区：1948cfu/m^3;工业区：1613cfu／m^3；文化商业居住区：1434cfu/m^3；居民区：1358cfu/m^3；火车站：1170cfu/m^3；郊区：552cfu/m^3。季节变化为夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季。每日不同时段的变化为11：00＞15：00＞23：00＞7：00＞19：00＞3：00。结论 九江市空气微生物菌落数的高峰出现在工业商业交通混合区的夏季，每日只出现1次高峰。     

合肥城区空气微生物分布特征初步研究

目的 了解合肥市空气微生物群落结构和分布特征.方法 采用自然沉降法对合肥市10个采样点进行空气微生物监测.结果 合肥城区空气细菌总数均值为5.04×104cfu/m3,真菌总数均值为3.75×103cfu/m3,合计为5.41×104cfu/m3,其中真菌占6.92%;对不同采样点的空气细菌和真菌进行了初步鉴定,优势细菌属为微球菌属(Micrococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus),分别占总细菌的37.3%,21.0%,10.3%,9.5%;真菌共检出5属,其中优势菌属为曲霉属(Aspergillum)、青霉属(Penicillium)、毛霉属(Mucor)、根霉属(Rhizopus),分别占总真菌的42.0%,36.0%,4.4%,4.2%.结论 合肥城区空气微生物的分布不仅与环境因素、污染因子有关,还受到人类活动、动植物等因素的影响.     

部队地下医院微生物监测与评价

目的：调查部队地下医院微生物状况，为采取预防措施提供依据。方法：用撞击法监测空气细菌总数及真菌浓度，用棉拭子法监测物体表面真菌浓度，根据真菌菌落形态特征及镜下结构进行菌种鉴定。结果：空气细菌总数平均3195cfu/m^3，真菌浓度平均18046cfu/m^3，木床架及床垫表面真菌浓度分别为27840cfu/m^3及104960cfu/m^3。结论：空气细菌总数高于人防工程地下医院卫生标准，空气真菌污染严重，主要污染源为陈旧木床架及床垫表面生长繁殖大量真菌所致。     

嘉兴市城区空气微生物污染状况调查

目的 观察嘉兴市城区空气微生物污染状况。方法 于2002年9月30日-10月29日在嘉兴市中心某采样点进行为期30天的空气采样，每天3次，采样高度为距地面1.5m处。用中国科学院生态中心推荐使用的空气微生物评价标准评价空气微生物污染状况。结果 空气细菌和霉菌计数分别为568-4630cfu/m^3和507-5347cfu/m^3，分别占空气微生物总数的47．4％和52．6％。霉菌包括耐高渗透压霉菌(37.9％)和马丁霉菌(14.7％)。细菌的优势菌株为芽胞杆菌(37.6％)和葡萄球菌(36．4％)，耐高渗透压霉菌和马丁霉菌的优势菌株均为青霉属(62．5％、61％)。细菌以G^ 菌为主(占77．8％)。空气样本中，耐高渗透压霉菌和马丁霉菌含量达污染级以上分别为66．7％和20％。结论 嘉兴市城区空气微生物污染尤其是霉菌的污染较重。     

对坑道空气真菌浓度参考标准(平时)建议的探讨

目的：根据不同场所真菌浓度检测,结合坑道调查情况,提出坑道空气真菌浓度参考标准（平时）的建议。为坑道及人防工事等特殊环境的空气质量评定及卫生保障提供参考。方法：对11个不同场所,用撞击法和沉降法检测空气细菌总数和真菌数,同时检测微小气候。结果：11个不同场所空气细菌总数撞击法平均2 062 cfu/m^3,沉降法平均21.7 cfu/皿。真菌数撞击法平均479 cfu/m^3,沉降法平均5.0 cfu/皿。两种监测方法细菌与真菌平均比值为4.3：1。结论：建议坑道空气真菌浓度参考标准（平时）撞击法为≤1 000 cfu/m^3,沉降法为≤10 cfu/皿。     

卫生坑道的环境卫生质量分析

对华北某部卫生坑道进行卫生质量调查，平均气温9．45℃，气湿33．9％，用离心法及沉降法同时检测空气细菌总数分别为3800cfu/m^3及3700cfu/m^3，真菌数为4100cfu/m^3及4400cfu/m^3，与对照组比较均存在非常显性差异（R＜0．01），真菌以青霉，曲霉占优势，为56．6％，坑道内有2个水库储有饮用水，灌水时投入大量漂白粉，经20多年后检测，游离余氯分别为50mg/L及52mg/L，储水除有极强氯气味外，其他感官性状及化学指标均未超过卫生标准。     

洛阳市冬季空气微生物调查

为了解洛阳市冬季空气微生物污染状况,笔者于2004年12月-2005年2月对洛阳市空气微生物进行了采样.依据洛阳市区东西长、南北短的特点,沿洛阳市由西向东的交通干线,选取了7个功能区[文教区、工业区、商业区、商业交通混合区(简称商交混合区)、交通区、休闲区、生活区],共15个室外监测点,采用自然沉降法进行空气微生物(包括细菌、放线菌、真菌)采样测定,每种微生物采两个平行样.     

黄山森林景区空气微生物含量及变化规律

目的了解黄山森林景区空气微生物含量及其分布特点。方法于2002年4月-2003年1月在黄山森林景区选取19个测定点,在合H巴市区选取4个测定点,采用自然沉降法进行空气细菌和真菌含量监测,并测定空气负离子浓度。结果夏季黄山森林景区空气细菌总数均值为（503±461）cfu／m^3,空气真菌总数均值为（550±233）cfu／m^3。夏季空气中细菌总数与海拔高度呈负相关,相关系数为-0.580（P〈0.05）;真菌总数与海拔高度呈负相关,相关系数为-0.345（P〈0.05）。黄山森林景区一年中大气微生物含量夏季最高,冬季最低。夏季温泉景区大气细菌和真菌的沉降量一日内有2个高峰,细菌在10：00和22：00左右,真菌在7：00和19：00左右,并均在13：00呈现一个低谷。空气细菌总数与负离子数成负相关,相关系数为-0.484（P〈0.05）;真菌总数与负离子数呈负相关,相关系数为-0.855（P〈0.05）。合肥市区各测定点卒气细菌总数和微生物总数均高于黄山森林景区（除西大门外）。结论黄山森林景区空气微生物含量属清洁级。空气细菌和真菌总数随负离子数增多和海拔高度增加而减少。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.