小儿气管异物取出术的麻醉处理

目的 探讨小儿气管异物取出术的麻醉方式及如何增加麻醉安全性。方法 回顾性分析43例气管内异物取出术的麻醉处理过程。结果 所有病例均能满足术者要求：下颌松弛、安静、少动。术中HR、SpO2基本平稳，术中气管痉挛、屏气发生率较低。术后苏醒较快。未见严重并发症。术后恢复顺利。结论 小儿气管异物取出术麻醉风险高，要尽量完善术前准备。术前给予足量阿托品，可减少气道分泌物，防止心率剧降。用氯胺酮、咪唑安定、羟丁酸纳复合麻醉，可保留患儿自主呼吸，松弛下颌，方便术者操作，又可达到一定麻醉深度。在此基础上再对咽喉、会厌、(支)气管实施表面麻醉，可进一步抑制因刺激气道引发的不良反应。术中应使用糖皮质激素，以减轻水肿。并密切配合，及时处理术中危急情况。     

急诊小儿支气管镜检异物取出术的麻醉处理

目的 探讨急诊小儿支气管镜检取异物时,在无高频通气条件下应用咪达唑仑、异丙酚复合γ-羟基丁酸钠静脉全麻下辅以表面麻醉的可行性与安全性.方法 肌注东莨菪碱0.01 mg/kg、咪达唑仑0.2 mg/kg,面罩给氧,镜检前先缓慢静注γ-羟基丁酸钠60～80 mg/kg,予以吸氧5～10 min后,再缓慢静注异丙酚1.5～2 mg/kg,并在置镜前以1%丁卡因行咽喉及气管内黏膜表面麻醉,置镜后视情况按1～1.5 mg/kg追加异丙酚,术中自气管镜侧孔持续给氧2～4 L/min.结果 麻醉后患儿SpO2回升,HR减慢(P＜0.05),缺氧改善;置镜后SBP、DBP升高,HR增快,但变化幅度均未超过30%,SpO2≥95%.28例顺利取出异物,无任何严重并发症,术后清醒时间为30.2±24.5 min.结论 应用咪达唑作者单位:448000 湖北省荆门市第二人民医院麻醉科仑、异丙酚复合γ-羟基丁酸钠静脉全麻下辅以表面麻醉,在无高频通气条件下行小儿支气管异物取出,效果好,简便、安全可行.     

西宁地区小儿气管异物取出术的麻醉体会

小儿气管异物多发生于幼儿时期，病情急重，需要紧急救治。我院地处西宁地区，海拔2261m，气压15．7kPa，O2浓度只有平原75％的低氧环境下。然而抢救这种在严重缺氧状态下的患儿，风险与机会并存。本文总结45例小儿气管异物取出术麻醉处理的体会总结如下。     

气管异物取出术48例用药体会

气管、支气管异物系指声门裂以下的呼吸道内异物 ,约80 %发生在 5岁以下的儿童。应用支气管镜取异物是常用的手术方法。在赞比亚工作期间我们使用氯胺酮和氟烷静吸复合麻醉 ,效果较好 ,与使用氯胺酮、安定麻醉作统计对照分析 ,现报告如下。资料与方法一、一般资料　 48例患儿均为 1999～ 2 0 0 0年在赞比亚恩都拉中心医院就诊者 ,年龄 2～ 8岁 ,体重 9～ 2 5ｋｇ ,随机分为Ａ组 2 8例 ,Ｂ组 2 0例。二、方法　入手术室前常规氯胺酮 4ｍｇ/ｋｇ ,阿托品0 .0 2ｍｇ/ｋｇ肌肉注射。 1.Ａ组麻醉诱导面罩吸入氟烷 (蒸发器刻度 1%～ 2 % ) ,氧气 (…     

婴幼儿呼吸道异物取出术麻醉方法的临床分析

目的比较不同麻醉方法用于婴幼儿呼吸道异物取出术的效果,探讨适宜的麻醉方法。方法婴幼儿呼吸道异物取出术486例,按麻醉方法分为三组,Ⅰ组为r-OH组(160例)施行r-OH、氯胺酮和力月西复合麻醉,保留自主呼吸;Ⅱ组为异丙酚组(162例)予以异丙酚、氯胺酮、力月西复合麻醉,亦保持自主呼吸;Ⅲ组则以阿曲库铵取代r-OH或异丙酚(164例),术中行人工通气。观察并记录三组患儿麻醉时间、手术时间及苏醒时间,统计三组的置镜满意率、并发症发生率。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ组患儿麻醉手术时间、置镜满意率及并发症发生率无显著性差异穴P>0.05雪,Ⅲ组与Ⅰ、Ⅱ组比较,麻醉、手术及苏醒时间均明显缩短,置镜满意率明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组穴P<0.05雪,并发症发生率明显低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组穴P<0.05雪。结论婴幼儿呼吸道异物取出术麻醉中使用肌松剂阿曲库铵,能显著抑制不良反射,保证氧供充分、肌松良好,方便操作,效果满意。     

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉在小儿气管异物取出术中的应用

目的研究瑞芬太尼在小儿气管异物取出术麻醉中的临床效果及安全性。方法选择美国麻醉学会制定的I～II级标准、年龄2～4岁、行气管异物取出术小儿40例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组20例。观察组静脉注射丙泊酚3mg/kg诱导麻醉,术中维持丙泊酚1.5mg/(kg.h)微泵注入及瑞芬太尼0.05μg/(kg.min)持续泵注。对照组静脉注射γ-羟丁酸钠90mg/kg诱导麻醉,术中麻醉深度不足时分次静注氯胺酮1.5mg/kg至麻醉满意,并根据手术需要分次追加氯胺酮1mg/kg。记录诱导前(T0),插支气管镜后(T1),拔支气管镜时(T2),清醒时(T3)各时间收缩压、舒张压、心率及动脉血氧饱和度。观察两组苏醒时间,对比两组患儿拔管后上呼吸道梗阻或屏气、苏醒期躁动、术后恶心呕吐的发生率。结果两组T1与T2时血流动力学变化比较,舒张压差异无显著性(P>0.05),其他血流动力学指标变化差异有显著性(P<0.05);观察组患儿气管异物取出术中血流动力学相对平稳,而对照组患儿血流动力学变化较大。瑞芬太尼起效迅速,恶心呕吐、苏醒期躁动、支气管痉挛和术后舌后坠的发生较对照组少,苏醒时间短,而且苏醒效果佳,与对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚复合静脉麻醉可安全有效地用于小儿气管异物取出术,并具有血流动力学稳定、手术麻醉患儿苏醒时间短和苏醒质量高的优点。     

纤维支气管镜对气管-支气管异物的诊治作用

小儿气管 支气管异物是儿科急症之一 ,处理不及时 ,往往预后较差。为提高对小儿气管 支气管异物的诊治水平 ,现将我院用纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )诊治的小儿气管 支气管异物 2 4例报告如下。资料与方法一、一般资料　本组 2 4例为 1996年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 12月收治的患儿 ,男 16例 ,女 8例 ,年龄 5～ 14岁。病程 2ｈ～ 3年。以异物吸入为主诉 14例 ,反复咳嗽、咳痰或喘息 5例 ,咯血 3例 ,胸痛 2例。其中 2例术后回忆曾有异物吸入史或呛咳症状。二、术前准备　术前常规行胸透或胸片检查 ,条件允许者行胸部ＣＴ检查 ,以明确异物的大小和位置。根…     

小儿气管异物294例临床分析

目的 探讨小儿气管异物临床诊断中存在的问题.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2008年12月间我科收治的294例气管异物患儿的临床资料.结果 在全部病例中,有22例入院诊断与出院诊断不符,占7.5%,129例患儿在入我科前有抗炎治疗史,占43.9%.结论 对家长及看护者的健康教育、首诊医生详实的病史询问、必要的相关检查及检查结果的诊断准确性是使气管异物患儿获得及时有效治疗的关键.     

硬性支气管镜在婴幼儿食管异物取出术中的应用

目的：探讨硬性支气管镜在婴幼儿食管异物取出术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我们采用硬性支气管镜实施食管异物取出术的13例患儿临床资料。结果13例年龄小于1岁的食管异物患儿均在全麻下经硬性支气管镜成功取出异物。结论对于婴幼儿食管异物的诊治,硬性支气管镜是一种清晰度高、安全、适宜的工具,值得在临床上推广。     

Tracheobronchial foreign bodies

Ojective : Foreign body inhalation is an extremely serious problem in children and sometimes result in sudden death. The current mortality rate from foreign body inhalation is between 0% and 1.8% according to various studies. In spite of this, undiagnosed and unsuspected foreign bodies still occur in the airway.dMethods : Pediatric patients with documented foreign body inhalation, treated in the Department of Pediatrics, Bapuji Hospital, JJM Medical College during 1997-2000 are included in the analysis. Children with or without positive history of aspiration were examined and the diagnosis was made on the basis of history, clinical findings, radilogic evaluation and strong index of suspicion in those children where reasonable appropriate treatment failed to resolve the respiratory symptoms. Bronchoscopy was performed for a suspected foreign body on 165 children.Result : A review of 165 pediatric cases of suspected foreign body aspiration revealed, children between 1 and 3 years were found to be very vulnerable for aspiration. Majority of children were boys. Over 70% of the patients had positive history of inhalation. Only 60% of the patients presented immediately, that is within 24 hours after aspiration. Common symptoms were cough and respiratory distress. Physical examination showed abnormal finding in 91% of cases. Decreased air entry was the significant clinical sign. Obstructive emphysema was found in majority of the cases (49.5%). Rigid bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia was the preferred method for removal of aspirated foreign body. In 65 (61.9%) cases foreign body was lodged in the right main bronchus and majority of these were organic in nature, that is 96(91.43%).Conclusion : Tracheobronchial foreign bodies should be strongly suspected in pediatric age group who present with a suggestive history, even when physical and radiographie evidence is absent. The modalities of diagnosis, management and outcome are discussed.     

儿童支气管镜术的并发症及其防治

随着儿科支气管镜诊疗技术在临床的广泛应用,造成的不良反应和并发症也相应增加.为了更好地开展儿科支气管镜技术,提高临床诊治水平,降低并发症的发生,增强手术的安全性,除严格掌握适应证和禁忌证、严格按规程操作外,还要熟悉常见的并发症及其处理方法,进行必要的包括麻醉方法在内的术前交代和告知,以确保手术的顺利进行,降低各种风险和不良反应的发生.     

小儿内生性支气管异物的临床特点及支气管镜术的应用

目的：探讨小儿内生性支气管异物的临床特点及支气管镜术应用的意义。方法：经胸部X 线片检查提示肺叶或肺段不张,支气管镜检查除外外界性支气管异物患儿106例,原发病：支原体肺炎62例,支气管结核24例,支气管肺炎16例,肾病综合征2例,喉气管支气管炎1例,毛细支气管炎1例;全部病例在原发病常规治疗的基础上进行支气管镜术;与同期住院80例外界性支气管异物的临床特点进行对比分析。结果：内生性异物性质：黏液栓子77例,干酪样物质24例,树枝状白色胶冻状物4例,血栓1例,片状伪膜1例;其中25例可见肉芽组织增生,原发病以支气管结核为主。外界性支气管异物组并发纵膈气肿、气胸4例,内生性支气管异物组无一例合并纵膈气肿、气胸;内生性支气管异物组需要重复行支气管镜术的次数较外界性支气管异物组高(P＜0.01)。结论：对内生性支气管异物行支气管镜术,其诊断及治疗意义肯定。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（9）：712-714］     

Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in childhood

In 224 patients aged 7 months to 14 years aspirated foreign bodies (FB) were extracted from the tracheobronchial system. Eighty-one percent of the children were younger than 3 years, 50% were in the second year of life. There were twice as many boys as girls. Sixty-seven percent of the FB were nuts, of these more than half were peanuts. Fifty-six percent of aspirated FB were localized in the right bronchial system, 39% in the left and 5% subglottic or tracheal. All FB could be removed by endoscopy under general anaesthesia with muscle relaxation. The development of an extraction technique without forceps (encasing) led to an easier way of removing crumbling FB, like nuts. Complications were rare, no postoperative tracheotomy was necessary, no cardiac arrest and no death occurred.The interval between aspiration and intervention was longer than 3 weeks in one-third of the cases; in some cases it was months or years with the consequence of chronic damage of the bronchial system or the lung. The possibilities of prevention appear to be limited; thus it is necessary to diminish the frequency of prolonged lodging of FB in the respiratory tract by considering aspiration early in the differential diagnosis of airway symptoms.Abbreviation FB foreign body Dedicated to Prof. Klaus Betke on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

CT virtual bronchoscopy: New non invasive tool in pediatric patients with foreign body aspiration

A 2-year-old girl presented with recurrent cough, wheese and breathing difficulty. Her imaging (CT and virtual bronchoscopy) revealed a foreign body in tracheobronchial tree, that was removed by rigid bronchoscopy.     

儿童气管支气管异物的临床特征分析

目的 了解儿童气管支气管异物的临床特征,为实施切实可行的预防措施提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2012年2月至2013年2月114例经纤维支气管镜确诊的气管支气管异物患儿的临床资料。结果 儿童气管支气管异物主要发生在1~3岁（71.9%）,男童多于女童,性别比为2：1。冬季发生比例高于夏季。农村儿童气管支气管异物的发生比例较城市高。不同部位气管、支气管异物的CT阳性率存在明显差异,气管异物病例的胸部CT阳性率明显低于左、右主支气管异物（PP结论 儿童气管支气管异物的预防相关健康教育应以农村地区为重点;气管支气管异物多发于1~3岁幼儿;对于气管支气管异物疑诊病例,需尽早行支气管镜检查确诊。     

Characteristics of correct diagnosis versus misdiagnosis of paediatric tracheobronchial foreign body

PurposeTo characterize and compare children with correct diagnosis (CD) and misdiagnosis (MD) of tracheobronchial foreign body (TBFB).MethodsA retrospective study was performed to review the medical records of children with CD group and MD group of TBFB. CD was defined when TBFB was identified during the first hospital visit. Otherwise, MD was considered. Demographic information, including gender, age, and clinical information, including clinical presentations and characteristics of foreign bodies, were retrieved. These characteristics were compared between two groups by Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon two-sample test, or Chi-square analysis or Fisher’s exact test, when appropriate.ResultsA total of 462 children with final diagnosis of TBFB were identified, with 276 children having CD and 186 children having MD. The most common location to identify the TBFB was right main bronchus in both CD and MD groups. Children with the previous history of respiratory tract foreign body were more likely to receive the CD. Children in MD group were more likely to have fever, as well as wheezing and crackles during physical examination. They were more likely to have pneumonia. Most common TBFB were peanuts. The majority of the TBFB were removed by the flexible bronchoscope coupled with forceps.ConclusionCareful history taking and physical examination, especially for those children with unclear causes for their pneumonia or asthma, or children with no improvement on the treatments, should be performed to rule out the possibility of TBFB. Bronchoscopy should be performed if necessary.     

Bronchial foreign bodies

Foreign body aspiration is an extremely serious problem in childhood with varied clinical presentation demanding high degree of suspicion on the part of clinician. Surgical emphysema of the neck and chest often complicates tracheostomy and sharp penetrating injuries to the neck perforating viscera of the aerodigestive tract. Rarely if follows chest injuries. But emphysema due to the neck of foreign bodies in the bronchus is quite rare. The authors hereby report four cases of surgical emphysema following foreign body aspiration into the tracheobronchial tree.     

Tracheobronchial aspiration of foreign bodies and rigid bronchoscopy in children

Background: A significant proportion of cases of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration due to life‐threatening condition is observed during childhood. The aim of the present study was to describe our experience with the diagnosis and treatment of foreign body aspirations during childhood and review published literature. Methods: One hundred and eighty‐four patients under 16 years of age with a tentative diagnosis of foreign body aspiration were retrospectively evaluated according to age, sex, patient delay symptoms at presentation, foreign body type, localization and the diagnostic and therapeutic methods used. Results: The most frequently aspirated objects were shelled nuts and seeds such as sunflower seeds, pistachio and hazelnuts. The chief symptom was cough. On physical examination, the most frequent findings were unilateral decrease of respiratory sound on the affected side with coarsening and bronchi. While 51% of cases presented a radiological finding, chest X‐ray was normal in the other. All patients underwent rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia and a foreign body was identified in 137 (74.3%). The rigid bronchoscopy intervention was used in some cases, especially in the presence of tracheal foreign bodies of organic origin. Conclusions: Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration is a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment is of utmost importance. Rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia should be performed in all patients suspected of foreign body aspiration, which could minimize mortality and morbidity if performed by experienced personnel with safe methods.     

Bronchial foreign body: should bronchoscopy be performed in all patients with a choking crisis?

The aspiration of a bronchial foreign body (FB) remains a common pediatric problem with serious and sometimes fatal sequelae. The diagnosis is often delayed or overlooked. With the aim of determining a reliable clinical and/or radiologic finding to indicate the requirement for bronchoscopy, 100 patients admitted to our hospital because of FB aspiration who underwent rigid bronchoscopy were retrospectively studied. The clinical and radiologic data were compared with the bronchoscopy findings, which revealed that the history of a choking crisis was the clinical parameter that showed the highest sensitivity (97%) with high specificity (63%), and that other symptoms and radiology, even those with high sensitivity (88% and 85%, respectively), had low specificity (9%). We conclude that bronchoscopy should be performed in all patients with a history of a choking crisis even if they have normal radiologic findings and few symptoms.